英语广告的语言论文参考文献
参考文献
[1] English TV Ads Collection[M].Nanchang: Hong Xing Electric Sound Press,1998.
[2] Hu Zhuanglin,Linguistics. A Course Book[M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2001.
[3] Wang Shouyuan. Essentials of English Stylistics[M].Jinan: Shandong University Press,2000.
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[5] 肖颖.浅析英语广告的语言特点、修辞手法以及对广告英译的启示[J].吉林省学院学报,2010(5).
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Cultural Differences and Advertisement Translation
Abstract
At present, with the rapid pace of economy’s development, advertising tends to be a main way to, so it is natural that international Ads translation becomes decisive for the products’ successful launching to the world market.
Advertisements’ translation is a cross-cultural communication. Cultural differences determine that it would be far from easy for Ad to reach its function for the world market. The cultural connotation reflected in translation must win receptors’ acceptance. Just like the idiom says “when in Rome do as Romans do”. Advertising language should be kept in corresponding with cultural background of the target language, whenever this is done, it becomes possible for advertisements to exert its function to attract the receptors.
Combining with translation practices this paper will analyze how the cultural differences influence Ad function in six aspects, including cultural habits, social political constitution, courteous principle, reasoning, aesthetic thought and language structure, Ad translation will not reach its function if such cultural differences are neglected, and how much importance should be attached to the cultural identity, which plays a positive role in Ad translation
Key Words: Ad Translation, Cultural Differences, Cultural Connotation, Cultural Identity
摘要: 广告语言作为一种特殊的实用文体,有其独有的特点,并蕴含一定的文化内涵。广告语言的翻译,是跨文化的交流活动,它不仅仅是将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字,而且使读者自然而然地认同广告的深层文化内涵,通过被吸引而产生广告的效应。
广告翻译必须注重目的语的文化背景,高质量的翻译不仅可以准确传达信息,还能引发读者的文化联想和审美想象,产生良好的广告效应,同时也宣传了本民族的文化,起到了对外交流的作用。为能灵活、有效和得体地表达出原语中的文化内涵以及广告信息,这就要求译者必须了解原语言和译语言的文化,确保信息准确传递。
本文结合广告翻译成功和失败的案例,从风俗习惯、社会政治制度、礼貌原则、推理模式、审美思想、语言结构六个方面文化差异对广告翻译的影响,忽视文化的差异,必将一定程度上影响广告信息的传递,产生误解,使广告翻译难以实现信息的等效交流,而进一步探讨应如何注重文化认同,分析其对广告功能、目的产生的影响。
关键词:广告翻译、文化差异、文化内涵、文化认同
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1:Introduction of Cultural Differences
Chapter 2: Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences
2.1 Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding
2.2 Different Social Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information
2.3 Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure
2.4 Different Reasoning May Cause Misunderstanding
2.5 Different Aesthetic Thought Result in Different Appreciation View
2.6 Different Language Structure May Make Information Depart from the Original Meaning
Chapter 3: Role of Cultural Identity
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Advertisement should express a certain expectation. It is a special pragmatic type of writing with a unique feature, and it also contains a certain cultural connotation. It should not as easy as a word-to-word exchange, but much of a flexible work.
Cultural background of the target language is significant to Ad translation; much impotence should be attached. A good translated version will not only convey the information in accuracy, reaching a good advertising effect, but also stimulate receptor’s cultural and appreciating association, which will be of much help to the cultrural communication, thus it also is a impulse in cultural diffusion.
Cultural differences as the main factor give much hindrance to the translation work. Misunderstandings will come about if it is ignored, the advertisement may consequently fail to meet its goal.
How the cultural differences influence the advertisement’s function and target and how to make the cultural differences optimized when translating? What kind of role does culture identity play in this course? All these questions are the main discussions in this paper.
Chapter 1 Cultural Differences
As the product of culture, advertisement can show the close relationship between language and culture.
Advertisement is a comprehensive art with commercial identity, which persuades people for a certain publicity goal. On some extent, it is a special pragmatic type of writing with unique feature, which contains a certain cultural connotation; only when put into the same or a similar social culture can its function and efficiency be completely explored. However, Ad translation is an across-cultural communication, which determines that it is not as easy as word-to-word exchange. It must win the receptor’s acceptance on the cultural connotation reflected in the Ads, then receptors are attracted and be willing to follow the Ad’s guide.
Thus only by knowing the grammar, lexical and relating capabilities of listening, writing and speaking about the two languages is far from enough to ensure cultural connotation of the source language is properly and effectively expressed. The translator is required to know both cultures of the source language and target language to guarantee the best convey of the original information. For instance, “延年益寿”, “宫廷秘方”, “百年陈酿”,etc. These advertising language always turn up in domestic Ads, which are difficult to be translated, even though translated, target receptors would not understand the original cultural connotation, and a doubt to the quality of the product may arises in their minds.
Different culture leads to different cultural identity. Domestic receptors are deeply influenced by the traditional culture. They like following the public, showing great awe to the authoritative people, this psychological phenomenon results in the existence of much advertising language with Chinese specialty, like “……,用了都说好”, “我们都喝……,今天你喝了没有”, “……时尚内衣”, “部优”, “省优”, “中国消费者协会推荐产品”, etc. While in western countries, people pursue independence. Everyone tends to be independent. Everyone is unique (why should I do the same as others? They always think in this way). So Advertisements there never advocate people to follow the public, rather to arise admiration to the so-called authoritative people. What reflects in the advertisement are “individuality”, “independence” and “privacy”.
Different cultures determine that the product’s promotion will turn out failure if the Ad succeed inland is translated literally. Severe research must be done on the cultural differences, or a bad impression of irresponsible or muddling through might arise, a certain doubt about the quality might strike the consumer. Ad’s natural duty will end up with a failure. Thus, when conducting international propagation it is very important to study the differences between Chinese culture and western culture, and make sure not too much exaggeration is contained in the Ad.
Cultural differences make their existence in many aspects, political, language, religion, custom, habits, etc. They have much importance to Ad translation. Once they were neglected, misunderstandings must turns up.
Chapter 2 Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences
Advertising language is a special art form, which has profound cultural background and can be influenced by the tendency of the day. Ad translation is a motion of cultural communication. To avoid misunderstanding, comprehensibility of different cultural background should be strengthened in the translation.
When translating, not only the exact meaning of the advertisement should be clear, but also the extended meaning namely the cultural connotation involved should be agreed on. Due to the differences in language, culture, politic, and custom, different understanding and cognition will form; the translation must go in line with the target cultural habits by which the communication shall reach an ideal effect. Mr. Wang zuoliang have said, “what translators deal with are some particular words, but what they face are two completely different cultures.” Another famous translation theorist Eugene A. Nida (1993) said, “Translating means communicating, what important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text.”
2.1 Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding
Cultural differences and conflicts make their existence wherever and whenever, they influence people’s perspectives and their ways of generalization. Although people of different cultural backgrounds may have different tastes, their psychological inclination has much in common, that is to say, all human should pursue elegance and luck, but avoiding cynic and ominous, thereby translator should respect the cultural customs and be cautious in choosing words to avoid misunderstanding.
For example, a pen product of Shanghai named “白翎”, the trade mark is translated as white feather. Unfortunately there is a saying in English, to show the white feather, which means escaping from the forefront. White feather is the symbol of cowardness in English. As a result, this pen got a bad selling in western countries. Another example, “金鸡鞋油,颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝等.” It is translated into Golden Cock shoe-polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. In China, Golden has a meaning of valuable and of high quality, as well as “Cock” always leads to a positive association, then the translation of “金鸡” naturally comes to Golden Cock, which seriously mislead receptor’s association, because in English cock is a usual indication of male genital.
Some words containing good cultural connotation in Chinese would mean the opposite in western world. Take Fang Fang a lip-stick as an example , “芳芳” in Chinese is a very nice word , usually it is used to describe beautiful things with flowerlike smell. It might make people imagine a pretty girl with fragrant smell. There is no doubt it is an excellent originality for Chinese consumers, but in English Fang Fang may arise a horror feeling because fang in English means poison fang that causing danger. Another instance Bees scented soap is literal translated from “蜜蜂”, Bee in China history is a very lovely insect as a symbol of diligence, its cultural association should be a flowerlike smell that appealing to bees, certainly this soap may attract a large number of Chinese consumers. On the contrary, westerners would not follow suit, the association of bee gives them an uncomfortable feeling caused by the thinking of fuzz on bee’s body.
2.2 Different Social and Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information
Due to the differences on social politics, words reflecting social specialties may hinder people know little about the reality from understanding. For instance, “某公司自1981年成立以来,在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下,以强烈的竞争意识,勇于开拓,积极进取,出口额逐年上升与世界80多个国家和地区的120多家厂商建立了良好的业务关系。” “ABC Corporation has built up excellent business relations with more than 120 companies and manufacturers in over 80 countries and regions since it was founded in 1981. We make progress actively with a strong sense of competition. Our exports have been increasing year after year.” Compare the two versions, “在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下”was neglected, since it will be difficult for foreigners to know about Chinese enterprise’s historical and moral background of management mechanisms shifting, it is not necessary to add some information that should not be helpful to foreigners understanding. In some circumstances, the information about political or that cause difficulty to understanding can be omitted, this omission is reasonable and it makes no influence for the company promotion.
Another example, a pencil sharpener with “大鹏” as its trade mark, and it is translated as “ROC hardeners”. Hardener is the biggest bird in Han’s national myth, having a positive meaning of ambitious and prosperous. While in westerners’ minds, “ROC” stands for “Republic of China”, certainly this will lead to a misunderstanding and unnecessary association, consequently this trademark will be neither helpful to create good impression of the products nor to defend national dignity.
2.3 Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure
Courtesy is the common conducting norm followed by people when they get to communicate. A mild tone is publicly welcome. Improper wording or harsh tone might result in failure for communication.
Here is an example, in china, public good Ads always get “禁止……”, public take this natural, no one think it is amiss, but as you weigh about its commanding tone, a slight domineering must be felt. “禁止” in English should be “Do not”, which is not mild but a word of harsh, e.g. “Do not pick the flower!” “Do not make noise!”……, since such a stiff tone will unavoidably raise a sense of distance, it won’t help to create a happy and sweet public atmosphere, foreign friends might feel uncomfortable; they think their personalities are not fully respected. Changing into a much milder tone the translation should be “keep away from the flower!” “Take care of the flower, please!” which will certainly inspire people love flowers and take care of flowers.
2.4 Different Reasoning May Cause Misunderstanding
People speaking different languages may have different ways of thinking or reasoning. The way of using language must be restricted by people’s different cultural backgrounds. In the aspect of Ad’s translation, it may turn out difficult for people to gain the original meaning of the information, or even misunderstandings come up. There is an advertisement for cereal crust, “本品可即购即食,食用方便” describing the convenience of the food, the translation is opening and eating immediately, to westerners, immediately may lead to a negative association food will go bad if not be eaten immediately, this may surely damage product’s image. To keep accordance with English speaking habits, translation should be Always ready to serve, which manages to convey the original meaning.
So Ad translation should not only keep literal coincidence with the original, but also reach the accurate closeness with the connotation of information and language. Only when the actual connotation received by the receptors can this translation be called a equivalent one.
2.5 Different Aesthetic Thought Result in Different Appreciation View
To reach elegance in sound, appearance and meaning, Chinese Ad language tends to use lots of couplet, parallel structure or four-character structure. This has much to do with Chinese special aesthetic thought. Look at the following advertisement.
