在这种情况下，方法的可靠性带来了更多的significanttechniques已经先进的基于一个合理的评价所产生的风险。对一个给定的管过程中发挥的不确定性等方法enablequantitative违约风险评价（加载，propertiesmaterials，温度，等），和优化管设计中考虑风险[ 1 ]。考虑到可疑的mechanicalanalyses是最佳的robustdimensioning结构的一个必要条件。这一目标的LED的structuresfor几十年的力学发展的概率方法。这些方法使其部件或系统的可靠性和可能影响研究的设计变量对suchcomponents或系统行为的变化。耦合mechanicreliabilityengineering方法必须将越来越复杂机械建模（行为的非线性，动态，疲劳，断裂的过程，使reliabilityeffective等）和可利用的研究。这必要的复杂性causesanalyses越来越苛刻的机时。用高强度低合金钢制成管steelsare用来构造气transportingpressurized烃和长距离输油管道。管道纵向高量的应力由于内部压力，上覆土层，地面交通，和environmentalattacks可以导致损伤，特别是在没有passiveprotective涂层。这种损害是压力腐蚀开裂的主要原因，壁厚减薄，和应力集中[ 2 ]的存在。此外，制造过程中的管，热mechanicaldeformations经常产生的残余应力。产生的残余往往很高，有时接近materialyield强度；然而，其效果并不明显，直到结构完全加载或暴露于服务环境[ 1，3，4 ]。拉伸表面残余应力对疲劳损伤detrimentalbecause他们增加，构件的应力腐蚀敏感性，甚至断裂。这项工作的目的是由力学模型耦合，得到的概率统计训练一个近似模型。通过力学计算的数量来衡量该模型的有效性将需要建立一个强大的有关分析的替代品，这是可靠性和灵敏度。
许多在机械车间制造的产品或进行的项目要在经过热处理后才有价值,本文论述的是钢热处理的最基本的内容.热处理也适用于非铁金属如铝铜黄铜.然而其过程有所不同在此不加论述.淬火的过程是加热钢然后冷却,目的在于增加硬度和拉伸度,降低韧度.得到良好的颗粒结构.这个过程包括将金属加热过其临界点温度,然后快速冷却.钢在加热过程中,铁与碳之间发生化学反应与物理反应.临界点,换句话,临界温度 指的是钢在这个点性能最符合要求. 当钢的温度达到华氏1400度到1600度之间时,经过快速冷却,其变化适宜制造出坚韧的金属.如果慢速冷却,就会恢复到原来的状态.通过快速把高温金属浸入水,油或盐水中(熄灭),理想的特性就保存了下来.金属就很硬很结实,塑性比以前更低.
加热的过程是在气炉或油炉或电炉中进行的.一个名叫高温计的装置附属于高温炉,这准确地记录了炉内的准确温度.(图3_1),观察金属的颜色也能确定金属的温度.在对一些简单的金属部件进行热处理时也可以利用颜色观察.然而颜色观察并不准确,即使热处理专家的观察也会有华氏20度的误差.
淬火的过程是:点燃炉膛,使其达到适当的温度,把金属放进炉膛,将其加热到临界温度,对于碳工具钢,每一英寸的厚度应保温20到30分钟,在淬火温度浸水时每一英寸厚度保持10到15分钟.
挑选正确的冷却溶液,一些钢可以在水里冷却,其它的则必须在油或盐水里冷却.对于碳素钢,水是使用最多的材料,因为水廉价有效.盐水是按9%的比例兑成.盐水有助于获得更一致的硬度.盐水冷却部件的速度更快.油适用于回火速度更慢的情况.
用火钳把高温金属从炉中移出,快速插进冷却溶液中,搅动它以便金属冷却快且均匀.如果该金属较薄,如刀或刀刃, 用该物体切削冷却液以防卷刃.如果刃的一面比另一面受热不均匀,卷刃的现象就会出现.
问题补充:
经过适当淬火的金属体会是坚硬,富有脆性,并且有较高的拉伸度.还具有内应变???.如果保持在这种状态中,这些内应变特点会导致金属脆裂.
"Fastener" 扣件是一个一般用词包括广泛分离的各种各样的材料,如钉子,螺丝,螺帽和螺栓, 锁紧螺母和垫圈,护环,铆钉和粘着剂 等等.
扣件具有不同的种类,有些扣件,如螺栓 ,垫圈使用年限很长,其他扣件,如铆钉,护环在这一区域很新.大多数产品中使用大量的不同的扣件.
Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.
Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path.
离心原理也可普遍应用于设备中，如：干衣机、马达转速控制器和加速设备。向心力使设备能做圆周运动。
This action is caused by the continuous application of forces, which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force, which resists
the centrifugal force, is called the centripetal force.
