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微塑料学位论文

2023-02-23 16:30 来源:学术参考网 作者:未知

微塑料学位论文

“不管你测或不测,微塑料颗粒一直就在那里,只增不减。”似乎无计可施。而且在人体内低剂量的微塑料仍然在安全范围内,因此脱离剂量无法谈毒性,微塑料对人类的健康影响仍在研究中,很多体外实验已经证明微塑料对细胞的损伤。2004年,《科学》杂志上发表关于海洋塑料碎片论文,提出了“微塑料”的概念。2017年,在伯利兹海岸附近的特内菲环礁,四分之三的水下海草上附着着微塑料纤维、碎片和珠子。首次在水生维管束植物上发现微塑料,是世界上第二次在海洋植物上发现微塑料。2018年在人类粪便中发现了塑料颗粒,每10g粪便中含有约20颗微塑料颗粒。2019年,欧洲首次在两栖动物欧洲蝾螈(Triturus carnifex)的胃内容物中发现微塑料。证明高海拔环境中出现塑料问题。2020年,亚利桑那州立大学研究了来自人体肺、肝、肾等器官的47个人体组织样本,在所有47个相关组织样本中发现了微塑料。2021年在人类胎盘中发现了微塑料颗粒,同年发现摄入微塑料颗粒的怀孕老鼠胎儿的肝、肺、心脏、肾中检测出微塑料颗粒。2022年在人类血液中检测到微塑料颗粒,这意味着微塑料可以随着血液进入人体循环。那么微塑料很有可能通过血脑屏障进入大脑,造成脑损伤。微塑料的来源微塑料是指直径0.1μm–5 mm直径的塑料颗粒(MP),纳米塑料是指直径<0.1μm的塑料颗粒(NP)。微塑料/纳米塑料的来源分为两种;一种是人类产生的塑料垃圾(每年约有800万吨塑料垃圾进入海洋,26.9万吨塑料漂浮在海洋表面)通过微生物降解、长时间的紫外线照射或物理磨损,塑料会碎裂成微塑料或纳米塑料。另一种是MP/NP是空气喷射技术、清洁剂、化妆品、药物输送配方、涂料和牙膏的生产原料。塑料微珠在个人护理及化妆品产品中常常作为填充剂、成膜剂、增稠剂及悬浮剂等应用于磨砂膏、洁面乳、沐浴露、牙膏、防晒霜、眼影、腮红、粉底液等产品中,添加量约为1%-90%。生产材料包括粒聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺、聚氯乙烯等。2021年9月1日,针对日化用品中塑料微粒检测的国家标准GB/T 40146-2021《化妆品中塑料微珠的测定》正式实施,《化妆品中塑料微珠的测定》采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对产品中的塑料为主进行定性检测。塑料微珠检测标准的实施为实现2022年底禁止销售含塑料微珠的日化产品的目标提供了有力保障。
人类摄入微塑料的来源人类摄入微塑料的来源主要是通过食物、水、空气以及医疗系统。微塑料已经在地球的各个地方都有发现,包括喜马拉雅山以及马里亚纳海沟都发现了微塑料。微塑料进入生态循环后,已经与陆地和水生生物群相互作用,并通过食物链中的营养转移传递给各级生物和人类。比如海鲜、海盐、蜂蜜等;所有的海鲜中,贻贝、牡蛎以及扇贝受微塑料污染程度最高。有研究表明,每一克软体动物含有0-10.5个微塑料微粒,每一克甲壳类动物含有0.1-8.6个微塑料微粒,每一克鱼类则含有0-2.9个微塑料微粒。此外,瓶装水、自来水、被塑料粉尘污染的空气也是人类摄入微塑料;最后医疗设备(比如塑料盐水袋)的使用以及口服药物或塑料注射器的使用都会使人体直接摄入微型塑料。
