英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper。。
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
完全性退稿
完全性退稿( total rejectio即为绝对性的彻底退稿。该杂志的编辑部决定不再接受作者的再投稿,即使作者进行了全面的、彻底的修改。完全性退稿一般可区分为不经审稿的退稿和审稿后的退稿两种类型。
不经审稿的退稿
不经审稿的退稿( rejection without reviewing)是只经杂志编辑部初审,而未经进一步评审的退稿。这种退稿一般在1~2周内即可完成。退稿的原因主要有以下两个方面。
①文章所研究的内容与所投杂志的专业范围不符。作者没有认真阅读《投稿须知》中的“目的和范围”。如把研究呼吸系统的论文投到循环方面的杂志,其命运可能就是不经审稿的退稿。
②论文学术水平明显偏低,不足以满足该杂志的基本要求。多发生于将一篇过于专业化研究论文投寄到一本质量很高的综合性杂志上。如作者在自己较小的研究范围中有点小小的发现,就把论文投到 science或 Nature上去试一试,其结果是编辑部给予不经审稿而退稿。另外,稿件经编辑评议或同行审稿人审理后,不管是哪类决定意见,编辑部都会寄给通讯作者一封正式的通知书——决定信( decision letter)。投稿被拒是十分正常的事,但作者应分析退稿的真正原因,以便从退稿中吸取经验和教训。这里,必须说明的是,编委会的这一决定只能代表该杂志编辑部的看法,并不是对你文章内容的最后结论和全盘否定,也决非对你的论文的“盖棺定论”。如果你对自己的研究有足够的信心和理念,完全不必心灰意冷、悲观失望。
审稿后的退稿
经过专家评审后再予退稿称为审稿后的退稿( reject after reviewing)。这种退稿是经专家审稿后对稿件评议的结果,即不接受再投稿。审稿后的退稿比未经审稿的退稿需要较长的时间,结果是一样的,也是编辑部经常使用的处理手段。通常在编辑部寄给作者的退稿信( reject letter中还附有审稿专家的意见或评论( reviewers comment)。聪明的作者都不会因为退稿而忽视审稿人的意见,相反,他们总是认真地阅读、深入地思考、有批判性地吸取,以便为修改稿件,乃至为今后的科研设计、论文撰写提供具有实际意义的参考。
退修
退修(revise）也属于退稿的一种,但是编辑部鼓励作者修改后再投稿(reject，resubmission encouraged）。因此,这种退稿不同于完全性退稿,有人称之为退修,似更切合其义。退修包括编辑部对文稿的修改和综合整理审稿人的意见,以及退稿给作者的修正和加工。有些退修需要重大的修改,另一些可能要追加补充实验( major revision and additional experiments needed)通常在寄给作者的退稿信件中还包括审稿人的具体意见( reviewers' comments,如 Example2)。当作者收到退修稿后,首先应该仔细地阅读退修信和审稿专家的评审意见。然后再考虑能否接受审稿专家或编辑的意见,以及如何修改稿件。以笔者的投稿经历,对文章发表最有利的修稿方针是:在无原则分歧的条件下(请注意,这是重要的不能忽视的前提),尽可能按照编辑部和审稿人的意见进行修改。因为这样修改之后的论文,被接受发表的可能性很大。当然,有原则分歧而不能接受编辑部和审稿人的评审意见时,则另作别论。这就是下述的对编辑部和审稿人的意见应该做到“有问必答”,但不是“有求必应”。稿件修改后,这类稿件会被重新寄给审稿人进行新一轮的审稿及评议。修改后的稿件可能被接受发表,也可能被要求进行新一轮的修改,甚至最终被退稿。SCI论文润色/SCI润色编辑/SCI论文翻译/SCI论文查重/SCI论文去重降重
需要细微修改
应该说,需要细微修改( accept with minor revision)的文稿基本上是被编辑部肯定和接受的。而且这种需要细微修改的通知信中会给作者提出具体修改意见,如回答审稿人的某些疑问或问题,修改文字表述及论文格式等细节,当然还包括审稿专家意见。在收到通知后,必须认真地阅读退修信和审稿专家的意见,然后再考虑能否接受审稿专家或编辑的意见;如何最适当地修改自己的稿件,使之既符合编辑部要求,又不失真地反映自己的实验研究。
接受发表
文稿无需做任何修改,可以原样发表,即“接受发表”( accept)。这种决定可直接来源于杂志编辑部,常常不需要审稿。从作者的投稿心理学分析,所有作者都希望自己的作品得到这一结果,但是谈何容易。实际上,这种情况可能会发生在诺贝尔奖金获得者的身上,或国际上顶尖级的科学家、专家学者的论文里。但却很少发生于一般的文稿,特别是第一次投稿的文章。初学者应着眼于研究中的新发现、新创造、新理论的出现,说不定有一天会得到一封“接受发表”的来信,而让你喜出望外。但请注意,“接受发表”的文稿绝不是说不能修改,而常常需要做相当的修订,有时甚至要反复修改才能发表( sample）。
意思是该参考文献来自国外。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。
按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的，但是，参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷，严重影响了论文本身的质量，降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。
一、时态
时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的
规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时
需要注意的语法
In recent years作时间状语时通常要用完成时
In recent years,Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.
二、数词
数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上
的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可
以下是需要注意的语法
不规则变化的单复数
单数复数
criterion criteria依据
phenomenon phenomena现象
medium media介质
radius radii半径
index indices指数
appendix appendices附录
stimulus stimuli刺激
basis bases基础
2
synthesis syntheses合成
matrix matrices基体
Novel biomaterials with improved,specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.
一些数有特殊性的名词
data,kinetics通常作复数名词
research,work：不可数名词
The data in Table1are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.
The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.
Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.
Most research on poly(ortho esters)has focused on the synthesis of polymers.
一些结构的数<；主谓的统一>
one of复数名词单数
none of复数名词复数
none of单数名词/不可数名词单数
no复数名词复数
no单数名词/不可数名词单数
a kind of单数名词单数this/that kind of单数名词单数
these kinds of复数名词复数
复数名词of this/that kind复数
sort与kind类似
a type of单数名词单数
a series of复数名词复数
a class of复数名词复数
the number of复数名词单数
a number of复数名词复数
Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents,especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.
One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.
Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.
None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.
Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.
This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.
A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
*The number of复数名词：整个做主语时谓语应为单数；但此句的动词have是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.
在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如:One of the mechanisms which have been……
A series of telomers reported in table1were then synthesized.
A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.
Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.
The most import
ant class of poly(amides)for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides)are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.
A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.
后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言
various different
most all many several
one of many of
kinds of
a number of the number of
a(wide)variety of a class of
a series of a wide range of
Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell
