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建筑施工节能技术
【摘要】随着国家经济的高速发展以及可持续发展的推进,节能型建筑势在必行。本文介绍了建筑施工节能技术的一般要求,并详细阐述了节能建筑施工的措施。
【关键词】建筑施工节能
迄今为止,能源问题一直受到世界各国的普遍关注。据悉,在全世界的能源消耗中,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,建筑能耗在总能耗中所占的比重是很大的,约占25%-40%。因此,建筑节能成为节能的重点。
1、节能建筑施工要求
一般来说,节能建筑主要从外墙、屋面、门窗等方面提高围护结构的热阻值和密闭性,达节约建筑物的使用能耗的目的。施工单位的项目经理和技术负责人应根据节能建筑设计施工图或节能设计专篇,结合其特殊性,制定施工方案,设立有效的质量控制点,严格接操作程序施工,保证必需的施工周期。加强施工操作人员的岗前培训和施工技术交底。
2、节能建筑施工技术措施
2.1墙体施工
空心砖承重墙一般采用整砖平砌,孔洞垂直方向且长圆孔顺墙长方向设置,空心砖不宜破凿,不够整砖时用实心砖外砌,墙中洞口预埋件和管道处,应用实心砖砌筑,并在砌筑时留出或预埋,不得随意凿孔和用水泥砂浆填孔。避免外墙体出现通缝、不密实、冷热桥的现象。
现场施工员根据设计施工图和工程的具体要求及施工条件绘制砌块排列图。要针对砌块建筑的墙体热阻值低、砌体和粉刷易开裂、灰缝和裂缝处易渗漏等不利因素,从施工角度采取技术措施予
以确保。依据的技术规范除砌体、混凝土结构、抗震、工程施工验收等方面外,针对性的有(混凝土小型空心砌块建筑技术规程)(JGJ/T142004)、(混凝土小型砌块房屋结构构造)(浙G16-91)等。
2.2墙体保温施工
墙体保温系统的施工是墙体节能措施的关键环节。墙体的保温层通常设置在墙体的内侧或外侧,设在内侧技术措拖简单,但保温效果不如外侧,设在外侧可节省使用面积,但粘结性差,措施不当易产生开裂、渗水、脱落、耐久性减弱等问题,造价一般也高于内设置。施工工艺一般采用抹灰、喷涂、干挂、粘贴、复合等方式。针对不
同的保温材料、不同的施工方法,采用不同的施工技术措施。以各种轻骨料(如膨胀珍珠岩、膨胀蛭石、超轻陶砂、聚苯乙烯颗粒、浮石、火山灰、粉煤灰等)加入水泥、石灰、石膏、化学聚合物等胶结料,并加入少量助剂按一定比例配制而成的保温砂浆,一般都采用抹灰的施工方式。保温砂浆应在基层质检验收合格,屋面防水层完工,与墙体相连的隔墙、门窗框、管线施工不破坏保温层的情况下方可施工,施工时环境温度不低于5℃,夏季应注意保湿养护。保温砂浆抹灰自上而下依次进行,施工中应注意:
①基层作清洁、修平、湿润处理,表面不易粘站的混凝土墙、粱、柱等部位打毛或刷粘结剂。
②按设计要求弹标准水平线、踢脚线或墙裙线,门窗洞四周宜用水泥砂浆抹宽50mm护角。为保证保温层厚度墙面应做标准灰饼、冲筋。
③每次抹灰厚度10mm左右为宜,当底层韧凝且表面有一定强度后再继续下一层。应注意保湿养护但不能水冲,砂浆硬化期间严禁撞击和振动。
④保温砂浆一般设置内侧,用于外侧必须有防水、防裂、防脱落等保证措施。
聚胺酯泡沫塑料、各种保温涂料等一般采用喷涂施工方式。根据不同产品的要求严格控制施工环境温度,喷涂前基层应清洁、干燥、平整、要特别注意保温涂层的均匀一致和厚度达标。要注意喷涂距离角度、速度和流量。
干挂工艺---一般用于外保温,不仅保温效果好,而且利用空气层可大大提高隔热和防水性能,但由于建筑成本较高,一般用于公共建筑,多层住宅很少采用,干挂系统要考虑风力、地震、温度、雨水、大气腐蚀、耐久性等不利因素,保证体系的稳定性、强度,施工中要特别注意与墙体锚固的可靠性、连接节点的质量、金属件的防腐
防水措施等。
随着新型保温产品的不断发展,出现了各种粘结材料和粘贴工艺。大部分粘贴工艺都结合使用机械锚固。目前唯有专威特外墙保温系统采用纯粘贴施工工艺。挤塑聚苯板、水泥聚苯板、岩棉板、玻璃棉板、珍珠岩板都采用水泥砂浆、聚合物水泥砂浆、化学粘结剂粘贴,并用尼龙锚件、膨胀螺桂将外层的钢丝网泥砂浆粉刷层与墙体连接起来。粘贴复合保温墙体,可分为内置式保温、夹心保温或外置式保温3种。内置式和外置式粘贴复合保温应用面在不断扩展施工工艺日趋成熟,施工中尚需注意以下环节。
