Annex 3: Agricultural Policy and Food Security in China
中国农业政策与食品安全
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Introduction
Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector
Agricultural development strategy, policies and food security
China's food economy prospects
Issues and challenges
Concluding Remarks
References
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Introduction
China's effort to produce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. It feeds over one-fifth of the world's population with only one-fifteenth of the world's arable land. In recent history, China has either exported food or imported relatively little. China was a net exporter of food, even of grain, in the 1950s. Although China became a net importer of grain in the 1960s, the share of net imports to total domestic consumption was marginal. Net import shares reached approximately three percent in the early reform period (1978-84), then declined to approximately one percent in the following period (1985-90). China has since become a net grain exporter, except in 1995 when it had a record level grain imports of nearly 20 million tons. Net exports between 1992 and 1994 were over 5 million tons annually.
While China's grain imports may grow slightly in the coming decades, the nation has developed a strong position as a net exporter of food (both grain and non grain) in value terms by exporting high value-added foodstuff including livestock products and other processed foods during the reform period. Net food exports grew to 2.3 billion US dollars in 1985 and peaked at 6.3 billion dollars in 1993, from a state of balanced trade (in value terms) in 1980 (China Customs Statistics).
China's future food security, however, is a subject of growing concern. First, although China's food production has grown over the last several decades, year-to-year fluctuations of food supply and prices are significant. Market stabilization and food price inflation have been among the major targets of government policy since the late 1980s. The Chinese government considers maintaining a comparatively high level of food self-sufficiency, avoiding supply shocks, and stabilizing consumer prices, a matter of national security and stability:
Only when the Chinese people are free from food availability and stability of food supply worries can they concentrate on and support the current reform, thus ensuring a sustained, rapid and healthy development of the economy (The State Council, 1996).
To this end, the government recently adopted measures to stabilize domestic food supply and stabilize the market - these measures include administrative and economic intervention in food distribution and marketing systems, national and local food reserve schemes, price regulations, international trade, factor markets, and rural infrastructure development.
Secondly, food security and access to food are mainly poverty issues. Although national economic growth is strong, it is uneven across regions. Farmer's incomes in the central and eastern regions of China continue to grow more rapidly than those in the west and southwest. Income inequality among regions, between rural and urban areas, and within regions continues to grow (MOA, 1997). In the early 1980s, tremendous progress was made in addressing China's poverty problem, mainly due to the government's rural reform program. However, this progress has slowed down over the past ten years.
Finally, China's food supply availability could be a major food security issue in the coming decades if policies were not formulated in the right directions. Worldwide, food production growth rates have outpaced population growth in recent decades, implying increased food availability per capita. Furthermore, the decline of real food and feed grain prices internationally over the same period implies that supply increases have exceeded increased demand. However, the situation differs from country to country.
China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food production resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food production cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid industrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural products.
Government officials and scholars have focused food economy and food security concerns on the grain economy because grain (both food and feedgrain) is a major component of China's food supply. Historically, grain fundamentalism, the provision of adequate cereal grain supplies at low stable prices to urban residents, has been an overriding government concern. Recurring food shortages, particularly the famine of the early 1960s, increased the official desire for assured and secure grain supplies. This concern, coupled with rapidly increasing urbanization, domestic infrastructure and transport constraints, domestic grain price spikes in 1994/1995, Brown's 1995 prediction that China will become an importer of massive amounts of grain in the next few decades, the weaknesses of the fiscal system in the provision of public goods (particular agricultural research and extension), has attracted worldwide attention in the past 4 years.
A number of recent studies conducted by both domestic and international organizations have led to a consensus that while the increases in China's grain imports will be marginal and the nation will remain at a high level of food self-sufficiency in the coming decades, China's long-term food security is an issue of both national and international significance. The sheer size of China's economy and its rapid growth will make China a crucial influence in the future development of world markets for inputs and outputs of food and agricultural products, agribusiness, and industry. Along with this growth is its gradual progress toward market-orientation and global integration, urbanization, the shift of comparative advantage from agriculture to other sectors, and dietary diversification. Small adjustments to China's food supply and demand, agricultural input demand shifts, and the Chinese government's selection of food security policy will each have large effects on world agricultural trade.