A marriage broker advertises like this “寻寻觅觅,韶华转眼飞逝;犹犹豫豫,知音再度难逢。” “寻寻” and “觅觅”, “犹犹” and “豫豫” although these words get the same meaning, they sound good in rhyme. Instead of redundant, it sounds so natural and harmonious. While In English, “synonyms repetition” is always avoided, thus considering their appreciating view, the translation should erase the unnecessary words.
Next a successful translation practice will take you to the further notice about the different aesthetic thought.
I came back
I came back to softness and comfort
I came back to Dr. White’s
And I wonder why I ever went away.
Because only Dr. White’s gives me two kinds of comfort
The super comfort of their cotton-wool content have makes them so much softer.
And the comfort of a safer, more absorbent towel, with a flush-away design, too, for even more convenience.
I tried the rest, but I came back.
Isn’t it time you came back to Dr. White’s? Dr. White’s two kinds of comfort.- -(Woman, April 1997)
Following is the Chinese version , “我归来了,那绵绵的柔情,那缕缕的温馨,唤我归。我归来了,白仕!我不解,那时为何离去?唯有那白仕,让我拥有双重舒适。那松软洁白的棉衬,使我倍感柔软适意,那良好的渗透性能 ,使我倍觉舒爽称意,还有那易冲易消融的特点,让我使用更加方便随意。我曾徘徊踌躇,情有他钟,可我还是归来了。难道您——不想也拥有白仕的那份柔情,那份温馨?”
Above is the Ad for “Dr. White” feminine napkin, in which the metaphor rhetoric transfers the affection for home onto the product to make it impressive and stimulate consumers purchasing desire. From the view of cultural connotation, the association for home is the same, whether English speaking country or Chinese has the same affection for home. Where the difference lies is on the taste for language using. The first paragraph of the English version ,which is a English verse with simple words, expresses a nice image, however, Chinese verse always take efforts to make a fine figure to concretize the image. So if translated directly, it cannot keep in line with Chinese aesthetic habit, damage must arise to the text’s infection. To take closer to Chinese taste, this translated version put the image externalized and turn the simple style to luxury, whereby this Ad makes a good performence。
2.6 Different Language Structure May Depart the Information from the Original Meaning
Ad is to convey information. When Ad receptors from different cultures encounter the same Ad, what do they read from the same content about the product, the Chinese-English translation shall be easy to understand for Chinese consumers, but it cannot raise the same idea to western receptors what so ever. For instance, in an airline waiting room there is a public Ad as follows, “为了您和大家的健康,吸烟请到吸烟区。” For your and others health, the passengers who smoke, please go to the smoking area. What the Ad wants to indicate is that the waiting room is not allowed to smoke, if someone needs smoking he has to go to the smoking area. Chinese-English translation’s meaning is very clear to Chinese readers, but westerners understanding to it tends to be odd, To consider your health you are welcomed to smoke in the smoking area. Another one, on many main roads, there are Ad slogan propagating safe communication, reading like this, “高高兴兴上班去,平平安安回家来” which means to the driver to remind them driving carefully and back home safely. The translation follow Chinese language structure, that is, Go to work happily and come back safely, which is definitely out of line with English expressing way. It fails to convey the ideal information. Westerners may certainly feel puzzled.
未完~~~~~~~
参考文献
孙晓丽.广告英语与实例
陈培爱.中外广告史:站在当代视角的全面回顾
王佐良,丁往道.英语文体学引论
相关范文:
广告英语中词汇歧义的语用价值及其翻译方法
摘 要:词汇层面上的歧义是广告英语中一种较为常见的现象。从同音异义词、一词多义词(同形异义词)、词类转化和英、美英语用法不同引起的歧义等方面对词汇层面上歧义构成以及其语用价值进行了探讨;在考虑词汇歧义的多重含义及广告英语翻译的目的基础上,从契合译法、拆译法、套译法、变通译法和补偿译法等方面对广告英语词汇歧义的翻译作了进一步的分析。
关键词:广告英语;词汇歧义; 价值; 翻译
“广告”一词的含义,并不是从开始就一成不变的。在英文中“广告”一词是“advertising”。这个英文单词又来源于拉丁文的“advertete”一词,意思是“唤起大众对某种事物的注意,并诱导于一定的方向所使用的一种手段”。1932年,美国专业广告杂志《广告时代》(Advertising Age)公开向社会征求广告的定义,得票最多的人选定义是:“由广告主支付费用,通过印刷、书写、口述或图画等,公开表现有关个人、商品、劳务或运动等信息,用以达到影响并促进销售、使用、投票或赞同的目的。”〔1〕。
广告是社会生活中不可缺少的一部分,除了传播产品消息,广告还是我们的经济系统和社会文化的一种主要的交流工具。〔2〕广告作为社会或者经济中的一种机制,其主要功能有:(1)广告能为顾客做了什么。一个成功的广告必须把消费者的需求放在首要的位置。(2)广告能为商业做了什么。广告可以使新产品就以足够快的速度引起消费者的注意,从而有效地弥补厂商在研究、开发、生产以及分销这种产品时的成本。(3)广告能为社会做了什么。广告除了在销售商品和服务方面的作用,它还在经济上支撑着一个多元化的、独立的新闻系统,这个系统被政府或者其他特殊的利益团体所控制。〔2〕 因此,改革开放以来,由于扩大对外交流,外国的商品不断涌入中国。外国的厂商对其产品的宣传,以引起中国消费者的密切关注。由于中外语言存在着差异,因而就有必要对广告英语的翻译进行研究。本文将阐述和研究有关广告英语中词汇歧义存在的形式及其语用价值以及如何翻译等问题。
一 广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义存在的形式
“歧义(ambiguity)”在英语中的释义是:“An ambiguous sentence is usually of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way or many other ways.”即:歧义是结构上遵循语法规则,语义上符合逻辑常理的语句,其深层却包含两种或两种以上的释义。严格说来,歧义并不是修辞手段,而是一种在语言使用中所产生的语义理解分歧现象。〔3〕我们知道,歧义是自然语言中普遍存在的语言现象,从其类型上看,歧义可以分为词汇层面上的歧义、句法层面上的歧义和语用层面上的歧义。而词汇层面上的歧义又可以分为四类:第一类是同音异义词;第二类是一词多义词(或同形异义词);第三类是词类转化而引起的歧义;最后一类是英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义。
1 同音异义词
同音异义词指的是两个发音相同,拼写不同,所表达的意义也不相同的词。如:
Make your every hello a real good-buy.(An Telephone Advertisement)
这条广告可谓用心良苦,它利用good-bye与good-buy的同音异义,吸引顾客注意,推销产品。又如:关于B.C.Muffins的一则食品广告:With so many carrot, I’ll be a real gem。“有这么多的克拉(胡萝卜),我是颗真宝石(发糕)。”此广告中的“carrot”和carat同音异义,此处假借其义。Muffin是Betty Croker食品公司的产品之一,是带胡萝卜味的发糕,该广告是宣传其用料实在,份量充足,营养丰富。
2 一词多义词(或同形异义词)
一词多义在英语中是一个常见的现象,除了少数专业术语之外,大多数英语词汇都有几种意义,有的甚至多达到十种以上的意义。在特定的上下文中,经过语境的过滤,通常只有唯一的意义被保留下来了,其他的意义被排除在外,但是却有些特殊的情形。如英国劳埃德银行所做的户外路牌广告:
Money doesn’t grow on tree.But it blossoms at our branches.