①内置式保温将保温层粘贴或加机械锚固时,需在内墙表面设平薄板、钢丝网粉刷层、胶粘荆加耐碱玻纤网抹面层等防护层。施工时应保持粘贴面平整、清洁、湿度适宜,且屋面防水层完好和上层无施工水下渗。施工顺序为自上而下,从阴角开始。粘贴前应做好踢脚线和门窗洞护角。挂镜线位置间隔从墙体中预埋木块穿过保温层用
于固定挂镜线。厨房、卫生间等湿度较大的墙体防护面层应考虑防湿防渗和便于贴面。在墙体转角处,内外墙交接处以及踢脚线处易形成“热桥”或结露滴水,可根据工程实际在上述部位加强保温效果。
②外置式保温,通常将聚苯乙烯板、玻璃棉板、岩棉板、水泥聚苯板等保温板用粘结荆或锚固件将其与面层固定在基层墙体上,面层内设加强网,聚苯板作保温层时用耐碱玻纤网聚合物水泥砂浆作面层,岩棉板、水泥聚苯板等用钢丝网防水水泥砂浆作面层。
2.3门窗安装施工
门窗框和玻璃扇的传热系数及密闭性是外墙节能的关键环节之一。木和塑料门窗的传热系数比钢、铝门窗低30%左右,双层玻璃比单层玻璃低40%左右,因此,价格比较好的是塑料单框双玻门窗。为保证门窗能达到预期的节能要求,安装过程中应注意以下几个问题:
(1)根据设计要求选择门窗时,要复查其抗风压性、空气渗透性雨水渗漏性等性能指标。
(2)安装门窗框时要反复检查框角的垂直度.变形严重、缝隙超标、密封条不密闭的门窗扇不能上墙。
(3)在框与扇、扇与扇之间须设密封条,以防渗水、透气,推拉窗的轨遭处须增加密封处理,局部缝隙较大的位置可用单组份密封膏挤注。
(4)在门窗框四周与墙或柱、粱、窗台等交接处,须用水泥砂浆进行严密处置,在靠室外一侧须结合外装修进行处理,以防渗水、透气。
(5)粘贴密封条或挤注密封膏时,应事先将接缝处清理干净干燥,无灰尘和污物。
2.4保温屋面施工
通常屋面保温是将容重低、导热系数小、吸水率低、有一定强度的保温材料设置在防水屡和屋面板之间,按此种正铺法,可选择的保温材料很多,板块状有加气混凝土块、水泥或沥青珍珠岩板、水泥聚苯板、水泥蛭石板、聚苯乙烯板、各种轻骨料混凝土板等;散料加水泥等胶结料现场浇注的有珍珠岩、蛭石、陶粒、浮石、废聚苯粒、炉渣等;采用松散料直接或袋装设置在尖顶屋面下或吊顶上部的有膨胀珍珠岩、玻璃棉、岩棉、废聚苯粒等;现场发泡浇注的有硬质聚氨脂泡沫塑料和粉煤灰、水泥为主料的泡沫混凝土等。反铺法主要将防水层置于保温层以下,可有效保护防水层,方便施工检修,但由于造价较高,住宅建筑尚未大量使用。
屋面同时应采取有效的隔热措施,通常在屋面结构上部或下部设置通风隔热层、采用高教保温材料隔热、屋顶结构上设反射层或蓄水植被等。
3、结语
综上所述,节能建筑的墙体、屋面、门窗的保温隔热施工是节能效果的关键,所以务必要施工单位各部门、各工序严格按设计和材料施工工艺的技术措施执行,做好各质量控制点的验收。
【看考文献】
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高层建筑给排水工程存在的问题及对策论文
在整个高层建筑中，给排水系统是重要的组成部分，建筑的日常用水都是由给排水系统提供的。在高层建筑施工过程中，给排水系统的安全工程与其他工程是同时进行的，这在一定程度上加大了施工难度，导致在安装过程中出现了许多问题，这在很大程度上影响了建筑的整体质量。对此，必须要采取相应的解决措施，以此确保给排水系统的安装质量。
1 高层建筑给水系统安装存在的问题及解决对策
1. 1 给水系统压力过大的问题及解决对策
在一般情况下，高层建筑采用的是分区竖向供水，但是仍然无法充分保证给水系统的平衡性。如果供水位置过高，设置在屋顶上的水箱高度便无法满足水压要求，水压过低，则会造成冲洗阀不能有效的开启和关闭； 如果供水系统是变频供水，虽然能够保证最高点的水压，但是由于底部的.水压过大，在用水过程中容易出现水花飞溅的现象。针对于上述问题，首先应该进行科学合理的安装设计，在设计过程中应该根据高层建筑的高度及相关要求对给排水系统进行分区，严格禁止将给水系统分开，根据高度可以分成三个给水系统，保证用水的安全性以及舒适性； 其次，在合适的位置设置装减压阀，降低水压，保证卫生器具连接软管的正常使用。
1. 2 水泵安装问题及其解决对策