This paper evaluates China's food security situation, reviews the performance of the food and agricultural sector, considers the role of food policies, particularly the most recent price and marketing reform policies, in improving the food situation, and identifies key issues related to food security which require further intervention. The next section reviews previous achievements and sources of growth in agricultural production and food security. The third section analyzes current government policies and programmes and their impacts on agricultural production and food security. The fourth section predicts the shape of China's food economy over the next three decades; while the fifth section discusses the major challenges and constraints to agricultural production and food security. Concrete measures and options towards sustainable agricultural growth and food production are suggested in the final section.
Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector
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Food security: an overview
Summary of China's approaches to improved food security
Other issues
Changing role of agriculture in the economy
Agricultural production growth
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Food security: an overview
China's ability to feed over one-fifth of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's arable land is widely acclaimed. China, with more than 1.23 billion people in 1997, is the world's most populous nation. Its experience demonstrates the importance of technological development, institutional change, improved incentives, and rural development among other policies in improving food security with limited natural resources.
Availability of food
China's per capita food availability and consumption have increased over the last several decades. Average per capita food availability has grown from less than 1700 kcal in 1960 to 2570 kcal per day in 1995 (Table 1)[19]. Increased domestic production is almost solely responsible for increased food availability. Protein intake and fat consumption per capita per day increased over the same period, from 42 grams to 70 grams, and 17 grams to 45 grams, respectively. Both figures exceed average nutrient availability in countries with comparable per capita GNP levels.
Nutritional composition changes of Chinese diets are consistent with growing income (Table 1). Nutrient sources are a powerful indicator of the population's economic wellbeing. In low income countries, the average diet includes a high percentage of nutrients from crops, while a typical developed country diet includes a relatively high percentage of nutrients from animal sources. In China, traditional diets were typically based on cereals, vegetables, and small quantities of meat and fish. Consumption of relatively expensive non-cereal food items, particularly livestock products and fish, have increased with rapid increases in per capita income, urbanization, and market expansion (Huang and Bouis, 1996).
Aggregate household food security
Aggregate household food security has improved significantly. According to the FAO's WFS (1996), Chinese household food security, as measured by the aggregate household food security index (AHFSI) and the level of food inadequacy, follow overall national averages. The AHFSI increased from a low level of 70 percent in 1969-71 to a relatively high level of nearly 80 percent in 1990-92, while food inadequacy declined from slightly over 14 percent to approximately 3 percent in the same period.
Table 1. Nutrient availability
Year
Energy
(kcal)
Protein
(grams)
Fat
(grams)
Crop Products
Animal Products
Energy
(%)
Protein
(%)
Fat
(%)
Energy
(%)
Protein
(%)
Fat
(%)
1960
1676
42
17
97
93
76
3
7
24
1970
2087
53
23
96
93
67
4
7
33
1980
2470
64
32
94
90
60
6
10
40
1990
2505
68
37
91
86
55
9
14
45
1995
2570
70
45
88
81
51
12
19
49
Table 2. Per capita daily nutrient intake by income group in sample provinces, 1990.
Income group
Sichuan
Ningxia
Hebei
Zhejiang
Guangdong
Beijing
Energy intake (kcal)
Average
2335
2402
2227
2460
2425
2309
Poorest 10%
1889
1819
1970
1971
2129
1960
10% - 25%
2068
2142
2093
2217
2174
1855
25% - 50%
2271
2319
2201
2314
2191
2091
50% - 75%
2485
2480
2256
2559
2583
2371
75% - 90%
2606
2642
2284
2711
2532
2605
Richest 10%
2852
3074
2559
2983
2797
2972
Protein intake (g)
Average
59.6
68.5
69.1
63.9
60.7
69.1
Poorest 10%
48.1
54.9
59.4
51.0
51.9
57.9
10% - 25%
52.5
64.6
64.7
57.0
53.0
55.0
25% - 50%
55.4
65.4
67.9
59.6
58.4
62.0
50% - 75%
61.1
68.7
70.2
65.6
64.5
70.3
75% - 90%
66.6
72.5
71.4
70.7
64.7
79.2
Richest 10%
73.6
84.5
80.8
79.2
71.8
90.5
Fat intake (g)
Average
36.0
33.7
34.0
33.1
39.1
45.5
Poorest 10%
25.5
21.5
27.4
20.2
28.9
35.5
10% - 25%
27.7
25.6
29.2
26.4
32.7
35.4
25% - 50%
31.3
31.1
31.9
30.3
36.8
41.1
50% - 75%
37.0
35.6
35.0
35.1
42.5
48.5
75% - 90%
43.4
41.0
37.1
39.8
42.0
52.6
Richest 10%
57.0
48.9
46.1
47.6
50.6
63.9
Annual per capita income (yuan)
Average
558
643
658
991
1027
1270
Poorest 10%
251
230
204
299
433
488
10% - 25%
347
321
349
508
624
705
25% - 50%
443
457
499
739
809
1012
50% - 75%
579
686
692
1058
1075
1346
75% - 90%
756
975
948
1457
1433
1748
Richest 10%
1115
1395
1453
2163
2033
2633
Household food security by income group
Tables 2, 3, and 4 show household nutrient intake and source by income group based on a food and nutrition survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine (CAPM) and the State Statistical Bureau (SSB) in 1990,. Tables 5 and 6 show the physical development of children and equity as well as poverty in the rural China based on a food consumption and expenditure survey conducted by the SSB for the years 1978- 95.