——LIoyd Bank
这则广告里的branch是一词两义:字面意义,即树枝,而另一深层含义指银行的各个分行。这样我们就能领会该广告的真正含义是:只要顾客把钱存到劳埃德银行,他们的钱就会不断地增加。
3 词类转化而引起的歧义
在广告中有时利用词语的词汇意义与临时的转义引起的歧义以达到广告目的:即要吸引广大群众的注意力。而使用一个具有双重含义的短语便加大了解码难度,延长了解码时间,增添了解码乐趣,其商业效应自然不言而喻。〔4〕,如:
Give your family a treat with Beefy-the tenderest,juiciest steak that ever got inside a tin.Large chunks of prime meat in rich,rich gravy to give you satisfaction every time.
“Beefy”:Beef (鲜嫩多汁的牛排罐头),这是广告中有意错误拼写单词。“give you satisfaction”有两层意思:You will be pleased with the quality of the meat./You will be physically satisfied by eating the meat.“give you satisfaction”是有歧义的,其目的就是为了更好地吸引读者或听众的注意力,迫使他们去观看、购买,以至达到商业目的。
4 英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义
英国人和美国人所用英语基本上是一致的。不过,在发音、拼写、某些词语和习惯用法方面有些不同。就词语来看,由于某些词语的涵义和用法上存在着差异,因此歧义会产生。如:
NO GAS TODAY。
这句话是一个告示牌,而美国人和英国人对此句所表达的意思理解是不同的,主要是因为:对美国人来说“gas”(=gasoline) 通常指“汽油”,但也可以指“煤气”。在美国,如果加油站暂时没有汽油供应,就拿出这个告示牌表明“今天没有汽油供应。”而对英国人来说,“gas”通常指“煤气”,而“汽油”称为“petrol” (或“petroleum”)。所以英国人理解告示牌的意思为“今天没有煤气供应”。
二 广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义的语用价值
一般情况下,我们应当尽可能避免歧义的出现,以免影响内容的表达。然而,由于歧义的特殊性(在同一上下文中有不同的解释或在不同的上下文中有不同的解释),它又可以作为一种很好的修辞手段,经过巧妙的运用,实现绝妙的表达效果。〔5〕
1 趣味性
在广告英语中如果恰当地使用具有歧义的词汇,能够增添其趣味和吸引力,达到妙趣横生的幽默效果,并给人留下深刻的印象。如:
Seven days without 7-up make one weak。
这是为一种畅销全美的饮料“7-up”的广告词,中国市场上称之为“七喜”。“7days”对应“7-up”,而“7days”正是一周。句中“weak”与week为同音异义关系。而“one”既可以作不定代词解释,表示“任何一个人”,又是一个数词,表示“一周”。该广告语给消费者传递了这样的信息:一天不喝“七喜”,身体就会变虚;每天一支“七喜”,才能充满生气。读来妙趣横生,让人回味,体现了词汇歧义在广告用语中的所表达的修辞效果。
2 诱惑性
广告语言中的诱惑性在许多成功广告中表现得淋漓尽致。好的广告词具有强大的诱惑力,它能引人联想,刺激购物欲望,以此达到推销产品或服务的目的。同时,由于广告费用的昂贵,广告主选用广告词时不得不字斟句酌,惜墨如金,以求产生最大的经济效益。歧义是一种语言形式,有两种或多种的理解,这也正是它倍受广告主青睐的原因。一方面,它具有“一字千金”的巨大优越性,满足了现代社会人们追求高效、快捷的需求,同时更使广告主收到了经济、省时省力之效果;另一方面,含歧义的语言使广告一明一暗,一真一假,既引人注目,又使人产生联想,从而增加了广告语言的解码难度,延长了解码时间,从而达到了广告的宣传目的。〔6〕如:
More sun and air for your son and heir.
这是一句旅行社为招揽游客之广告语:父母们应带上子女去海边度假,因为那里有新鲜的空气和明媚的阳光。句中用了两组同音异形异义词“sun/son”,“air/heir”(继承人)。该广告语构思精妙,具有很强的说服力和相当高的语言艺术,因为它能唤起父母对子女的关爱。计划旅游的人似乎听到了这样的召唤:我们这儿(海边)有充足的光照和新鲜的空气,这对于你们事业和财富的继承者-儿子的健康大有好处。这样的广告词岂能不让游客为之心动?
