Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies
二语词汇习得策略
[摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。
英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。
关键字: 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略
Abstract
Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect.
Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition; Vocabulary
Acquisition Strategies; Metacognitive strategy; Cognitive strategy
Introduction
With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects:Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation .
The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced.
The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion.
Literature review
1. The importance of vocabulary
As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary.
Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries.
A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985):
“Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.”
Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings.
In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language.
2. What does it mean to “know” a word?
Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words.
What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose.
The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy.
Conclusion
This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies.
Bibliography
[1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J.
Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987.
[2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York:
Longman, 1987.
[3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House
Publishers, 1990.
[4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language
Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15.
[5] 陈桦,张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究,2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春:吉林出版集团有限责
任公司,2009.
[6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[7] 吴霞,王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究,1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春:吉林大学出版社,2009.
呵呵,居然跟你是一个专业的,之前我也在为论文苦恼了半天,网上的范文和能搜到的资料,大都不全面,一般能有个正文就不错了,开题报告、中期报告什么的都没有,关键是没有数据和分析部分,我好不容易搞出来一篇,结果老师说太简单。
还好后来找到闻闻论文网,直接让老师辅导我写作,非常专业,核心的部分帮我搞定了,也给了很多参考文献资料。哎,专业的事还是要找专业的人来做啊,建议有问题参考下闻闻论文网吧
我这里也有些资料,你要的话,发你邮箱吧
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国外语言学方向硕士论文引言语类分析
无论在学习或是工作中,大家都接触过论文吧,论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我整理的国外语言学方向硕士论文引言语类分析,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
摘要: 本文依据Swales的CARS 模式, 对50 篇国外语言学方向硕士论文引言进行了语类分析。结果表明,国外硕士论文引言的语类结构基本符合Swales 的三语步模式, 并且大部分语篇都出现语步循环现象,但是,三语步在各语篇中的分布差异很大, 并出现新的步骤。基于此,本研究概括出了外国硕士论文引言写作的基本模式, 希望能对中国英语语言学方向硕士论文的写作有所启示和帮助。
关键词: 硕士论文引言;语类分析;CARS 模式
1. 研究背景
硕士论文是评价硕士研究生学术水平的一个重要标准,而论文引言是论文中不可缺少又非常关键的一部分。通过访谈发现, 引言是论文写作中非常难写的一部分, 特别是对英语作为外语的中国学生似乎更难,这不仅表现在词汇、语法、思想表达上, 更是表现在有些同学根本就不知道引言部分应该写什么内容以及如何组织这些内容。徐有志等学者在2007 年的一项调查研究也发现,有些学生会学术论文体裁的结构、社会功能和认知模式不甚了了, 难以有效实现学术论文的交际目的。但是在英语语言学专业学术论文引言写作中,究竟什么样的模式能够有效实现学术论文的交际目的?
此问题引发了作者研究国外英语本族语者硕士论文引言的动机。
2.理论框架及文献综述