人体接触微塑料的途径人类接触MP/NP的途径主要有口服、吸入、皮肤或其他途径。口服:经口摄入后,微塑料颗粒首先接触肠道粘膜,然后是上皮细胞,大部分的颗粒会被肠粘膜屏障阻止吸收,然而少量,微/纳米颗粒可以穿过肠道屏障,到达体循环;吸入:空气中的MP/NP会直接接触呼吸道,包括粘液层、纤毛周层、纤毛细胞、非纤毛分泌细胞和基底细胞。塑料颗粒可穿透肺组织,在慢性吸入时引起肺部炎症和继发性遗传毒性;纺织工人的肺部发现含有异物(假定为聚酯、尼龙和/或丙烯酸粉尘)的肉芽肿性病变(Pimentel等人,1975年)。皮肤:皮肤的角质层可以阻止小于1纳米的分子透过皮肤,但MP/NP可以通过塑料静脉导管、注射器和其他药物输送系统进入体循环。之所以使用微塑料颗粒用于医药是因为它们被认为是“惰性和生物相容性的”。微塑料产生毒性的可能原因大小和剂量。较小的颗粒可以通过内吞或被动吸收过程吸收,但较大的颗粒通常需要特殊细胞的吞噬作用。通常,颗粒大小和毒性之间存在反比关系。人们认为<10 nm的颗粒可以作为气体材料,很容易进入组织,造成广泛损伤。尺寸减小可促进通过肠道或肺部对微塑料颗粒的吸收,影响细胞。其次,微塑料如果不能顺利代谢掉或排除,在体内积累的量达到一定程度会产生细胞毒性。电荷。微塑料颗粒表面所带的电荷会影响颗粒的吸收和体内转运已经毒性。带阳离子的塑料颗粒比带阴离子的对吞噬细胞表现为更大的毒性。塑料添加剂。塑料添加剂/沥滤液平均占微塑料含量的4%,包括稳定剂、增塑剂、润滑剂、染料和阻燃剂,可能存在毒性问题。比如塑料添加剂种的双酚A、邻苯二甲酸盐和溴化阻燃剂,它们会扰乱内分泌功能。商用PET水瓶在60°C以上的温度下将Sb滤入水中;如果在夏季将瓶子放在汽车和车库内,可以达到的以上温度。颗粒制备过程中使用的表面活性剂可以分解细胞膜或调节细胞表面受体、糖蛋白、蛋白聚糖、信号部分、细胞外基质成分和脂筏的结构和功能。(当然不谈剂量谈毒性就是耍流氓)吸附的污染物。微塑料可以会吸附有机物、重金属或病原体,比如塑料可以是持久性有机污染物(多氯联苯、多环芳烃、滴滴涕)的载体,重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Sb、Al、Br、Hg、As、Sn、Ti、Co、Ba、Mn)或微生物,如致病性弧菌。微塑料的毒性机制在近10年对微塑料的研究中,微塑料对肠道细胞、肺细胞、免疫细胞都有毒性。MP/NP的毒性被认为是由i)膜损伤、ii)氧化应激、iii)免疫反应和iv)遗传毒性引起的。其中,MP/NP的细胞毒性主要归因于膜损伤和氧化应激。微塑料颗粒会破坏质膜。2020年发现聚乙烯纳米颗粒渗透到质膜双层的疏水环境中,并引起结构变化。被内吞的颗粒可以渗透内体溶酶体膜,并与细胞内的细胞器相互作用。在塑料聚合和颗粒加工过程中,以及与生物环境相互作用时,会产生ROS,从而导致细胞应激。参考文献:综述:Banerjee, Amrita; Shelver, Weilin L. (2020).Micro- and Nanoplastic induced cellular toxicity in mammals: A Review. Science of The Total Environment, (), 142518–

