一、时态
时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的
规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时
需要注意的语法
In recent years作时间状语时通常要用完成时
In recent years,Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.
二、数词
数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上
的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可
以下是需要注意的语法
不规则变化的单复数
单数复数
criterion criteria依据
phenomenon phenomena现象
medium media介质
radius radii半径
index indices指数
appendix appendices附录
stimulus stimuli刺激
basis bases基础
2
synthesis syntheses合成
matrix matrices基体
Novel biomaterials with improved,specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.
一些数有特殊性的名词
data,kinetics通常作复数名词
research,work：不可数名词
The data in Table1are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.
The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.
Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.
Most research on poly(ortho esters)has focused on the synthesis of polymers.
一些结构的数<；主谓的统一>
one of复数名词单数
none of复数名词复数
none of单数名词/不可数名词单数
no复数名词复数
no单数名词/不可数名词单数
a kind of单数名词单数this/that kind of单数名词单数
these kinds of复数名词复数
复数名词of this/that kind复数
sort与kind类似
a type of单数名词单数
a series of复数名词复数
a class of复数名词复数
the number of复数名词单数
a number of复数名词复数
Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents,especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.
One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.
Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.
None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.
Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.
This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.
A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
*The number of复数名词：整个做主语时谓语应为单数；但此句的动词have是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.
在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如:One of the mechanisms which have been……
A series of telomers reported in table1were then synthesized.
A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.
Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.
The most import
ant class of poly(amides)for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides)are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.
A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.
后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言
various different
most all many several
one of many of
kinds of
a number of the number of
a(wide)variety of a class of
a series of a wide range of
Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell
怎样进行学术表达
一种情况是:学术论文通过表达上的“陌生化”手段, 使文章语言晦涩难懂, 让人读起越艰难, 就认为学术水平越高。广西师范大学出版社的赵明节先生曾说过:“长期以来, 我有一个明显的感觉, 我们的学术著作大多面孔严肃乃至刻板, 语言瘦硬生涩。大概著作者本来也没怎么弄明白, 一味引用、推演, 越闹越糊涂。我就纳闷了, 这些著作者是不是诚心要让人望而却步、莫测高深?否则, 为什么要把自己精心研究的成果弄得那样云遮雾障甚至面目可憎呢?”毕竟写文章、著书立说不是让人看了头痛才算是高水平的。
另一种情况是:学术论文的语言就需要严肃、科学、一板一眼, 不需要具有鲜活的生动性。学术论文讲究的是科学和准确, 一些学术问题的描述确实不需要一些如比喻、夸张等修辞手法, 但就学术问题表达上, 一板一眼、枯燥乏味与清晰流畅的表述还是有很大区别的。优秀的学术论文总是能将学术性和可读性融为一体, 任是再复杂、艰深的学术理论, 都能清楚明白地讲给你听, 表述出来不着痕迹, 读者接受起来也不费劲。如果能够达到这种状态, 就是好的学术语言表达方式了。
英语学术论文常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper。。
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
以下是学术论文中参考文献的几种表现形式：
（1）印刷型文献。它是以纸张为载体，通过石印、铅印、胶印、静电复印等方法产生的科技文献。读者可直接阅读文献，但由于它是以纸张为载体，其存储密度低、篇幅多，因此占用空间大。
（2）缩微型文献它是以感光材料为载体，以缩微照相为记录手段而产生的科技文献。如：缩微胶卷、缩微平片、缩微卡片等。随着激光和全息照相技术的应用，又出现了超缩微平片的特级缩微胶片。优点是成本低，体积小便于收藏，保存期长，易于实行自动化管理和检索，不足是这种类型的文献必须助于缩微阅读机来阅读，不能直接查阅。
（3）机读型文献。或称为计算机阅读型文献。它以磁性材料为载体，以光学字符识别装置为记录手段，通过编码和程序设计，把科技文献变成计算机可以识别的符号然后输出。它的优点是存储容量大，可快速取出所需文献。但必须借助计算机才能用，使用费用较高。
（4）声像型文献。它以磁性材料或感光材料为载体，借用专用机械装置直接记录信息，是一种图文并存的新型文献，包括有：幻灯片、录像片、科技电影片、唱片、录音带等。其特点是动静交替、声情并茂、形象逼真。所以又称为视听型文献。
