研究性报告的步骤和内容：
（一）题目
1、题目的内容
类型、定位、作用
2、写作要求
标题要准确
标题要新颖
题式可多样
标题要简洁
（二）署 名
1、署名的方式
集体署名
个人署名
2、署名的规则
贡献大小：提出研究设想、承担研究工作、解决关键问题。
（三）内容提要关键词
1、内容摘要：中心内容、结构及主要论点和评述；要求重点突出，内容精练，观点明确、一般不用第一人称，以200---300字为宜。学术论文也不宜超过1000字，有关刊物要有中英文摘要。
2、关键词：必须是规范科学的名词术语，一般每篇文章有3~5个关键词（主题词）。属于支柱性概念。
（四）前言
1、内容：问题的由来；文献综述：课题的界定（概念术语的解释）及问题的陈述；课题研究的理论意义和实践意义。
2、写作要求：课题阐述要清楚准确，中心突出；客观公正、科学准确评价他人的研究成果；简明扼要介绍课题研究的动机和意义。
（五）正文
1、内容：它必须对研究的内容和方法进行全面的阐述和论证，对研究过程中所获取的资料进行全面系统的整理和分析，通过图表、统计结果及文献资料，或以纵向的发展过程，或横向类别分析提出论点、分析论据，进行论证。
研究报告又分：1、研究的对象和方法 2、研究的内容和假设 3、研究的步骤及过程 4、研究结果的分析与讨论：研究报告的重点部分。A. 结果的定性定量分析，B.研究结果的讨论 。
结果分析与讨论材料缺乏的原因
研究设计缺乏一种系统观，讨论问题思路狭隘
操作过程不够到位，操作措施不够落实，就产生不了深刻的感受和体验
文献资料检索不够，对他人的研究研究缺乏了解，对自己结果的讨论就缺乏客观性、支持的力度
反映结果的项目指标难以确定
测量的方法与手段较难选择
数据的处理与分析要求不断提高
结果分析与讨论对研究者理论素养和洞察力要求较高
对下一步的研究提不出发展的方向。
2、写作要求：
总体要求：科学性和创造性；公正性和准确性；学术性和通俗性。
具体要求有：1、掌握材料要充分。2、分析整理要科学。3、图表使用要恰当。4、观点材料要统一。5、语言使用要规范。正确区分学术概念和生活概念，口头语言和书面语言。6、引用论点要慎重。与已一致，佐证；他人观点中某些好思想，提练综合；带有片面性的真理，开拓思维、慎重判断；相反的权威观点，找准错误所在。（引古不引今，引洋不引中，引刊不引报，引专著不引文集）7、内部逻辑要严密。8、标题序号要规范。9、讨论部分要简练。
（六）结论
1、内容：整篇报告的概括和小结。成果概括（结论必须指出解决了哪些问题、还有哪些没有解决？）；今后研究的展望；对教育教学实践的建议等
2、要求：总结全文，深化主题，揭示规律，指明方向。
（七）注释和参考文献
1、内容：书籍、刊物、报纸、网络
2、要求：完整注明出处
（八）附录：问卷、量表、研究材料、统计数据、方案、计划等
Phonograph - History
The first great invention developed by Edison in Menlo Park was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency of a telegraph transmitter, he noted that the tape of the machine gave off a noise resembling spoken words when played at a high speed. This caused him to wonder if he could record a telephone message. He began experimenting with the diaphragm of a telephone receiver by attaching a needle to it. He reasoned that the needle could prick paper tape to record a message. His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, "Mary had a little lamb."
The word phonograph was the trade name for Edison's device, which played cylinders rather than discs. The machine had two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When you spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of your voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. This cylinder phonograph was the first machine that could record and reproduce sound created a sensation and brought Edison international fame.
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Electricity and Lightbulb - History
Thomas Edison's greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Contrary to popular belief, he didn't "invent" the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edison's eventual achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. After one and a half years of work, success was achieved when an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread burned for thirteen and a half hours.
There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb: While most of the attention was on the discovery of the right kind of filament that would work, Edison actually had to invent a total of seven system elements that were critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day.
These were the development of:
1.the parallel circuit,
2.a durable light bulb,
3.an improved dynamo,
4.the underground conductor network,
5.the devices for maintaining constant voltage,
6.safety fuses and insulating materials, and
7.light sockets with on-off switches.
Before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be invented and then, through careful trial and error, developed into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edison's incandescent lighting system was in December 1879, when the Menlo Park laboratory complex was electrically lighted. Edison spent the next several years creating the electric industry.
The modern electric utility industry began in the 1880s. It evolved from gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area; the electric age had begun. Thomas Edison's Pearl Street electricity generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb), and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a "heat rate" equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour. Initially the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors brought the industry from mainly nighttime lighting to 24-hour service and dramatically raised electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities; each was limited to a few blocks area because of transmission inefficiencies of direct current (dc).