读了微塑料你获得什么启示?

四海为家的微塑料

  杨舒

  在距离人类生活圈最远的南极海水中,微塑料的身影再次被科学家捕获。科学家们认为:这基本可以证明,微塑料已遍布于全球海洋,可能会对生态系统造成负面影响。

  塑料在生活中很常见,微塑料又是什么?它为何引发科学家频频关注,又将给人类带来怎样的危害?

  科学界关注海洋微塑料污染最早始于20世纪70年代。但直到2004年,英国科研人员在《科学》杂志上发表了关于海洋水体和沉积物中塑料碎片的论文,才首次提出微塑料的概念直径小于5毫米的塑料纤维、颗粒或者薄膜。

  海洋中的微塑料可分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料两大来源。原生微塑料是指在生产时就是细小的,可直接作为产品或原料使用的塑料微粒,如用于清洁剂、洗面奶,以及工业研磨料、去角质、药物和纺织物的塑料原料等。次生微塑料是指在自然环境中,由大块海洋塑料污染物因物理、化学或生物作用层层分解破碎而成的细小塑料颗粒。

《自然》(20211021出版)一周论文导读

编译 | 未玖

Nature , 21 October 2021, VOL 598, ISSUE 7881

《自然》 2021年10月21日,第598卷,7881期

天文学 Astronomy

Carbon monoxide gas produced by a giant impact in the inner region of a young system

年轻星系内部发生巨大碰撞产生一氧化碳气体

作者:Tajana Schneiderman, Luca Matrà, Alan P. Jackson, Grant M. Kennedy, Quentin Kral, Sebastián Marino, et al.

链接:

摘要

类地行星形成的模型预测,行星组合的最后阶段(年轻的原行星盘扩散之后持续的数千万年间)主要发生行星碰撞。正是通过这些巨大的撞击,像年轻的地球这样的行星才能成长到最终质量,并实现长期稳定的轨道结构。

一个关键预测是这些撞击会产生碎片。到目前为止,关于撞击后碎片最令人信服的观测证据来自于附近2300万年前的A型恒星HD172555周围的行星系。该星系显示大量细尘,具有异常陡峭的粒度分布和非典型的尘埃组成,此前将其归因于超高速撞击或巨大的小行星带。

研究组报道了一个与HD172555周围的尘埃碎片共轨的一氧化碳气体环的光谱分辨率探测结果,气体环与HD172555相距大约6到9个天文单位,类似于太阳系的外类地行星区域。

综上所述,尘埃和一氧化碳的检测结果有助于理解大型、易挥发性天体之间的巨大碰撞。这表明行星级的碰撞类似于月球形成的碰撞,可释放大量的气体和碎片,并且这种气体是可观测的,为了解年轻行星的组成提供了一个窗口。

Abstract

Models of terrestrial planet formation predict that the final stages of planetary assembly—lasting tens of millions of years beyond the dispersal of young protoplanetary disks—are dominated by planetary collisions. It is through these giant impacts that planets like the young Earth grow to their final mass and achieve long-term stable orbital configurations. A key prediction is that these impacts produce debris. So far, the most compelling observational evidence for post-impact debris comes from the planetary system around the nearby 23-million-year-old A-type star HD 172555. This system shows large amounts of fine dust with an unusually steep size distribution and atypical dust composition, previously attributed to either a hypervelocity impact or a massive asteroid belt. Here we report the spectrally resolved detection of a carbon monoxide gas ring co-orbiting with dusty debris around HD 172555 between about six and nine astronomical units—a region analogous to the outer terrestrial planet region of our Solar System. Taken together, the dust and carbon monoxide detections favour a giant impact between large, volatile-rich bodies. This suggests that planetary-scale collisions, analogous to the Moon-forming impact, can release large amounts of gas as well as debris, and that this gas is observable, providing a window into the composition of young planets.

材料科学 Materials Science

Half- and quarter-metals in rhombohedral trilayer graphene

菱面体三层石墨烯中的半金属和四分之一金属

作者:Haoxin Zhou, Tian Xie, Areg Ghazaryan, Tobias Holder, James R. Ehrets, Eric M. Spanton, et al.

链接:

摘要

铁磁性在电子占据高度局域化d轨道的过渡金属化合物中最为常见。然而,在低密度二维电子系统中也可能出现铁磁有序。

研究组证明了菱面体三层石墨烯中的门调谐范霍夫奇点,驱动电子系统的自发铁磁极化转变为一种或多种自旋和谷型。

通过电容和输运测量,研究组观察到调谐至相位间载流子浓度和电位移场的一系列跃迁,其中量子振荡具有四重、二重或一重简并度,分别对应自旋和谷简并的“正常金属态”、自旋极化的“半金属态”以及自旋极化和谷极化的“四分之一金属态”。

