Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies
二语词汇习得策略
[摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。
英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。
关键字: 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略
Abstract
Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect.
Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition; Vocabulary
Acquisition Strategies; Metacognitive strategy; Cognitive strategy
Introduction
With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects:Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation .
The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced.
The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion.
Literature review
1. The importance of vocabulary
As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary.
Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries.
A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985):
“Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.”
Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings.
In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language.
2. What does it mean to “know” a word?
Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words.
What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose.
The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy.
Conclusion
This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies.
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本文针对小学英语 初学者语音教学中存在的对语音教学重视不够,对语音教学的内容和任务把握不够,教学中英音、美音并用的现象,提出了相应的对策。 作为交际工具的语言首先是有声语言,文字不过是有声语言的记录符号,语音作为语言存在的物质基础,不仅是语言的本质,也是语言教学的基础。语言丢掉了语音,就成了死的语言,它的交际作用将受到极大的限制。如一个人发音不准,语调不顺,听别人谈话或别人听自己谈话,都会有困难。相反,如一个人学好了语音,有了正确的发音,流利的语调,就能运用该种语言进行顺利的交际,即能够准确、迅速地听懂别人的说话,也能够自如地表达自己的思想。著名教授吉姆森说过:“说任何语言,一个人必须懂得接近百分之百的语音,而只懂得百分之五十的语法和百分之一的词汇就够了。”这足以说明语音是多么重要了。 学好语音不仅是言语交际活动的需要,也是学好英语的基础。在语言三要素中,词汇和语法都是通过语音这个物质外壳表现出来。只有学好了语音,才能准确无误地交流思想,促进语法和词汇的掌握,提供实际使用语言的能力。在教学实践中,我们也发现:语音好的学生,听说读的能力都很强;语音差的学生,听说读往往障碍重重。所以语音是英语教学入门阶段的重点。