这种运动依靠力的不间断施加来实现，这个力趋向于把物体拉向中心。或者说是对抗离心力的向内的力，这就是向心力。
The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the centrifugal force.
做恒速圆周运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心加速度，它的大小与离心力相等，方向相反。
The materials used in the construction of rapidly moving machine parts and mechanisms must be structurally strong enough to provide the centripetal force
required to hold the parts to a circular path.
！！！！！此段有误，或能力不足，翻译不出来。！！！！！
At the same time, the materials must be able to withstand the centrifugal force, which tends to pull the parts apart. Motion and the basic laws, which affect
motion, are important considerations because of the numerous applications of these principles to produce work through mechanical devices.
同时，材料要承受得住有分离撕裂物体的离心力。
运动形式和基本定律影响运动，应加以重视，因为很多机械装置是建立在基本定律的基础之上的。
There are two primary mechanical motions: rotary and rectilinear. These terms suggest that rotary motion is a circular movement around a center line and
rectilinear motion is a straight line motion.
有两种基本的机械运动：旋转运动和直线运动。旋转运动是围绕一条中心线的圆周运动，直线运动是在直线上的运动。
For either rotary or rectilinear motion, it is possible, with added mechanical devices, to produce other forms of motion such as intermittent motion and
reciprocating motion.
无论圆周运动还是直线运动，通过增加机械装置可以产生其他形式的运动，如：间歇运动和往复运动。
Rotary Motion: The motion that is commonly transmitted is rotary motion. This type of motion may be produced with hand tools or power tools. Rotary motion is
required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt.
圆周运动：圆周运动是常用的传送运动。这种运动可以通过手动工具或动力工具产生。圆周运动可用于钻孔、车削、铣平面或者驱动发电机或风扇。
Rectilinear Motion: The feed of a tool on a lathe, the cutting of steel on a power saw, or the shaping of materials are all situations in which rectilinear
or straight line motion produces work.
直线运动：车刀的进给，在锯床上切割钢铁，或材料的成型都是直线运动的应用。
In each of these situations a part or mechanism is used to change rotary motion to straight-line motion. The screw of a micrometer and the threads in a nut
are still other applications where the direction of motion is changes from rotary to rectilinear.
在上述每种运动中，都有一个零件或机构用来将圆周运动转化为直线运动。千分尺和螺母上的螺纹是另一种将圆周运动转化为直线运动的应用。
Harmonic and Intermittent Motion: Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.
However, many manufacturing processes require intermittent or irregular motion.
简谐运动和间歇运动：任何简单的振动，如钟摆的周期前后运动，就是简单的简谐运动。然而，很多制造工艺需求间歇运动或不规则运动。
For example, the fast return stroke of a power hacksaw or shaper ram is desirable because no cutting is done on the return stroke. Therefore, as more time is
saved in returning the cutting tool to the working position, the less expensive is the operation.
例如，快速回程电动弓锯是高效的，因为在回程中没有切削作用。所以，回程时间越短，越经济。
The combinations of rotary and rectilinear motion obtainable are unlimited because of the large variety of parts such as gears, cams, pulleys, screws, links,
and belts, which can be combined in many arrangements.
圆周运动和直线运动的组合有无限种可能，因为大量的零件，如：齿轮、凸轮、滑轮、螺纹、连杆和皮带，能以多种形式组合起来。
本人也是做机械的，希望多多交流，如下的翻译希望能让你满意，如有不足之处，还望多多指教！
Electrical Hoist is a crane combined by electromotor, speed reducer, roller,brake and crown block. It can be fixed, and also can be assembled with trolly and beam to become single-beam brige crane, twins beam brige crane and electric gantry crane, who can be used for winding with a little modification.
When designing the shaft parts, we need fully consider every neccessary specifications such as the material, heat treatment and precision etc.Besides, we need consider the problems which may occur in or after design, and solve them in time. We should design in accordance with the requirements such as:
* meeting the requirements of strength and stiffness,
* improving the radiating performance and preventing thermal deformation,
* rational structure, and
* good mould and manufacturability.
This article synthetically explains how to confirm the related equipments, cutting parameters, process designing and machining quality analysis with consideration on selcting shaft blank, manufacturing process and final inspection.
This article consists of five parts, Part 1 to introduce why to study this project, Part 2 to explain the electrical hoist's application and function, Part 3 to specify the process for shaft parts of hoist, Part 4 to analyse the problems which may happen in the manufacturing process and the reason and the way to solve the problems, and Part 5 to check if the finished shaft meets the requirements based on the drawings.