从语类角度对学术论文引言进行分析, 美国密执安大学学者Swales 可谓是先驱。继1981 年, 他提出的引言结构四语步之后,Swales 于1990 年分析了110 篇科研论文引言,对其前期成果进行了修订, 并提出了著名的建立学术研究空间 (Create A Research Space)的分析思想, 并建立了以语步(move)和步骤(step)为出发点的语类结构分析模式。CARS 模式包括三个语步:语步一:确立研究领域, 即通过对前人研究成果的回顾来阐述所研究问题的重要性及必要性, 其中包括三个步骤,建立议题中心、概括议题内容和回顾前人研究结果;语步二:确立研究地位,是通过指出前人研究空白再次强调某一研究的必要性, 包括反驳已有观点、指出研究空白、提出问题和继承前人研究成果四个步骤; 语步三: 占据研究地位, 是告诉读者如何解决论文中提出的问题, 包括概述研究目的、通报本课题当前研究情况、通报主要发现和介绍论文结构四个步骤。Swales 认为尽管引言的主要形式是三语步顺序排列, 但是也会出现非顺序组合的情况, 并且有的语步循环出现。
CARS 语篇模式已被学术界公认, 成为国内外引言研究的通用分析模式。如Ahmad(1997) 对20 篇马来西亚学术会议论文引言进行了分析Aravy 和Tank?(2004)对比研究了英语和西班牙语的理论科研论文引言;Samraj (2008) 在美国对三个学科的硕士论文引言做了分析。这些研究都是建立在Swales 的语步步骤的分析模式上, 结合各领域的学术特点对CARS 模式做出了适合各领域的修订。但是目前,还没有人对国外应用语言学领域的硕士学位论文引言进行研究。
3.语料收集及研究方法
本研究从ProQuest 数据库选取了50 篇应用语言学领域硕士论文作为语料, 为确保研究的准确性, 这些论文均由英语本族语者写于2000 年到2008 年。为保证分析的信度,本研究的语料分析由两名通晓语类理论及CARS 模式的分析者分三个阶段完成。第一阶段两人各分析五篇相同的文本,找出两人所分析的语步和步骤偏差, 进一步统一对模式和文本的理解;第二阶段,两名分析者对所有文本进行分析; 第三阶段,再次找出两人的分析偏差,共同研究后达成协议。分析发现, 这些偏差主要是由于某些步骤在文本中具有多种功能。
最后统计数据,分析结果。
4.结果与讨论
研究发现,50 篇引言中实现语篇的语步(M)共有418 个,其中语步一155, 语步二106,语步三157, 平均每个文本有8.36 个语步。齐性方差检验表明各语步分布均匀, 出现频率之间没有显着性差异(P >0.05)。并且我们发现,有规律的语步组合模式占58%, 其中语步按照(1-2-3)n 顺序组织的语篇占24%, 大部分语篇都以其他形式组织语篇,如(1-2)n-3 占8%,(1-3)n 占14%,(3-2-1)-X(X 是不定语步)占12%。
没有规律的语步组织模式占42%,其中不规律的含有(1-2-3)模式的占32%,如3-1-2-3-1,1 -2 -3 -2 -3,1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -1等, 另外只有第三语步的语篇占10%。
语步由一个一个步骤(S)组成。Swales 在CARS 模式中提到的11 个步骤在本研究中都有所发现。并且有些步骤出现频繁, 如92%的语篇都出现M1S1,60%的语篇都出现M1-S2,76%的语篇都出现M1S3。在实现语步二的过程中,指出研究空白和提出问题这两个步骤出现频率比较高, 分别占72%和54%, 另外两个步骤频率较低, 分别占8%和28%。语步三中,除了步骤二通报主要发现出现率比较低(14%)外,其他三个步骤出现频率也比较高, 分别占80%,70%和66%。
齐性方差检验结果P=0.157 表明国外应用语言学硕士论文引言的写作符合Swales 的CARS语篇组织模式。
研究还发现除了CARS 模式中的11 个步骤,语篇中还存在其他新的步骤, 并且有的语步出现频率很高。在实现语步一的过程中,92%的语篇都描述研究背景、现实存在的问题或讲述个人经历,58%的语篇都对相关的术语进行了解释、分类或评价; 还有一些语篇中体现了研究动机; 一些语篇在综述完前人研究成果以后,对其做出总结或评价; 一些语篇还介绍了学者之间的分歧。语步二中只发现一个新步骤,及陈述研究的必要性与紧迫性(22%)。语步三种共发现9 个新语步,其中(58%)、陈述问题或提出假设(68%)、陈述研究意义(52%)出现频率较高。
根据Nwugo (2002) 的研究, 出现频率在50%以上的语步才是稳定语步, 基于CARS模式, 作者总结出国外应用语言学硕士论文的引言模式为:
语步一:确立研究领域步骤1: 描述研究背景、现实存在的问题或讲述个人经历步骤2:建立议题中心步骤3:解释、界定、评价相关术语步骤4:概括议题内容步骤5:回顾前人研究结果语步二:确立研究地位步骤1:指出研究空白步骤2:提出问题语步三:占据研究地位步骤1:概述研究目的步骤2:陈述问题或提出假设步骤3:概述研究方法步骤4:通报本课题当前研究情况步骤5:陈述研究意义步骤6:介绍论文结构根据此次研究统计结果,我们认为国外硕士论文的写作非常注重对研究背景或现实存在的问题或个人经历介绍,大多作者不惜用几段甚至几页的篇幅实现次步骤的交际目的。
进入建立研究议题以后,作者把所有与议题有关的定义或术语都呈现给读者, 以便读者更容易理解其研究议题。而在中国学生的论文引言写作中对此涉及偏少, 有些学生想当然觉得议题的研究背景是众所周知的, 没必要写( 徐有志,2007),而这很容易对实现交际目的产生障碍。另外,英语本族语者通常会在介绍自己的研究时,把研究方法介绍给读者,让读者更清楚地了解研究过程,这都是值得我们借鉴的。没有实践意义的.研究是空洞的,国外作者没有忽略掉这一点,他们一般会在论文开头或介绍完自己的研究以后阐述研究意义。
5.结语
综合以上分析, 国外学生的语篇在总体上遵从学术写作的规范, 但也呈现出自己鲜明的特点。这是因为语篇结构除了受到学术规范的制约外,还受到作者自身在学术领域的地位、专业领域、写作任务以及作者所处的文化和教育背景的影响。希望本研究的研究结果有利于更好的指导中国应用语言学领域硕士生的论文写作,使之更快地与国际学术论文写作接轨。
扩展:论文格式要求
论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上,写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考, 详细内容请看下文本科司法论文格式。
毕业论文包括以下内容:
封面、内容提要与关键词、目录、正文、注释、附录、参考文献。其中附录视具体情况安排,其余为必备项目。如果需要,可以在正文前加引言,在参考文献后加后记。
各项目含义
(1)封面
封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校名称、专业、年级、指导教师、日期等项内容组成。
(2)内容提要与关键词
内容提要是论文内容的概括性描述,应忠实于原文,字数控制在300字以内。关键词是从论文标题、内容提要或正文中提取的、能表现论文主题的、具有实质意义的词语,通常不超过7个。
(3)目录
列出论文正文的一二级标题名称及对应页码,附录、参考文献、后记等对应的页码。
(4)正文
正文是论文的主体部分,通常由绪论(引论)、本论、结论三个部分组成。这三部分在行文上可以不明确标示。
(5).注释
对所创造的名词术语的解释或对引文出处的说明,注释采用脚注形式。
(6)附录
附属于正文,对正文起补充说明作用的信息材料,可以是文字、表格、图形等形式。
(7)参考文献
作者在写作过程中使用过的文章、著作名录。
4、毕业论文格式编排
第一、纸型、页边距及装订线
毕业论文一律用国家标准A4型纸(297mmX210mm)打印。页边距为:天头(上)30mm,地脚(下)25mm,订口(左)30mm,翻口(右)25mm。装订线在左边,距页边10mm。
第二、版式与用字
文字、图形一律从左至右横写横排,1.5倍行距。文字一律通栏编辑,使用规范的简化汉字。忌用繁体字、异体字等其他不规范字。