对于电子掺杂,包含谷各向异性相互作用的唯象斯通纳模型很好地捕捉到了数据的显著特征。对于空穴填充,研究组观察到一个更丰富的相图,其特征是费米面拓扑中对称性破缺和跃迁的微妙相互作用。

最后,研究组通过旋转对齐的六方氮化硼衬底引入莫尔超晶格。值得注意的是,研究组发现同位旋序仅受到弱扰动,当迁移的半金属态或四分之一金属态填充半超晶格带或四分之一超晶格带时,莫尔势会催化拓扑非平凡间隙态的形成。

该结果表明,菱面体石墨烯是一个多体理论控制测试的理想平台,并揭示了莫尔材料的磁性本质上是迁移的。

Abstract

Ferromagnetism is most common in transition metal compounds where electrons occupy highly localized d orbitals. However, ferromagnetic order may also arise in low-density two-dimensional electron systems. Here we show that gate-tuned van Hove singularities in rhombohedral trilayer graphene drive spontaneous ferromagnetic polarization of the electron system into one or more spin and valley flavours. Using capacitance and transport measurements, we observe a cascade of transitions tuned to the density and electronic displacement field between phases in which quantum oscillations have fourfold, twofold or onefold degeneracy, associated with a spin- and valley-degenerate normal metal, spin-polarized ‘half-metal’, and spin- and valley-polarized ‘quarter-metal’, respectively. For electron doping, the salient features of the data are well captured by a phenomenological Stoner model that includes valley-anisotropic interactions. For hole filling, we observe a richer phase diagram featuring a delicate interplay of broken symmetries and transitions in the Fermi surface topology. Finally, we introduce a moiré superlattice using a rotationally aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. Remarkably, we find that the isospin order is only weakly perturbed, with the moiré potential catalysing the formation of topologically nontrivial gapped states whenever itinerant half- or quarter-metal states occur at half- or quarter-superlattice band filling. Our results show that rhombohedral graphene is an ideal platform for well-controlled tests of many-body theory, and reveal magnetism in moiré materials to be fundamentally itinerant in nature.

Superconductivity in rhombohedral trilayer graphene

菱面体三层石墨烯的超导性

作者:Haoxin Zhou, Tian Xie, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe & Andrea F. Young.

链接:

摘要

在一个干净的二维器件中通过电场效应获得超导性是纳米电子学的一个核心目标。最近,石墨烯莫尔异质结构已实现超导性;然而,其中许多结构在机械上并不稳定,实验显示出强无序特征。

研究组报道了在亚开尔文温度下表现为低电阻率或零电阻率的晶体菱面三层石墨烯(一种结构上亚稳态的碳同素异形体)的超导性。超导性发生在两个不同的门调谐区(SC1和SC2),且深度在由平均自由程和超导态相干长度之比定义的干净极限内。

量子振荡对常态费米面的映射显示,这两种超导体都来自环形费米海,并且接近同位旋对称性破缺转变,其中费米面简并度发生变化。SC1从顺磁正常态出现,而SC2则从自旋极化、谷简并的半金属态中出现,且违反了面内磁场的泡利极限至少一个数量级。

研究组讨论了该结果的各种机制,包括传统的声子介导配对,近同位旋序波动产生的配对,以及环形费米液体的固有不稳定性导致的配对。

研究组为干净且结构简单的二维金属中超导性的观察提供了一个模型系统,用于测试相互竞争的超导理论模型,而不会出现建模混乱的复杂情况,同时使基于相关电子现象和弹道电子输运的新型场效应控制电子器件成为可能。

