Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.
In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries.
Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.
Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior.
Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist .
One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980.
Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong.
The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis.
The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.
• Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.
• Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.
• Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time.
• New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.
• Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest.
• Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics.
• New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium.
宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。
相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。
宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。
宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。
直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。
经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。
理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。
各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。
传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。
•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。
•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。
•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。
凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。
•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。
•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。
•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。
我国经济经历了三十多年的快速发展，在取得了发展奇迹的同时也存在着很多问题。下面是我为大家精心推荐的经济类学术论文（英文），希望能够对您有所帮助。
经济类学术论文（英文）篇一
The Likonomics
“Likonomics”, the term to describe Chinese Premier Li Keqiang`s economic policy. Was coined on June 27 by three economists at Barclays Capital. Like "Thatcherism", "Reaganomics", and more recently “Abenomics”, "Likonomics" has become the buzzword to describe the implications of China's new economic program. And what is “Likonomics”? The Barclays Capital`s economists also give our a explain, “Likonomics” was a series of measures adopted by the State Council. The measures were passed to ensure the sustainability of China`s economy. “which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, Deleveraging and structural reform." It is mean the China need to free the market, and stop the government control the market. And this new police is a long-term objectives, so the next three years the grew rate of Chinese quarter of Economic will be reduced at least 4%.
“Since assuming office in mid-March, Premier Li Keqiang has taken a different policy path. Its key economic policy framework, which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, deleveraging and structural reform.”(China Daily 07/05/2013 page9 by Huang Yiping). In the news, we know the three solutions, “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform”. The “stimulus” mean the government in the short time,following the liabilities or expand the money supply to stimulate the economy, but at the same time the inflation also coming, So the first way is to decrease the Chinese inflation. And the second solution is “Deleveraging”, this solution`s meaning is “repay”, repay the money that borrow before the economic crisis, at the same time the most assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate the prices of those assets will be decrease, and the country`s economy also will be reduced. The last solution is the “structural reform”, everyone know the government has no able to control the market, because the government cannot get all information for the government, but it just is the half reason for this solution, the other part is the “corruption” in the Chinese government system, the power official have able to control the economy. So the Premier Li Keqiang build the “free trade zone” in Shanghai, in this area no one can control the economy, that mean every thing happen in this area are all form the market`s self adjusting.
In fact the words “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform” are professional, so I use my own word to explain the “Likonomics”. I have four steps. First step, only “fight” the inflation and do not care the Chinese Economy grow rate, right now in China the RIBOR between banks is from 2% increase to 30%, it is effective to stop the banks`s venture investment, because when the RIBOR increase the bank have to keep the “working capital” in their own hand, they have no enough able to pay the extremely high interest rate, so that the total money in the market going to decrease. But at the same time the China “Total Social Financing ” it reduced 43%. Secondly step, is decrease the TAX, as same as the picture show as, right now the Chinese tas price is stand on the point A, and if the government reduced the tax price the total tax revenue will be increase. Thirdly step, is free the coal`s price, because in China the coal is the most important resource, people use the coal to generate electricity, warm and others, but on the coal have 88 kinds of tax, and the government disagree to trade the coal with other countries, so that if the government stop to control the coal`s price, the price will be decrease, then the burden of enterprises will accordingly drop. Fourth step, and also the last step is talk about
the government control. We all know, that if the government control the market the efficiency of market will goes down, because the government cannot get all the information in the market. So the “Free trade zone” was born in Shanghai, in this zone the government cannot control, and the other large enterprise also cannot intervene, it is a 100% free market. The Premier Li is use this way to break the bureaucracy in China.
Right now, the China is the fastest develop country in the world, and at the same time the stagflation also is coming. So the Premier Li use the extremely hard cost to stop the Chinese inflation increase. We don`t know what will be happen in the after ten years, even twenty years, the China, stand on the top of world, every action of China can have able to effect the international economic.
All the informations are from those website:The Likonomics
经济类学术论文（英文）篇二
I live in the area which has five communities. They are a large community Taizi vally, two medium communities Shanshuiqing and Nuode internation, and two small communities, Shanhaicuilu and Ray. 0755. Residents Quantity:2500 families.