目前英语学习严重分化的现象和入门阶段是否打好语音基础直接相关。 著名英语教育专家胡春洞教授说过:“语音是存在的物质基础,英语语音教学是整体教学发展的起点,也是教学的第一关,并始终影响着以后的其它教学。” 由此可见,抓好语音教学在英语学习中的重要性,尤其是在学习英语的初期。因为语言教育专家普遍认为,6-12 岁是儿童学习第二语言的关键期。这个时期打好英语语音语调基础十分关键。《英语课程标准(实验稿)》就提出小学阶段英语教学的重点之一便是“引导学生养成良好的读音”,以便为进一步学习英语和实际应用英语打下基础。 小学英语教师不同程度地贯彻了新《课标》的要求。但也不可否认,还没有给以足够的重视,加上教学过程中方法、技巧等运用不当,造成了一部分学生读音不准、语调不对,给后继学习带来了困难。 那么,当前小学英语初学者的语音教学存在哪些问题呢? 二、小学英语初学者语音教学中的几个问题 1、 对语音教学重视不够。 一些教师对学生发音中潜在的错误不认真纠正就放过,如浊辅音发成清辅音,短元音发成长元音等。典型的错误有/ θ /, / ? /,/ З /和在连缀的辅音间加/? /或/i /的音。/θ / / ? / / З /这几个音听起来很陌生,在汉语里找不到,根据Lado Robert 的理论:如果外语里使用了学习者母语里找不到的音素,他在学习此外语时一定难以发出那个音,那么,他会用母语里的某个音来替换。他在听和发那个外语音素时都会感到困难,所以很多学生把/ θ /念成/ s /, / ? /念成/ z /,/ З /则念成/ j /。如thanks ,those,pleasure。英语音节有辅音连缀(consonant clusters)现象,学生不习惯,就很自然地在连缀的辅音之间加/ ?/或/ i/的音,如 black/bl?k/错念成/b?l?k/, little/?litl/错念成/?lit?l/等。 2、 对语音教学的内容和任务把握不够 具体表现在把语音教学的内容重点放在字母、单词及拼读这些方面,而忽视了语调、语流、重音(单词重音和句子重音)、节奏等方面的教学。 1) 语调 英语是语调语言(intonation language),英语的语调在口语中的作用很大,表达说话人的感情色彩和意图。而汉语是声调语言(tone language)。在汉语中,语调虽然也有修辞作用,表达说话人的感情和意图,但汉语的词主要靠声调来区分“声母与韵母相拼,再加声调。” 如汉语普通话的“妈”、“麻”、“马”、“骂”、 “吗”,发音相同,但因声调不同而意义有别。英语的音节只有重读、轻读之分,声调如何,不会改变词义。受汉语限制(其语调基本上呈平稳态势),这一特性会影响学习者掌握夸张起伏的英语语调。 2) 节奏。 英语是以重音计时的(stress-timed)语言,而汉语是以音节计时的(syllable-timed )语言。在英语中,多音节词或语句,总是以重音为骨干,以轻音为陪衬,轻音重音交替出现,形成音乐的节拍感,这就是英语的节奏。英语句子的节奏,是英语极为重要的特征,它既表现和谐的旋律,又能使说话者的说话重点突出、意思分明。如: ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?1 and ?2 and ?3 and ?4 ?1 and a ?2 and a ?3 and a ?4 ?1 and then a ?2 and then a ?3 and then a ?4 这四句话虽然音节数量不同,但具有相同的重音数量,所以具有大致相当的时间节律。实现这种时间节律,往往需要注意吐词的节奏和连读。而受汉语讲话的影响,学生读单音节词非常准确,但在读多音节词、词组和句子时就漏洞百出了。这四个语句初学者往往会念得一句比一句长,变成了“中式英语”。因为他们习惯于将每个音节都清清楚楚地说出来,发音响度,声调高低都一样,这样的英语就很不地道了。 3、 教学中英音、美音并用 英国英语(British English)和美国英语(American English)是英语的两种世界性变体。以往,我国的英语教学一直使用的是英国的代表性发音 RP(Received Pronunciation),但近年来,随着现代传播技术的发展、美国文化影响力的增强以及中美人际交流的日益频繁,以 GA(General American English)为代表性发音的美国英语在我国教学界广泛流传。于是,英语教学出现了英、美英语影响、并存的局面。 目前推广使用的PEP 教材课本录音带采用了美国发音,但是,有些教师教学时却操英国口音,教师与教材之间出现了发音不一致的矛盾,如 bathroom的美音是/?b?