3 语言艺术性
一句好的广告语必须既是文学,又是艺术。在广告中要在传达商品信息的同时倾注对读者的感情或激发读者与商品或服务有关的美好情感,以达到心理的沟通,使读者产生对所推销的产品与服务的神往,从而产生强烈的购买、消费欲望。〔7〕为了使消费者听到或读到广告后能产生购买产品的欲望,广告必须善用文字与意象,能使语言言简意赅,引人入胜。词汇积极歧义能产生这种效果,因而被广泛地应用到广告文体之中。如:Coca Cola的一则饮料广告:
Coke refreshes you like no other can.
在这则广告中,can可以被看作是装各种饮料啤酒的易拉罐,亦可被理解为省略的从句中的情态动词。若为前者,此句为:Coke refreshes you like no other can (can refreshes you).这个“can”借代罐装饮料。若为后者,此句则为: Coke refreshes you like no other (drinks)can (refreshes you). 这个“can”为情态动词。这则广告富于文字情趣、诙谐机智,给人留下了深刻印象。
三 广告英语中词汇歧义的一些翻译方法
广告是一种具有特定目标的商业活动,它受到营销战略、商业规律、商业法规和文化障碍的制约。广告作为一种特殊的文体,其用词特点表现在广告中使用具有模糊性的词语,以增强吸引力,并具有很强的说服力来激起消费者的购买力。广告翻译是一种语言转换,也是一种商业性行为,其目的在于追求市场效益和商业利润,尽最大可能争取消费者,投消费者之所好,供消费者之所需,打动他们,促成其购买行动。这是广告的唯一目的,也是广告翻译的唯一目的。〔8〕
英国翻译理论家纽马克(Peter Newmark,)在他的《翻译方法》(Approaches to Translation)一书中,根据文本不同的内容、文体和功能,把文本分为三种文本类型:信息文本、表达文本、呼唤性文本(vocative text)。〔9〕 广告被列入呼唤性文本,其文本特点主要表现为它在内容和形式上的超语言效果。因此,在进行广告翻译时为达到同样的效果,译者可以在一定程度上改变原文的内容和形式以完成跨文化交际。〔8〕广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言,而歧义具有双重意义的表达,在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息;采用恰当的翻译方法,尽可能减少歧义的词语在翻译中信息量的流失,以增强广告语体特征。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译通常采用以下的几种方法:
1 契合译法
契合译法是指在译语找到与原文相对应或基本对应的歧义语。契合译法的基础是双语耦合。由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异,双语耦合的情况比较少,但还是存在。〔10〕契合译法在双语偶合的基础上,兼顾了广告歧义语的形式和内容,是广告双歧义翻译的最高境界。如:
Easier dusting by a str-e-etch.
在这则广告中,“stretch”一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称"拉长"外,其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长,传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能,真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长,除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中“stretch”一词被拉长的效果,形成感觉上的延伸。〔11〕
2 拆译法
如果把歧义语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中,除了在双语偶合的情况下,采用契合译法外,也可以采取变通手法,将歧义语义剥开,拆成两层来表达。如:
The Unique Spirit of Canada。
这则推销加拿大威士忌酒广告也是妙用了“spirit”一词的双重含义:既指“精神”,又可指“烈性酒”,构成一词多义。翻译时使用拆开的方法:别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大民族精神。又如:
Ask for more(再来一支烟,还要吸摩尔。)
在这则摩尔(More)牌香烟的广告中,“more”一词是多义。“more”是一个副词,表示“更加、更多、又、再”的意思。同时它大写后就成了这种香烟的品牌。再如:
Trust US,Over 5000 ears of experience(相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。) 这是一则助听器宣传广告,从字面看,它说明了该产品已经受了众多消费者的考验,但同时“ears”又是“years”的谐音词,因此它还暗示了该产品具有悠久的历史。〔10〕
3 套译法
由于英汉两种语言文化的交流,英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播,逐渐形成了某些固定模式或习惯表达方式。在英汉翻译时,套用这些固定模式或习惯表达方式就是套译法。〔10〕套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵,同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征。如:
All is well that ends well.
这则广告实际是一条英语成语,意思是“结局好,全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中,“ends”就具有了双重意义:动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式,译成“烟蒂好,烟就好”。又如:
We take no pride in prejudice.
这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语,它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice(《傲慢与偏见》)”,报社援引该书名作广告,以标榜自己不偏不倚,主持公道。 这则广告可译为:“对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说,这种译法的内涵便不言自明了。〔11〕
4 变通译法
由于文化的差异,英汉语言的表达方式不尽相同,在翻译时要依照译语习惯,根据不同的上下文进行不同变通。由于原文中有些语言特色如歧义,要想在译文中充分体现,难度极大。因此,译者应充分发挥自己的主观能动性,从广告的全篇入手,整体把握并进行适当的变通和调整。如一则净水器广告:
It changed our well water to wonderful water.
可以看出,这则广告使用了头韵。如果译成“变井水为美妙的水”,虽然意思出来了,但却埋没了原作者的创意。而如果将它译为“变井水为纯净水”,则与原文更加神似,因为“井水”与“净水”谐音。〔12〕
5 补偿译法
大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是,有时双关语的一层意义译出后,另外一层意义也很重要,却无法同时译出,这时,可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说,这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体,如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。〔11〕如:
CUTTY SARK
SCOTS WHISKY
Some people wear trendy clothes to attack attention.Others drive flashy cars.A glass of Cutty Sark won’t turn any heads.But if you insist on creating a stir.You can always ask the bartender for one of them.