The supermarket quantity: before 2009, there's a Huarun for us to buy something we need, but it moved after property right had transfered . Before 2010,there are no formal large supermarket. Supermarkets in geographical position from this area is far place but they has some small buses to transport customers, but I live in the area which just has some stores and a large farmer's market. By the end of 2010, Easy life opened and Baijia opened in early 2011. They are opened for residents’ everyday necessities demand. In March 2011,Easy life went out of business but Baiji’s business is booming.This article will mainly discuss the reason of Easy life closed and consumers choice problem.
一.What decided they fate?
1. From market supply and demand we can see that when Easy life and Baijia existing at the same time, there are supply greater than demand .
2. When market supply greater than demand, which decide their fate is consumer preferences.
First, shopping environment from view, consumer preferences in purchasing Baijia because it has a comfortable environment for comsumer to buy something. And at this point, Baijia do better than Easy life, such as: the ground very clean, there was nothing in the cart like residual vegetables or other things, shelves are very neat and clean, air indoor is very good.moreover from display of goods to see, though two of the supermarket goods no matter from varieties or to brand are familiar, but Baijia do better than Easy life and obviously the main problem is that Easy life’s commodity classification isn’t science, shelves has many unused space, etc. In addition to attract consumers from some of the factors, such as the lights, warm lamplight can make the fruit and vegetable appear very fresh, and can still make consumer feel very comfortable and it can also stimulate consumer to buy someting, so consumers are willing to spend more time to purchase goods.But choose the cool color light will make the fruit and vegetable seems not fresh and color looks wrong, the most important is the cool color light may make consumers feel unwell, consumers don’t want to stay in the supermarket any more, that is certainly will reduce consumer’s more consumption. At this point Baijia will do better than Easy life.
The above is from thing’s logical thinking , however, but when we use economic theory to treat Easy life closed and there is something we cann’t understand. Because of Easy life is at the side of the road where there is a large community, a medium-sized community and a small community. From the factor of buy something convenient to see, people actually are more willing to go to Easy life, because it does not need to cross the road. And the cashier of Easy life work more efficiently than Baijia, the bill. And this reduce customer unnecessary waiting time. The most important advantages of Easy life that the price of same goods is cheaper than relative to the best goods cheaper than Baijia. So why are these relationships to the immediate interests of consumers advantage did not let Easy life’s business thriving? Instead of "advantage" that is blatant and why let Baijia’s business thriving? Personally, I think, this is the result of irrational consumer behavior! Economics of three assumptions, the most controversial is rational man hypothesis.
看了“经济类学术论文（英文）”的人还看：
1. 经济类新闻学术论文
2. 经济类词汇中英对照
3. 经济类学术论文范文
4. 英文翻译学术论文
5. 英语学术论文范文
Half-way from rags to riches
Apr 24th 2008
From The Economist print edition
Vietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?
Eyevine
Correction to this article
KNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in 1975.
Alongside the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries.
These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”.
Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged 7.5%. Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll.
An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open.
All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable.
Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.
Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing growth.
The World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic literacy.
Vietnam no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $5.4 billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them.
Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten.
The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket.
Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic.
But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to go.
The stench of corruption
The Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be done.
Almost as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal argument.
The government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly.
Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at 19.4% in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and property.
The government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay.
What could go wrong
All this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks:
• Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.
• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.
• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.
• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.
• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing down.
Vietnam has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development.
Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
经济类英文期刊有：
1、经济学人（The Economist） 聚焦于政治、经济为主，杂志中所有文章都不署名, 风格独立，色彩鲜明，开设了china专栏，文风比较严肃，有点像国内的财新。
2、巴伦周刊（Barron's） 默多克旗下的，会有很多关于新兴行业和股市的文章，经常会写一些彪悍的文章，比如怼亚马逊、特斯拉，也会常揭露一些公司的老底。
3、财富（Fortune）广为人知的就是其推出的世界500强企业
4、福布斯（Forbes） 这个杂志版本很多，女性版、生活版之类
5、华尔街日报（The Wall Street Journal）风格比较严谨，看新闻就找这个。
6、哈佛商业评论 （ Harvard Business Review）
一, 与市场,运营情况有关的形容词小结
形容市场活跃, 繁荣
1 dynamic 有活力的,有生机的
2 prosperous 繁荣的
3 brisk 兴隆的
4 volatile 不稳定的, 活跃浮动的
形容市场萧条,不景气
5 bleak 惨淡凄凉的
6 declining 下滑的,衰退的
7 slump 委靡的
8 sluggish 不景气,萧条的
9 stagnant 停滞不前的, 萧条的
二, 关于是“商品”的小结
10 merchandise 商品(集合名词)(单数)
11 goods 货物(复)
12 commodity 商品, 期货futures
13 product 产品
14 produce 农产品
15 freight 运输的货物 ; 运费
16 cargo (船,飞机) 装载的货物
三, 和会议,集会有关的词小结
17 convoke 召集
18 rally 集合
19 gathering 聚会
20 function 集会，仪式event, happening
Our sports day is the most important function of the year.
运动会那一天是我们一年里最盛大的活动。
21 adjourn 延会,休会
22 confer 商谈
四, 常见犯罪小结
23 mug 抢劫,(从背后袭击)
24 steal 偷
25 loot 抢夺
26 pickpocket 扒手
27 burglary 夜盗
28 smuggle 走私
五, 常见支付方式小结
29 by cash 现金
30 by check 支票
31 by credit card 信用卡
32 by money order 汇票
33 by installment 分期伏款
34 by mail 邮寄
六, 关于性格的描述小节
35 outgoing 外向活泼
36 sociable 善于交际
37 adaptable 适应性强
38 ambitious 有野心
39 hard-working 工作努力
40 energetic 有活力
41 enterprising 富于进取,有创业精神
42 honest 诚实
43 reserved 保守,稳重
44 responsible 负责
45 optimistic 乐观
46 independent 独立
七, 名词
1 inflation 通货膨胀
2 deflation 通货紧缩
3 feasibility 可行性
4 overhaul 彻底检查
5 custom 海关
6 bruise 擦伤
7 indices 是index的复数 注意读音是 / / (听力)
8 commotion 暴动,骚乱
9 interest rate 利率
10 disposition (1)性情气质 (2) 处理
11 carat, karat 克拉
12 hallmark 品质证明, 纯正之证明
13 asylum 收容所, 养老院
14 orphanage 孤儿院
15 morale 士气,人心
16 pennant 锦旗
17 vicinity 附近, 短语是 in the ~ of
18 interrogation 询问,审讯 短语是 put sb under ~
19 intersection 交点
20 intermission 休息时间
21 physician 内科医生
22 surgeon 外科医生, 军医,船医
23 breadwinner 养家糊口的人
24 recipe 食谱,方法
25 tender 招标,a public ~, ask for tender
26 syllabus 课程纲要
27 Spaniard 西班牙人
28 dispassion 冷静客观
29 levity 轻率
30 expulsion 开除,除籍
31 defamation 诽谤
32 payroll 薪水册,工资表
33 contraction 收缩
34 renewal 更新
35 deduction 扣除(额)
36 escalator 电动扶梯
37 elevator 电梯,升降梯(美)
38 lift 电梯(英)
39 emblem 象征标志 同logo symbol
40 dereliction 玩忽职守 ~ of duty
41 milk shake 奶昔
42 endorsement 背书保证,找明星代言
43 approbation 批准许可
44 probation 试用 trial
45 deference 顺从尊重
46 minor infraction 轻微违法major violation 重大
47 vacate 疏散 evacuation
48 anarchy 无政府
49 collusion 共谋,勾结
50 downturn 下滑take a sudden downturn
51 spa 温泉
52 freelance writer 自由撰稿人
53 articles 用品,商品
54 management 资方 union 工会
55 turnover 运转,周转
56 turnout (集会)出席者a large turnout
57 annuity 养老金 pension
58 extension 分机
59 innovation 革新翻新, renovation装修
60 dosage 剂量
61 rash 疹子
62 clientele 顾客,老主顾
63 leave 请假 He is often absent without leave
64 partition 隔间,区分
65 junk 垃圾 punk 朋克
66 menopause 更年期
67 razor 剃刀
68 crop strains 作物品种
69 headphone 耳机earphone
70 automated teller machine 自动提款机ATM
71 civilians 听力中注意与surveillance区分
72 subsidiary 子公司
73 strip mining 露天采矿
74 national (某国的)国民
we employ various nationals at our local companies.