θ ?rum/,tomato 的美音是/t?meit?u/ 课上,学生跟教师朗读时学的是RP,跟磁带朗读时模仿的是GA。这样,由于同时接受了两种英语发音,他们的英语交流常常出现一些障碍,如听力练习时,容易出现辨音错误,同时,也容易养成英、美口音混杂的毛病,不利于掌握纯正的英语发音。这与《新课标》所规定的“打好语音语调基础”的要求是背道而驰的。 三、几个对策 以上所述是当前小学英语初学者语音教学方面存在的一些问题。重视语音教学,使学生形成良好的英语表达能力,需要一个过程,尤其针对小学英语初学者在没有音标的帮助下该如何掌握良好的语音呢? 1、 小学英语教师要不断提高自身的业务修养,不仅是教育教学方面的,也是语音方面的,至少要做到与教材录音带在发音方面保持一致。教师的发音是学生模仿的主要对象之一,对学生的英语语音学习起指导和示范作用。在英、美英语相互交融、美国英语盛行的今天,作为英语教师,学习并掌握美国英语乃大势所趋,面对新形势,要不断加强学习,更新自己的知识结构,找出英语和美语的主要差异,如词汇、读音、拼写等方面。 词语方面之不同简单举例如下(以PEP 教材为例) RP GA 学校中的班级 form grade,class 商店 shop store 厕所 lavatory toilet 糖果 sweets candy 油炸土豆条 chips French fries 长裤 trousers pants 而英国英语和美国英语的最大差别在于发音(侯维瑞,1992),RP 和GA 之间在音素、单词发音、重音和句子语调方面均存在明显差异。因此,同时向学生灌输两种英语发音势必会给他们的学习造成混乱与困惑。另外,在母语的环境里开始学习一门外语,很多学生本来就带有畏难情绪,再让他们同时学习两种英语发音,无疑会给他们增加不必要的负担,挫伤他们学习英语的积极性。读音方面简例如下 1)在pass,bath,ask,can?t,fast 这一类单词中,RP 念作/α /,而GA 则为/?/,成了/p?s/ /b?s/ /?sk/ /k?nt/ /f?st/。 2)字母o 在重读闭音节中,RP 念为/ /,GA 念为/α /或/ :/。 RP GA shop /∫ p/ /∫α p/ dog /d g/ /d g/ box /b ks/ /bα ks/ hot /h t/ /hα t/ 3)在GA 中,只要单词中有r 字母,就需发相应的/ r /音,但在RP 中/ r / 音只出现在元音前,如: RP GA work /w?:k/ /w?:rk/ car /kα :/ /kα r/ door /d : / /d r/ board /b :d/ /b rd/ morning /?m :ni / /?m rni / RP 只有far away, for ever 等连读情况下,字母r 才有/r/音: /fα : r?wei/ /f?rev?/ 4)字母组合wh 在一些常用词中,RP 一般念/ w /,GA 通常念/ hw /,如: RP GA which /wit∫ / /hwit∫ / why /wai/ /hwai/ RP 和GA 在单词重音(Word Stress)、元音的弱化和省略(The Weak Forms and Elision of Vowels)及节奏和速度(Rhythm and Rate)都有若干不同处,在此不再赘述。 2、 提高语音教学的意识,注重原声英文的熏陶 有一些教师轻视了对学生在发音、语调等方面的指导,这实际上就是忽视了英语语言的民族特色,没有抓住这一语言的实质,致使很多学生没有形成良好的发音习惯,张口就是“中式英语”,在对学生的辅导中,应施以潜移默化的影响,多加鼓励,并非一味纠错。小学英语教学中的语音教学很全面,包括单音、单词、句子、重音、停顿、连读、失去爆破、语调、节奏等。而小学英语教师要清楚地认识到小学英语教学的目的之一是培养学生的英语语感,培养对听、说的感性认识,这样需要小学英语教师在教学时既要练好单因,又要始终注重在英语语流中练习语音和语调。教师应进行一定的专门发音训练(如元音归类)。另一方面要善于利用录音机,在教学中人机配合,使学生多听标准录音。没有什么材料比英文歌曲、电影、话剧更能体现语言的地道性了,学唱英文歌曲是正音、训练连读的有效办法。在平时的课堂上或“英语角”活动中多举行英语课文朗读等,对激发学生纯正语音追求的兴趣,是非常有帮助的。 3、 创造良好的语音环境,强化口语练习 首先坚持用英语组织教学。上课、布置作业、下课,使用相应的课堂用语。久而久之,学生从听懂、到学讲、到会讲,一步步提高。 其次要充分利用现代化教学手段和合理的学习方法。教师可以运用电脑、VCD 等多媒体设备优化学习环境,改进学习方法,提高学生学习英语的兴趣。