Nutrient intake varies greatly across income groups, although average per capita energy intake in all sample provinces topped 2200 kcal (Table 2). Daily energy intake of the 25% of the population with annual per capita income less than 500- 700 yuan (level varies by province) was below 2200 kcal. Energy intake of the poorest 10 percent was only 82 percent of the sample average. Protein and fat intakes decline as income falls in a similar pattern.
Table 3. Sources of energy by income group in China's sample provinces, 1990.
学术论文写作用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。
不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title（标题）
Abstract（摘要）
Keywords（关键词）
Table of contents（目录）
Nomenclature（术语表）
Introduction（引言）
Method（方法）
Results（结果）
Discussion（讨论）
Conclusion（结论）
Acknowledgement（致谢）
Reference（参考文献）
Appendix（附录）
其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的（其他内容根据具体需要而定）。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。
6.1 标题的长度标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Fire Resistant Steels for Construction： Design， Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2） Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3） Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology： Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3 14） Solid Oxide Fuel Cell： A Survey 6 4 0 2 5） Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2 6） Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。
表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计（一）
标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等7） On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2 8） Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures： A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4 9） Acoustics of Long Spaces： Theory and Application 7 4 l 2 10） Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0 11） Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2 12） High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2 13 ） Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l 14） The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3. 15） Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3平均（约）9 5.5 1.5 2来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998.标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2 2） Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2 3） Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l 4） Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3 5） Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2 6） A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth？ 7 3 1 3 7） The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey 11 5 2 4 8） Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3 9） Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l 10） Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6 11） Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 1 12） Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents： the College Experience 8 5 0 3 13） Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7 14） Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等15） Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5平均（约） 9.5 5 1.5 3来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96（2）
表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均9.5个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。
6.2 标题的用词从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词（包括动名词），平均占总单词数的50％～60％之高。其中有的标题中80％以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。
标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1 a.标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components b.关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction .疲劳点焊汽车寿命预测b.标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting铸件充型计算机模拟冷隔铸造c.标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant安全气囊离位乘员c.标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens疲劳实验统计方法试样分析：例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和spot welded components都是文章的关键词。
在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。
例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。
例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。
从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。
标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。
从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。
6.3 标题的结构学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组（包括动名词），介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题（多用在人文社会科学领域），但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。
（1）名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。
例2 a.Severe Weather and the Automobile（名词词组） （名词词组）
b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics（名词词组） （名词词组）
c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling（名词词组） （名词词组）
d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students： the College（名词词组） （名词词组）