Scots Whisky
Uncommonly Smooth〔13〕
这则威士忌酒类广告中,广告制作人运用了三个歧义词:“turn one’s head”既可表示“使某人头脑发热;飘飘然”又可理解为“(喝酒)上头”;“create a stir”意为“引起轰动”又表示“引人注意和自我享受,陶醉一番”;“smooth”既指“(酒)醇和的、温和的”又有“平平安安,和谐,顺利”之意,还表示“绝妙的,吸引人的”。广告中多重歧义的运用给人们留下了深刻的印象:该酒能给人们带来美的感受跃然而出。译文采用了补偿法:卡特思苏格兰威士忌有些人穿着艳丽时装引人注目,有些人驾着漂亮新车惹人羡慕。卡特思酒绝不上头,不会让你飘飘然。但君想尽显风流,还是卡特思酒。苏格兰威士忌,非凡的享受。
四 结束语
综上所述,词汇歧义是广告英语中的一种十分常见的现象,如果恰当地使用它,不仅能使广告语言简练、丰富、诙谐,而且还能使广告引人注意,便于记忆。但是广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译问题还值得进一步地研究。这里只是讨论了广告英语翻译的目的以及关于词汇歧义翻译的几种常用的方法,在实践中还要真正地做到译文和原文最大限度地等值,我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一种或两种方法,必须从具体情况出发,辨证地选择最合适的方法来传达原文的意义,从而达到产品广告的真正意义。
参考文献:
〔1〕 丁俊杰广告学导论〔M〕长沙:中南大学出版社,2003
〔2〕 (美)莱恩,拉塞尔著,朱学宝,翟艳玲译广告学〔M〕北京:清华大学出版社, 2003
〔3〕 倪景亚英语歧义现象与英语双关语〔J〕湖州师范学院学报,2001 (5)
〔4〕 何玉敏英语中歧义现象的妙用〔J〕河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001 (3)
〔5〕 韩仲谦.歧义在语言中的积极运用〔J〕山东师大外国语学院学报,2000 (4)
〔6〕 黎清群.论歧义的语用价值〔J〕长沙电力学院学报(社会科学版),2002 (1)
〔7〕 朱诗花.广告语言的诗化:意境与修辞〔J〕邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2004(2)
〔8〕 张景华.广告翻译的目的论〔J〕湘潭工学院学报(社会科学版),2003 (3)
〔9〕 Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation〔M〕Oxford:pergamon Press,1981
〔10〕 刘荣征.浅谈广告英语中双关语、杜撰词、仿拟、明喻和暗喻的翻译〔J〕中国地质大学学报(社会科学版), 2002 (4)
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〔12〕 朱光.广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法〔J〕长春师范学院学报,2003 (1)
〔13〕 钟馥兰.广告英语中的修辞格与翻译〔J〕黎明职业大学学报,2003 (1)
仅供参考,请自借鉴
希望对您有帮助
英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译
李祥
摘 要:双关语是英语广告中一种较为常见的修辞手段。双关语的翻译本身就是一个难点,而广告中双关语的翻译则更加复杂。本文从语音双关、语义双关、语法双关和成语、俗语双关等几方面对双关语的运用技巧作了阐述。并在考虑双关语的双重含义及广告语体风格的基础上,从契合译法、分别表义法、套译法、侧重译法和补偿译法等方面对英语广告双关语的翻译作了初步的探讨。
关键词:广告语言;双关语;翻译
Punning and the Translation of Puns in English Advertisements
MENG Lin & ZHAN Jing-hui
(Foreign Languages Dept., Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China)
Abstract: Punning is one of the most common rhetorical devices used in advertisement. This paper is about the techniques of punning and the translation of puns in English advertisements. There are various ways to form puns in advertisements. The translation of puns is difficult because of the double meanings, and the translation of puns in advertisements is even more difficult because one must keep both the double meanings of a pun and the style of the advertisement in mind.
Key words: advertising language; pun; translation
引 言
不论是商品广告,还是公益广告,广告的创作都是一门综合性艺术。它集社会学、美学、心理学、市场营销学、声电学、文学、语言学等于一身。这门艺术中的文案写作比其它形式的写作都更需要技巧。它要利用推销原理写出雅俗共赏、生动有趣的文字,要具有特殊的感染力,能在瞬间引起读者注意,刺激其购买欲望,最终促成购买行为。因此广告文案中文学语言运用精当会使得广告语言的内涵与影响远远超出广告本身。双关语这一修辞手段是广告创作常用的技巧。双关,顾名思义,就是在特定的语言环境中用一种语言文字形式表达出一明一暗双重意义,既引人注意,又能引起联想。双关语具有简洁凝练,风趣幽默,新颖别致等修辞效果,能够突出广告的特点,因而在广告中得到大量应用。
1. 双关语在广告中的运用
作为一种修辞手段,双关语在广告中比较常用,它存在于语音、词汇、句法等各个语言层面。在广告中,广告制作者为了增加广告的吸引力,挖空心思地追求新的创意,使得双关语在广告中的运用技巧更加纷繁复杂。巧妙的双关能使语言含蓄、幽默、生动、给人以回味和想象的余地。较为常见的有以下几个方面。
1.1. 谐音双关
“谐音双关是用拼写相似,发音相同或相近的词构成的” 1 。广告制作者非常乐于使用谐音双关,因为此类双关具有风趣、幽默、俏皮、滑稽的语言风格,能增强广告的说服力和感染力,从而给消费者留下深刻的印象。
(1) More sun and air for your son and heir. 2
译文:这里有充足的阳光,清新的空气,一切为了您的子孙后代。
在这则海滨浴场的宣传广告中,制作者巧妙地运用了sun-son, air-heir这两对谐音字,使广告语言不仅和谐悦耳,读来朗朗上口,而且颇风趣、幽默,具有感召力。
(2)Trust us. Over 5000 ears of experience. 3
译文:相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。
这是一则助听器推销广告。从字面看,它说明了该产品已经接受了众多消费者的考验,但字里行间巧妙地嵌入一对谐音字ears-years,充分暗示了该产品悠久的历史,久经考验的上乘质量。
许多广告都在商品品牌的名称上做文章。品牌名称中的双关语不仅能增加广告的趣味性和幽默感,更重要的是使品牌名称更能吸引人们的注意力,便于记忆,增加宣传攻势力度,以此达到宣传产品的目的。品牌名称中的双关语大多采用谐音的方法。
(3) WEAR-EVER introduces a new concept in glass oven ware: CLEANABILITY. 4
译文:“恒久”玻璃炉具带给你一个全新的概念:洁净。
这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点,大力推销其产品:一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称,另一方面该词又另有含义:既为wear forever(体现产品结实耐用),又为wherever(说明到处受人欢迎)。该广告从多角度推销其产品,能够激起顾客的购买欲望,具有一定的劝说作用。
1.2. 语义双关
“语义双关是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关” 5 。这种双关在广告中运用得也非常广泛,它与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙。
(4) The label of achievements.