例如,制作和剪辑精彩的英语教学片,制作有声的动画课件,给学生播放英语 VCD 动画片、教学片或录像带等,学生也可以通过软件或互联网学习英语。这样,学生实际上接触的是真正的鲜活的生活英语,他们可以在生动的和真实的气氛中接受、吸收和习得这一语言。 最后为增加学习语音的动力,实行口试制度。内容有认读字母、单词,朗读句型,回答问题等。学生通过口试看到自己的进步,获得成就感,增强学习语音的信心,平时也会特别注意发音训练。比如: 英语口语课堂评价情况记载卡 表1 Class___________ Group___________ Name_____________ Unit ___ Lesson__ 跟读录音磁带 值日生报告 上 课发言 情 景表演 自 评等级 小 组评定 抽 查情况 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 表2 Unit 4 Date 5.2. 5.6. 5.7. … Contents Group name A: Let’s talk Let’s play A: Let’s learn Let’s practise A: Read and write. Story time. … ? Good ? OK ? OK … ? OK ? Good ? Great … ? Good ? Good ? Excellent … Try hard ? Great ? Good … 4、 对初学者的教学方法应以示范和模仿为主。 在有效的示范和指导的基础上进行模仿是习得语言最有力的手段,对语音教与学来说,尤其重要,离开了模仿几乎可以说不能掌握任何语言。新《课标》对小学英语初学者语音目标的描述是“了解简单的拼读规律;了解单词有重音;语音清楚,语调自然”。儿童学习发音,是靠模仿来形成反应的,这种最初的反应必须经过多次的重复才能巩固。因此,在新授后要重复练习,且练习的方式方法要多样化,避免枯燥乏味,运用绕口令、说唱、游戏练习就不错。 发现学生模仿练习时出现缺点,要及时指导、纠正。对学生错误的发音,不要重复、不要给予强化,以免引起错误的模仿。 模仿是第一性的,掌握规律是模仿的深化和简化。要求学生全方位模仿,是指模仿一篇对话中的发音、语速、语调、连读、爆破、略读、停顿等方面,坚持每篇对话都能做到流利朗读。 5、 结合单词、词组、句子、课文来进行语音教学 为了保证学生能够形成正确、规范、自然、流畅的英语,教师可采取多种教学方法搞好语流教学。如单音、单词、句子相结合;单词、句子、语篇相结合;特别是要将语流教学与课文教学相结合进行,让学生多听课文标准录音,对课文的语流语调要形成整体的深刻印象,如此坚持练习,学生才能突破朗读关,朗读时才能表情达意,这对语感的形成至关重要。 另外,诗歌、绕口令、歌谣、歌曲等,让学生练习,或让学生欣赏性地听,充分调动学生的兴趣和学习的积极性,在美的熏陶中获取英语语感。 要求教师不只为教语音而教语音,应把例词、例句作为重要的教学手段来使用。如在教连读和爆破时,要记住“goodbye”中的 /d /只是舌尖抬起作发/ d /的姿势;/tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/ 它们前面的爆破音要失去爆破,如that chair, stop talking 等。 6、 抓好入学阶段的语音学习 俗话说:良好的开端是成功的一半,学生入学后,英语是一门新学科,老师要抓住学生的好奇心,把语音知识渗入教学过程中。因为英语的语音知识包括很多,并且贯穿于教学过程的始终,帮助他们归纳规则,防止学生用汉字式拼音给单词注音,造成发音不准确的不良习惯。 7、 注重朗读。 坚持朗读教学可以提高学生的语言节奏感,因为英语的轻、重读很明显,起伏很大,节奏感很强,如果对连读和失去爆破技巧加以注意,更可以提高讲话的节奏感。在朗读训练的各个阶段,要找出学生们的兴趣与朗读训练内容的结合点,以激发和保持他们的学习热情。在朗读训练初期,语音语调训练中可选用一些绕口令、浅显的儿童英语歌谣、教唱一些英语歌曲,以激发和保持学生的学习兴趣。而学生对朗读兴趣的保持,在于成就感。当学生可以利用单词的拼写规律识记单词时、当学生在朗读比赛中获得成绩时,他们会更爱朗读。 主要参考书目: 1、 林立 主编《英语新课程与学科素质培养——语言学习与语言教学》中国纺织出版社,2003 2、 左焕琪 编著《外语教育展望》华东师范大学出版社,2002 3、 王电建 赖红玲 编著《小学英语教学法》北京大学出版社,2002 4、 侯维瑞 《英国英语与美国英语》,上海外语教育出版社,1992 5、 “英语和美语”《