Experience（2）介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是“on”，意思是“对……的研究”。
例3 a.On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor b.On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures（3）名词／名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。
例4 a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .（名词） （介词词组）
b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels（名词词组） （介词词组）
c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students（名词词组） （名词词组） （介词词组）
d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students（名词） （介词词组） （介词词组）
e.Diversity in the Future Work Force（名词） （介词词组）
f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials（名词） （介词词组）
g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy（名词词组） （介词词组）
h.Acoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application（名词） （介词词组） （名词词组）
i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces（名词） （介词词组）
on Out-of-Position Occupant（介词词组）
j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development（名词） （介词词组） in an Urban Environment（介词词组）
标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。
例5 a.Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials燃料电池及其材料进展b.Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测c.Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究（4）其他形式对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。
例6 a.Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow？
b.Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function？
c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water？
有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号（：）隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。
模式1 研究课题：具体内容例7 a.Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs b.Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application d.Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life模式2 研究课题：方法／性质例8 a.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance： Two Case Studies模式3 研究课题：问题焦点a. Aluminum： Is It Hazardous to Your Health？
b. Noise： Good？ Bad？ Maybe Both？
c. Manure： Friend or Foe？
思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education 6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music （合适）
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans （不合适）
改为：Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适）
该为： Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education（ 不合适）
该为： Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education （合适）
6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适）
改为： Physics and Art： Uncovering Conceptual Linkages 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices（不合适）
该为：Use of Diamond for Electric Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce （合适）
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science（不合适）
改为： The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University （合适）
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis （ 不合适）
该为： The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations： A Statistical Analysis
1.3.1 Analysis of the flour quality characterisritics
The measurement of the flour quality indexes :At first, the water content of the flour is measured using 105 ℃ constant temperature method , then according to the moisture content to calculate the flour amount necessary to add in the farinograph. After that, add synanthrin to the flour with 0% (control group), 2%, 4%, 6%, and the 10%，respectively. Open the constant temperature recycling system to fix farinograph‘s temperature, after idling running for zero, add appropriate amount of flour based on the flour moisture content. start the stirring rotor, add quickly appropriate amount to of pure water while stirring. The instrument will automatically record silty curve,according to the curves of different adding amount of synanthrin, including: water absorption, development time, settling time, softness. Specific methods refer to GB/T 14614-2006.
1.论文文章应附中英文题目、作者及单位、摘要、关键词(3-8个)，文后列出的参考文献应为主要的、曾在正式出版物上发表，限20条，并且要与文中标注相对应(按顺序标注)。其索引格式如下：引用自连续出版物上的：[序号]作者.篇目.刊名,出版时间.卷号(期号):页码引用自著作中的：[序号]作者.书名.出版地:出版者,出版时间:页码2.文章全部作者限8人以下，超过的本编辑部有从后倒序删除的权利，作者如有异议请速与编辑部联系。稿件中请务必注明第一作者的简介，格式如下：姓名(出生年—)，性别(民族)，籍贯，学位，职称，研究方向。3.投稿时请使用通栏，不必分两栏，分栏工作由排版人员完成。4.中图分类号、文献标识码、文章编号及第一页下面脚注部分的收稿日期由编辑部填写(中图分类号如作者知道可以填写)。获得基金资助的文章，需在脚注部分注明基金项目名称，并在括号内注明其项目编号。如果所有的作者都在同一个单位，则不需对作者编号。5.标题、作者、关键词的结束处不用标点，作者之间用逗号隔开，关键词之间用分号隔开。文中所有的英文和数字都使用“times new roman”字体，包括标题、参考文献等。数字和单位之间空一格。中文则采用“宋体”字体。6.关于单位符号：请注意不要使用废止的物理量(如“分子量”现已改为“相对分子质量)和单位(如原子质量单位amu和da已改为u、ppm应为mg/kg、rpm应为r/min)。特别提醒，本刊作者投稿时以下一些单位写法常出现错误，请按以下要求书写：毫升——mL，升——L，分钟——min、天——d、转/分——r/min 1.作者文责自负，文章请勿一稿多投或剽窃他人科研成果及文章。2.编辑部对来稿有审查、校正及删改权，作者如有保留，请预先声明。3.作者务必登录投稿平台投稿，发送电子邮件投稿无效，请关注电子邮件回复。4.审稿期为两个月，两个月后未得到答复者，可拨打电话或发送电子邮件询问编辑部，若未被录用请自行处理。5.由于来稿量很大，本刊人员有限，稿件一律不退，请作者自留底稿，如已投他刊请勿再投本刊。6.作者稿件一经录用，即付相应稿酬及样刊，在我刊所付稿酬中已含有中国知网、中国学术期刊(光盘版)的稿酬。7.本刊拥有录用稿件的版权，包括传统媒介或电子媒体。