Abstract

To access superconductivity via the electric field effect in a clean, two-dimensional device is a central goal of nanoelectronics. Recently, superconductivity has been realized in graphene moiré heterostructures; however, many of these structures are not mechanically stable, and experiments show signatures of strong disorder. Here we report the observation of superconductivity—manifesting as low or vanishing resistivity at sub-kelvin temperatures—in crystalline rhombohedral trilayer graphene, a structurally metastable carbon allotrope. Superconductivity occurs in two distinct gate-tuned regions (SC1 and SC2), and is deep in the clean limit defined by the ratio of mean free path and superconducting coherence length. Mapping of the normal state Fermi surfaces by quantum oscillations reveals that both superconductors emerge from an annular Fermi sea, and are proximal to an isospin-symmetry-breaking transition where the Fermi surface degeneracy changes. SC1 emerges from a paramagnetic normal state, whereas SC2 emerges from a spin-polarized, valley-unpolarized half-metal and violates the Pauli limit for in-plane magnetic fields by at least one order of magnitude. We discuss our results in view of several mechanisms, including conventional phonon-mediated pairing, pairing due to fluctuations of the proximal isospin order, and intrinsic instabilities of the annular Fermi liquid. Our observation of superconductivity in a clean and structurally simple two-dimensional metal provides a model system to test competing theoretical models of superconductivity without the complication of modelling disorder, while enabling new classes of field-effect controlled electronic devices based on correlated electron phenomena and ballistic electron transport.

Dexterous magnetic manipulation of conductive non-magnetic objects

导电非磁性物体的灵巧磁操控

作者:Lan N. Pham, Griffin F. Tabor, Ashkan Pourkand, Jacob L. B. Aman, Tucker Hermans & Jake J. Abbott.

链接:

摘要

对铁磁物体的灵巧磁操控已很好建立,根据物体的几何结构,可能有三到六个自由度。有些物体需要非接触式灵巧操作,它们不含有大量的铁磁性材料,但含有导电材料。

时变磁场在导电材料中产生涡流,涡流与磁场相互作用产生力和力矩。这种现象曾被用于诱导阻力,以减少物体通过静态场时的运动,或使用动态场在单个方向上对物体施加力,但尚未被用于对导电物体进行如铁磁物体那样的灵活操控。

研究组表明,通过使用多个旋转磁偶极子场可在六个自由度下操控导电物体。利用量纲分析,结合多物理场数值模拟和实验验证,研究组描述了在旋转磁偶极子场中导电球体上产生的力和力矩。利用该模型,研究组在仿真和物理实验中实现了灵活操控。

Abstract

Dexterous magnetic manipulation of ferromagnetic objects is well established, with three to six degrees of freedom possible depending on object geometry. There are objects for which non-contact dexterous manipulation is desirable that do not contain an appreciable amount of ferromagnetic material but do contain electrically conductive material. Time-varying magnetic fields generate eddy currents in conductive materials, with resulting forces and torques due to the interaction of the eddy currents with the magnetic field. This phenomenon has previously been used to induce drag to reduce the motion of objects as they pass through a static field, or to apply force on an object in a single direction using a dynamic field, but has not been used to perform the type of dexterous manipulation of conductive objects that has been demonstrated with ferromagnetic objects. Here we show that manipulation, with six degrees of freedom, of conductive objects is possible by using multiple rotating magnetic dipole fields. Using dimensional analysis, combined with multiphysics numerical simulations and experimental verification, we characterize the forces and torques generated on a conductive sphere in a rotating magnetic dipole field. With the resulting model, we perform dexterous manipulation in simulations and physical experiments.

地球科学 Earth Science

Pliocene decoupling of equatorial Pacific temperature and pH gradients

上新世赤道太平洋温度和pH梯度的解耦

作者:Madison G. Shankle, Natalie J. Burls, Alexey V. Fedorov, Matthew D. Thomas, Wei Liu, Donald E. Penman, et al.

链接:

摘要

赤道太平洋的海洋动力学驱动热带气候模式,影响全球海洋和陆地生态系统。该地区如何应对全球变暖对全球气候、经济稳定和生态系统 健康 具有深远影响。因此,许多研究调查了上新世(530-260万年前)和中新世晚期(约600万年前)期间的赤道太平洋动力学,作为该地区在全球变暖下未来行为的模拟。

这一时期的古海洋学记录提出了一个明显的悖论,即沿着赤道太平洋东西向的海面温度梯度降低表明风驱动的上升流减少,这与东太平洋生物生产力增强的证据相冲突,后者通常由更强的上升流引起。

研究组通过提供新的证据,证明上新世早期/中新世晚期与现代环流体制完全不同,导致更古老、更酸性和更富营养的水到达赤道太平洋,从而调和了这些观察结果。这些结果为上新世早期/中新世晚期东太平洋生产力的提高提供了一种新机制,即使在风力驱动上升流较弱的情况下也是如此。