Black Label commands more respects. 6
译文:酒是功成名就的标志。黑色标志使您更显尊贵。
语义双关也多见于品牌名称中。这是一则威士忌酒的广告,Label有两层含义,一为“标志”,一为酒的牌子—Black Label。该广告通过双关手段的运用,使人联想到功成名就时就要饮用该酒;同时,用品牌名称形成双关,又便于消费者对品牌的记忆,从而对商品发生兴趣。
(5) Spoil yourself and not your figure. 7
译文:尽情大吃,不增体重。
这是Weight-Watcher冰淇淋的广告标题,这种冰淇淋是专为节食者生产的。双关不仅存在于商品商标名称中,标题中的spoil也是双关所在。spoil oneself意为“尽兴”;而spoil one’s figure则意为“破坏了体形”。这则广告通过一语双关,使减肥者在轻松幽默的语气中很自然地接受该广告,并能使其产生购买欲望。
(6) A deal with us means a good deal to you. 8
译文:和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。
该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义,“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。a good deal构成一个绝妙的双关。
1.3. 语法双关
语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关,如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。
(7) Which lager can claim to be truly German?
This can.(旁边画有一罐啤酒) 9
译文:哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货?这罐。
这是一则Lager牌淡啤酒的广告。句中的can既可作情态动词,又可作名词(饮料罐)。由于can一语双关,加上Lager的品牌名称双关,以及旁边插图的妙用,使广告产生了一定的幽默效果,给读者以深刻的印象。
无独有偶,可口可乐公司也在这个can字上做文章。
(8)Coke refreshes you like no other can. 10
译文:没有什么能像可乐那样令您神清气爽。
句中can既可理解为名词“罐,听”,又可看成是情态动词“能”,全句可理解为Coke refreshes you like no other (can: tin, drink) can (refresh you)。 11 这则广告诙谐机智,富于文字情趣,能使商品连同这一广告词一起久久印在读者记忆里。
1.4. 成语或俗语双关
广告语言特别善于引用一些人们耳熟能详的成语或俗语。这些广告以人们原有的社会、文化知识为基础,以鲜明、独特的语言形式形成双关,既增强了广告的吸引力,又体现了广告语言的艺术性,更使广告具有令人回味的弦外之音。
(9) You’ll go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. 12
译文:纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。
从广告的字面意义看,to go nuts是“去买坚果”,但它同时还是一句成语,意为“疯狂、发疯”。双关语的运用表明了纳克斯牌坚果对人们的吸引力是无以抗拒的。
(10) A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play. 13
译文:一天一块玛斯巧克力,让您工作像工作,娱乐像娱乐。
这则广告让人们联想起两条非常熟悉的成语:An apple a day keeps the doctors away和All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy。该广告不仅在语言形式上借用了成语的模式,同时还引用了两条成语的内容,让人们从久已熟知的成语中得出一个新的判断:玛斯牌巧克力不仅能使人们健康,而且让人们工作时精力充沛,休息时放松自如。
2. 广告双关语的翻译
广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言,而双关又是双重意义的表达,在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。因此,英语广告双关的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息。采用辩证的翻译方法,尽可能减少双关语在翻译中信息量的流失,增强广告语体特征,英语广告双关语的翻译还是可能的。
2.1 契合译法
一般认为,双关语由音、形、义等手段构成了可译性障碍,存在不可译性。但“有些双关语也不是绝对不可译。双语偶合,是可能的” 14 。契合译法在双语偶合的基础上,兼顾了广告双关语的形式和内容,是广告双关语翻译的最高境界。
(11) Easier dusting by a stre-e-etch! 15
stretch一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称“拉长”外,其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长,传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能,真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长,除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中stretch一词被拉长的效果,形成感觉上的延伸。四字短语及押韵的使用都符合汉语广告的语体特征。
2.2 分别表义法
如果要把双关语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中,除了在双语偶合的情况下,采用契合译法外,“也可以采取变通手法,将双关语义剥开,拆成两层来表达”。 16
(12) The Unique Spirit of Canada. 17
在这则加拿大酒广告中,spirit一词是传神之作,它既可作“烈性酒”解,又可作“精神”解。为了保留双重意义,可将双重语义拆开,译为“别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大精神”。 18
(13) I’m More satisfied. 19
(14) Ask for More. 20
这是摩尔香烟在广告语中树立的两个双关典范。它们巧妙地使用more一词的双重意义:more是一个副词,表示“更加,更多”;大写之后,变成了品牌名称。这两则广告使人们轻松记住了商品的品牌,同时又给人留下了一个印象:该产品优于同类产品,能更使消费者满意。译文分别为:“摩尔香烟,我更满意”;“再来一支,还吸摩尔”。双关语义被拆成两层,在译文中分别表述,而且四字结构,读来朗朗上口。
值得指出的是,这种翻译方法虽然保留了双关语的双重含义,但原文那种凝炼,诙谐的韵味和一词两义的妙趣却丧失了。
2.3 套译法
有些广告双关语的产生是建立在一定的文化背景之上的。英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播形成了双语翻译之间的桥梁。套译法就是套用英语在汉语中已经沉积下来的固有模式,对英语广告进行翻译。
(15) All is well that ends well. 21
这则广告实际是一条英语成语,意思是“结局好,全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中,ends就具有了双重意义:动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式,译成“烟蒂好,烟就好”。