The success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until in 1889 they were brought together to form Edison General Electric. Despite the use of Edison in the company title however, he never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry had necessitated the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. When Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name, and the company became simply General Electric.
前面是爱迪生的留声机，后面是灯泡
给你提供个网址，里面随便你选
scientific research中，scientific是形容词，形容的对象是research，这个词组的主语是research，主要表达的是research，经过形容词修饰，表达了科学性质的研究。
science museum中，science是名词，不修饰museum，可以认为两个词的级别并列，意思是展示science的museum。如果这里用形容词scientific的话，就变成scientific修饰主语museum，意思就变成了有科学性质的museum，那么这个词组表达的意思就变成了一个运用了很多高科技技术的博物馆，也许是高科技的保安系统，也许是高科技的影像展出系统，但是展品却不一定是科学成果。举个例子来说，看过尼古拉斯凯奇的《国家宝藏》吧，他们去偷国家博物馆的藏品独立宣言，但是发现博物馆的安保系统非常厉害，有测温系统、警报系统、回收系统等等，我们可以说这个博物馆是一个scientific museum，但它不是一个science museum，而是一个history museum。
所以，你就可以知道科学电影应该是science movie了。
现代人的历史可追溯到约20万年前
Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years
摘要：
对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.
对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。通过对1967年于非洲埃塞俄比亚出土的人类骨骼化石进行新一轮的分析研究，科学家日前确定，这些化石的历史比先前认为的还要早大约6.5万年。这一结论说明，现代人类的化石记录可以追溯到大约20万年以前。
据美联社1月16日报道，科学家们认为，这些化石大约有19.5万年的历史，比人们以前推测的还要早6.5万年。遗传学研究曾推测，智人（即现代人）应起源于大约20万年以前，而这项新的研究结果恰好与遗传学研究结果相一致。
这些智人遗骨化石是于1967年在埃塞俄比亚的奥莫河（omo）四周被发掘出来的。出土的包括一些头骨和躯干骨的化石残片。当时，科学家将这些化石称为现代智人（Homo sapiens）化石，并将其历史暂定为13万年。
日前，美国纽约Stony Brook大学的约翰·弗利格尔和他的同事通过考察化石出土地点，并利用更先进的时间测定仪器分析当地的地质结构和岩石标本，他们发现这些化石应该具有19.5万年的历史。（其中答应有5000 年的误差）
科学家认为，重新修订的时间使“现代人起源于非洲”这一理论更具说服力。日期的提前让这些早期现代人有更充足的时间发展他们的文化属性，使他们从非洲大陆分散到亚欧各地。报道说，在此之前，被认为是最古老的智人遗骨化石是由美国科学家1997年在埃塞俄比亚发现的，该化石的历史约为16万年。
一个多世纪以来，智人的起源是人类进化研究中根本性的重大问题。许多科学家认为，智人与人类更原始的祖先一样，发源于非洲。但也有科学家提出，智人是在世界不同地区分别发展起来的。（王高山）
A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.
Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.
The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site produced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.
Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.
Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.
Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.
To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.
Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.
"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."
英语报告如下：
Many people have their good habits and bad habits and so do I.
很多人都有他们的好习惯和坏习惯。
My good habits are as follows：I usually get up early in the morning and sleep early at night .
我的好习惯是：我通常很早起床，晚上早点睡觉。
It is good for my health . I aslo like playing table tennis in the afternoon ,It makes me happy and active .
它对我的健康有好处。我也喜欢在下午打乒乓球，它使我快乐和积极的。
But I still have some bad habits ,for example,I offen play comeputer games for a long time .It's bad for my eres.
但我仍然有一些坏习惯，例如，我经常玩电脑游戏很长一段时间。
I usually watch TV at noon, so that I can't have a good rest .
这对我的眼睛不好。我通常在中午看电视，所以我不能好好休息。
That's my good habits and bad habits .
这就是我的好习惯和坏习惯。
英语课题报告注意事项
1、重点应放在介绍研究方法和研究结果方面。课题报告的价值是以方法的科学性和可靠性为条件的，而这两者又有内在的联系，因为只有研究方法是科学的，才能保证研究结果是可靠的。
人们阅读或审查课题报告，主要关心的是如何开展研究，在研究中发现了什么问题，这些问题解决了没有，是如何解决的。研究结果在现阶段达到什么程度，还有什么问题需要继续解决等。
2、理论观点的阐述要与材料相结合。在课题报告中怎样使自己的观点得到有力的论证，是应该关心的重要问题。论点的证实除了必须依靠逻辑的力量外，还需要依靠科学事实的支撑，做到论点与事实相结合。
课题报告一定要有具体材料，尊重事实，从事实中列出观点。首先在论述过程中要处理好论点与事实的关系，要求研究者首先选好事实。
3、分析讨论要实事求是，不夸大，不缩小。在下结论时要注意前提和条件，不要绝对化，也不要以偏概全，把局部经验说成是普遍规律。