该发现为赤道太平洋动力学提供了新的线索,并有助于限制它们在不久的将来可能发生的变化,因为预计下个世纪地球将达到上新世那样的变暖水平。

Abstract

Ocean dynamics in the equatorial Pacific drive tropical climate patterns that affect marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. How this region will respond to global warming has profound implications for global climate, economic stability and ecosystem health. As a result, numerous studies have investigated equatorial Pacific dynamics during the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 million years ago) and late Miocene (around 6 million years ago) as an analogue for the future behaviour of the region under global warming. Palaeoceanographic records from this time present an apparent paradox with proxy evidence of a reduced east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equatorial Pacific—indicative of reduced wind-driven upwelling—conflicting with evidence of enhanced biological productivity in the east Pacific that typically results from stronger upwelling. Here we reconcile these observations by providing new evidence for a radically different-from-modern circulation regime in the early Pliocene/late Miocene that results in older, more acidic and more nutrient-rich water reaching the equatorial Pacific. These results provide a mechanism for enhanced productivity in the early Pliocene/late Miocene east Pacific even in the presence of weaker wind-driven upwelling. Our findings shed new light on equatorial Pacific dynamics and help to constrain the potential changes they will undergo in the near future, given that the Earth is expected to reach Pliocene-like levels of warming in the next century.

Direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics

空气中微塑料的直接辐射效应

作者:Laura E. Revell, Peter Kuma, Eric C. Le Ru, Walter R. C. Somerville & Sally Gaw

链接:

摘要

微塑料现在被认为是大气中广泛存在的污染物,由于其体积小、密度低,可以随风绕地球传播。大气气溶胶,如矿物粉尘和其他类型的空气悬浮颗粒物,通过吸收和散射辐射(直接辐射效应)影响地球气候,其影响通常用有效辐射强迫(ERF)度量进行量化。然而,空气中微塑料的辐射效应及其对全球气候的影响尚不清楚。

研究组计算了空气中微塑料的光学性质和直接辐射效应(不包括气溶胶-云相互作用)。假设平均表面浓度为1个微塑料颗粒/ m3 ,且垂直分布在10公里高空,则计算出当今大气中空气微塑料的ERF为0.044 0.399 mW/ m2 。

然而,微塑料的地理和垂直分布存在很大的不确定性。假设它们局限于边界层,短波效应占主导地位,微塑料ERF约为 0.746 0.553 mW/ m2 。与气溶胶-辐射相互作用引起的总ERF相比( 0.71至 0.14 W/ m2 ),微塑料ERF很小。

然而,塑料产量在过去70年中迅速增长;如果不认真改革塑料生产和废物管理实践,空气中微塑料的丰度和ERF将继续增加。

Abstract

Microplastics are now recognized as widespread contaminants in the atmosphere, where, due to their small size and low density, they can be transported with winds around the Earth. Atmospheric aerosols, such as mineral dust and other types of airborne particulate matter, influence Earth’s climate by absorbing and scattering radiation (direct radiative effects) and their impacts are commonly quantified with the effective radiative forcing (ERF) metric. However, the radiative effects of airborne microplastics and associated implications for global climate are unknown. Here we present calculations of the optical properties and direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics (excluding aerosol–cloud interactions). The ERF of airborne microplastics is computed to be 0.044 0.399 milliwatts per square metre in the present-day atmosphere assuming a uniform surface concentration of 1 microplastic particle per cubic metre and a vertical distribution up to 10 kilometres altitude. However, there are large uncertainties in the geographical and vertical distribution of microplastics. Assuming that they are confined to the boundary layer, shortwave effects dominate and the microplastic ERF is approximately 0.746 0.553 milliwatts per square metre. Compared with the total ERF due to aerosol–radiation interactions ( 0.71 to 0.14 watts per square metre), the microplastic ERF is small. However, plastic production has increased rapidly over the past 70 years; without serious attempts to overhaul plastic production and waste-management practices, the abundance and ERF of airborne microplastics will continue to increase.

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