(16) Better late than the late. 22
这一妙句出自成语“Better late than never”(晚来总比不来好)。它妙就妙在不仅引用了成语的结构,还利用了late的双关意义,the late这里指the dead。双关的运用使这则交通公益广告产生了强大的震撼力。其译文可套译为“迟到总比丧命好”。 23
(17) We take no pride in prejudice. 24
这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语,它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice”,报社援引该书名作广告,以标榜自己不偏不倚,主持公道。这则广告可译为:“对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说,这种译法的双关内含便不言自明了。
套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵,同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征,但双关的内涵往往不能得到充分展示,所以译文也就失去了原文风趣、机智、幽默的色彩。
2.4 侧重译法
广告中别具匠心的双关表现手法有时“难以表述于译文中,结果只好牺牲形式意义、谐音寓义及暗含情态”, 25 尤其是有些广告含有多组双关和一语多关,只好采取侧重译法,守住概念意义。
(18) The driver is safer when the road is dry;
The road is safer when the driver is dry. 26
这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义(干燥的;没饮酒的)构成双关,对司机很有警示作用。翻译时,dry一词的两重意义在上、下句中只能各取一意:路面干燥,司机安全;司机清醒,道路安全。
(19) When the wind has a bite…and you feel like a bite…then bite on a whole Nut. 27
bite一词在这里有多层意思:刺痛;食物;咬。它的多层含义使全营养坚果给饥寒交迫的人们带来的感受跃然而出。这句广告词的翻译可分别把bite一词表达的多重意义表述出来:“当寒风刺骨而您又想吃点儿什么的时候,请嚼嚼全营养坚果”。
(20) Butlin’s –the right choice.
Don’t labour the point, or be conservative in your choice, or liberal with your money. Come to Butlin’s for the real party.
Great Party Ahead. 29
这是旅游公司利用各政党之间的竞争为自己做的广告。广告中labour,conservative, liberal是三个政党的名字,同时labour the point作“详尽说明”解,be conservative in your choice意为“在做选择时保守”,be liberal with money指“大手大脚地花钱”。Party也是一个双关词,既指“政党”,又指“聚会”。广告中几组双关词的运用给人们留下了该旅游公司可以信赖的印象,可以说广告作到了绝妙的地步。但遗憾的是像这样的多重双关译起来难以多全其美,只好采取保留概念意义,牺牲双关的译法:
“布特林旅游公司——您的正确选择。
不要劳烦讲个没完,
不要保守,也别犹豫,
不要放任自由地乱花钱。
到布特林旅游公司,参加实实在在的聚会吧。
盛大的聚会正等着你!”
侧重译法是对广告双关的双重乃至多重意义的一种无可奈何的取舍。经过这种取舍后,双关的双重意义在译文中只剩下一层,所以也就没有双关可言了。大多数的广告双关语都适合这种翻译方法,事实上,这种侧重译法正是双关语具有可译性障碍的例证。
2.5 补偿译法
大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是有时双关语的一层意义译出后,另外一层意义也很重要,但却无法同时译出,这时,可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说,这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体,如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。
(21) OIC
这是一则眼镜广告,三个简洁的大写字母形状像眼镜,读音为“oh, I see”。该广告既利用视觉语言来吸引人们的注意力,又利用听觉语言表现此眼镜给视力不佳的顾客带来的欣喜之情。然而,该广告的翻译很难同时兼顾到视觉和听觉,只能从听觉上译为:“哇!我看见了”。视觉上三个字母形成的眼镜形状却可以通过承载广告的媒体,利用图形这一视觉语言要素来弥补。对于依靠媒体而存在的广告来说,这不失为一种重要的补偿手段。
3. 结 语
总之,双关语是广告文体中十分常用的一种修辞手法,它不仅能使广告语言简炼、丰富、诙谐,而且能使广告引人注意,便于记忆。但广告双关语的翻译问题值得进一步研究。以上我们只是讨论了广告双关语翻译的几种模式,在实际翻译中,要真正做到译文和原文最大限度等值,我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一两种手段,而须从具体情况出发,辩证地选择最合适的手段来传达原文的意义。
注 释
1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26, 28 项成东,试谈广告英语中的复义[J],山东外语教学,1996。
2 胡一,广告英语的修辞魅力[J],英语学习,1999,(8)。
3 单祝堂,英语双关语探讨[J],江苏外语教学研究,1999,(1)。
5 丁柏铨、夏文蓉、周斌,当代广告文案写作[M],陕西:陕西师范大学出版社,1998。
8, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24 候维瑞,英语语体[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988。
12 , 19, 21, 27 崔刚,广告英语300句[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,1993。
14, 16, 25 刘宓庆,当代翻译理论[M],北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
15 蒋磊,谈商业广告的翻译[J],中国翻译,1994,(5)。
29 徐仲炳,英语双关的类型和翻译[J],外国语,1988,(6)。
参考文献
[1] 陈文伯,一词两义的翻译[J],中国翻译,1994,(4)。
[2] 崔 刚,广告英语300句[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,1993。
[3] 丁柏铨、夏文蓉、周斌,当代广告文案写作[M],陕西:陕西师范大学出版社,1998。
[4] 候维瑞,英语语体[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988。
[5] 胡一,广告英语的修辞魅力[J],英语学习,1999,(8)。
[6] 蒋磊,谈商业广告的翻译[J],中国翻译,1994,(5)。
[7] 刘宓庆,当代翻译理论[M],北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
[8] 单祝堂,英语双关语探讨[J],江苏外语教学研究,1999,(1)。
[9] 项成东,试谈广告英语中的复义[J],山东外语教学,1996,(2)。
[10] 徐仲炳,英语双关的类型和翻译[J],外国语,1988,(6)。
[作者简介] Dr Richard Lee 李祥