对于水泵设备的安装，对其精度有着较高的要求，如果施工水平较低，施工工艺粗糙，不仅会导致水泵产生较大的噪声，而且还容易出现漏水的现象。针对于这些问题，首先在选择水泵设备的时候，应该按照国家的标准进行购买； 其次，对水泵配件进行仔细的检查，检查其是否完整、灵活，确认无问题后，才能进行使用。而且在使用之前，应该调试，观察水泵的运行是否正常； 最后，确认水泵机组的长度及型号，审核水泵安装的标高、位置、坡度，在布置机组管线的过程中，按照短、少弯头的要求进行，并正确安装减震位置，保证水泵能够正常安全的运行。
1. 3 设置水池、水箱检修口的问题及其解决对策
在一般情况下，水池检修口应该按照 600mm ×800mm 的要求进行设置，但是这种设置由于结构顶板与水箱之间的距离较短，同时再加上浮球阀与检修口的距离较远，导致检修人员难以对检修口清洗水箱以及抢修浮球阀。针对于上述问题，首先就应该在设计过程中，对检修口的尺寸、位置进行合理的设计； 其次，根据安装设计的要求以及高层建筑的结构确定水箱的尺寸，并定制，保证结构顶板与水池顶入孔之间净空在一米及其以上； 最后，将入孔设置在浮球阀的近端，最佳位置是水池外可以触摸到浮球阀，这样可以为检修提供极大的方便。
1. 4 施工安装阀门的问题及其解决对策
在安装给水系统过程中，一般都会采用多种阀门，用量较大。在施工前应该对阀门的规格、型号进行认真的检查，保证其符合设计要求。同时，检查试验阀门的强度和严密性，避免由于强度不够、严密性差而导致的漏水现象。其相应的解决对策： 首先，根据给水系统的设计要求选择阀门的型号和规格，如果给水管径超过了 50mm 的，应该选择闸阀； 如果给水管径在 50mm 的范围之内，应该使用截止阀，而立管控制阀采用闸阀； 其次，在安装之前，应该对阀门的严密性和强度进行检查；最后，在施工安装过程中，应该严格按照安装说明进行，阀门杆的安装应该超过水平位置，并向上。
1. 5 套管安装的问题及其解决对策
在套管安装过程中，经常出现的问题是固定不够牢固，安装不到位，从而影响了管道的使用时间。针对于这些问题，首先就必须要按照安装标准，楼板内的套管订单应该比装饰地面高出 20mm,比厨卫间的套管顶端低 50mm; 其次，安装钢制套管的时候，应该根据设计，进行加焊固定。
2 高层建筑排水系统的问题及其解决对策
在排水系统中，排水立管在一般情况较长，水流速度快，水量大，因此非常容易导致管道内的气压产生波动，使水与其两相流，从而引起管道堵塞、水封破坏、卫生器具溢水。针对于上述问题，首先应该将排水管设置为乙字管，降低水速，减少水量； 其次，设置专用的通气管，使其与大气相通，保持管内压力接近大气压力。除此之外，专用的通气管还能够在一定程度上降低排水噪声，提高排水能力。针对于排水系统的施工，排水管应该根据设计要求选用，在高层建筑中，一般都会采用柔性抗震铸铁排水管，而支管和立管则采用的是硬聚氯乙烯塑料管。在施工过程中，需要将底层排出管设置在首层地面的位置，预制成整体管段，从预留孔洞中穿入，标高确认准确后，在管道位置进行固定。排出管最好采用两个 45°弯头接出； 而底层排水管及其器具排水支管的安装，需要将底层排水管设置在地下室的地沟内、顶棚下，同时根据室内的地坪线和轴线尺寸等，并按照设计要求，对管路的预留口方向和标高进行检查，如果没有发现问题便可以进行灌水测试。在高层建筑的排水系统中，硬聚录乙烯塑料的使用能解决立管消能问题和防火问题。
除此之外，在施工过程中，还需要注重洞口的封堵工作，以此避免管道出现渗漏的情况。
3 结束语
通过上文的分析可以发现，在高层建筑给排水安装之前，需要对每个施工环节进行合理的设计，严格控制相关的材料质量，做好设计和安装的每个环节，保证安装质量的可靠性，以此满足高层建筑的使用需求。
参考文献
[1]冯霞。 谈高层建筑给排水中常见问题[J]. 山西建筑，2014,18∶ 133- 134.
[2]郑钢。 建筑施工中给排水设计、安装问题[J]. 河南科技，2010,20∶40 - 41.
[3]李跃华。 高层建筑给排水安装施工技术分析[J]. 科技传播，2012,02∶ 77 + 65.
MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT
STADIUM
1.给排水设计
饮用水和污水
1.Sanitary Design
Water and sewage water
.设计基础
- 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图
- 建筑专业提供的条件图
- 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章
.Design bases
Design Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client.
Condition drawings from architectural discipline.
Current national design codes and related stipulations
2. 给水系统
通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水.
2. Water supply system
For water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes 1.0 m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks.
设计范围
包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防.
Design scope
Design scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line.
给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设.
Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth.
3.用水量标准
- 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K=2.0
- 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K=2.0
- 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K=2.0
- 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K=2.0
- 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日
- 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计
- 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计
- 消防用水:
消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时;
自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时
卷帘水幕用水0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时;
Water consumption standard
- Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K=2.0
- Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K=2.0
- Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K=2.0
- Staff 25L/person·day K=2.0
- Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·day
Make-up water for cooling tower: 2% of the
actual cold water consumption.
Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the daily
water consumption.
Water for fire protection
Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire
duration time is 3h;
Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h;
Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration time is 3h;
在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房 设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败.
在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵.
在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水.
为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头.
Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration.
Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot water circulating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water.
Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing.
Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning.
4.用水量
最大日用水量:2.200m3/日
最大时用水量:220m3/时
Water consumption demand
Maximum daily water consumption: 2.200m3/day
Maximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour
却循环系统
冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量
9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供.
Cooling water circulation system
There are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network.
在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心.30.0m3 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙.
In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby).
Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four 30.0m3 fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages.
消防用水
消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计
自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计
卷帘水幕用水量 0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计
消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3;
自动喷洒用水量为79.2 m3;
卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3;
一次火灾用水量为1.861,2;
Water for fire protection
Water consumption standard for fire protection
Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3h
Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1h
Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration is 3h
Water consumption for fire protection
Hydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively
Sprinkler: 79.2 m3
Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3
Water consumption for one fire: 1.105,2 m3
消火栓的布置
在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器.
Hydrant arrangement
Necessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided.
Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system.
消防系统
防水泵房及消防水池
供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装 一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为2.000m3.
Fire protection system
Water pump room and water pool for fire protection
The lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are installed.Two water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is 2.000m3.
自动喷淋系统
自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内.
Sprinkler system
Sprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments.
除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外.
Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided.
Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors.
排水系统
为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天.
9. Drainage system
Main vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank, then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day.
卷帘水幕系统
地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外
Drencher system for rolling shutters
Rolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system.
地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制.
地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网.
There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps.
Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers.
Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks.
在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统.
Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms.
在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器.
According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box.
在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外.
Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps.
雨水系统
雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水.
雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=998.002(1+0.568lgP)/(t+1.983)0.465计算.
沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井.
10. Rainwater system
Pressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system.
Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula:
Q=998.002(1+0.568lgT)/(t+1.983)0.465
Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells.
11.管材
- 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接.
- 直饮水管采用不锈管.
- 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接.
- 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接.
-二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接.
- 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接.
Pipe material
Copper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers.
Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes.
Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes.
Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes.
Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes.
Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage.
当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池.
When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins.
围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池.
此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约7.500 m .
喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里.
The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield and as reservoir for outdoor greening.
The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about 7.500 m .
The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building.
2.0 制冷
2.0 Cooling
冷源:
空调冷负荷(估算):
本工程建筑面积共50.000平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为2.4MW,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW.
Refrigerating source
Cooling load of air conditioning system
Total floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW.
每台1200kW制冷机配一台 流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵
一次泵采用压差旁路控制.
通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水.
A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.
Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pump
Via earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded.
冷源的选择:
根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%.
冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C.
Selection of refrigerating source
According to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity (1.200 kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted.
Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C.
二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路.
二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速.
二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式.
Secondary pump system:
Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions.
Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes.
Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps
空调冷冻水系统
由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统.
Chilled water system
Due to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system.
管材:
水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管.
本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接.
Pipe and duct materials
The water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes.
Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges.
一次泵系统:
供应楼冷冻机房
2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵.
Primary pump system:
Chiller room supply building
A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.
保温材料:
空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温.
空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温.
- 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充.
Thermal materials
phenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes.
Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers.
Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through.
消声与隔振:
冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪.
在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接.
- 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离.
Noise reduction and vibration isolation
Shock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise.
Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators.
Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes.
3.0空调和通风系统
3.0 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems
方案设计范围
Scope of schematic design
空调设计
Air Conditioning Design
在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为:
西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室
东侧地下二层酒店门廊
地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区.
首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救
In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdivide themselves as follows:
VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2
Hotel lobby in the east of level –2
Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1
Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0