75 mortgage 抵押
76 compartment 隔间
Ask the flight attendant if we can put our things in that compartment
77 helping (食物的)一分I had a second helping
78 subcontractor 转包商
79 speculation 投机 ~ in real estate
80 avocation 副业
81 kickback 回扣
82 spectator 观众 audience 听众
83 stroller (1)四轮婴儿车 (2)漫步者
84 seniority 年长,资深 ~ has priority
85 toner 调色剂
86 luncheon 正式午餐，下午餐会
87 fa�0�4ade 建筑物正面（法）
88 decoy 欺骗，引诱 envoy 使者，代表
alloy 合金 convoy 护送陪伴
89 interface 交互界面 (desktop 桌面)
desktop video conference 桌面视频会议
90 boutiques 小店精品店 banquet宴会 bouquet 花束
91 casino 俱乐部，游乐场
92 complex 整套设施 (an office complex) Oedipus complex
93 commencement ceremony授学位典礼
inception开始 induction 入伍
94 modem 调制解调器
95 fraud 诈骗
96 magnate 工业巨头
97 gourmet 美食家
98 ordinance 法令
99 cursor 光标
100 liaison 交流合作
101 portfolio 公文包，文件夹
102 corrosives 易腐蚀品
103 corporation 企业， (听力中注意和cooperation区分)
104 minute 会议录
105 recreation 娱乐，休闲 =relaxation
八, 动词
1 strand 使搁浅，陷入困境
2 relate 叙述
3 facilitate 使便利
4 excel 优出胜出 ~ in 名词 excellence
5 exceed 超过
6 remit 汇款，宽恕
7 highlight 强调
8 inoculate 接种
9 vaccinate 接种疫苗
10 remedy 补救
11 undermine 诋毁
12 reverse 颠倒 ~ the verdict 判决
13 slam 使劲关 ~ dunk
14 equip 配备
15 capsize 倾覆（船）
16 simmer 炖，煨
17 retrench 减少，节约
18 discredit 使失去权威性，破坏名誉的
19 curb 阻止，控制 ~ the use of marijuana
20 process 加工
21intercept 中途拦截
22 segregate 隔离，分开分离
23 quarantine 隔离检疫
24 seclude 隔绝，隐退，隐秘
25 appeal 呼吁，恳求，上诉
26 lift 解除，提起精神
27 rescind 废止，取消
28 audit 查帐
29 condemn 非难，判罪
30 condone 宽恕，容忍
31 deviate 偏离，跑题 ~ from
32 disabuse 解惑，矫正
33 disavow 否认
34 transfuse 输血
35 mingle 交往，混合
36 forfeit 没收 confiscate
37 staple 用订书器钉 ADJ 主要的重要的
38 deregulate 解除对---的管制
39 block 阻挡N 楼
40 launch 推出新产品，实施 (an investigation into the scandal)
41 house V. 为---提供住房
42 expel 开除，驱除
43 reimburse 报销，伏款 = refund
44 observe 遵守 ~ the smoking rule
45 syndicate （在报刊，杂志联盟）多家报刊上同时发表
46 commute 通勤
47 rotate 旋转，循环
48 implement 实行
49 liquidate 清算，清偿债务
50 accrue 增长，自然增殖
九, 形容词
1 fragile 易碎的
2 latter 后者
3 latest 最新的
4 later 过一会，过后
5 eligible 合格的 illegible 难懂的
6 edible 可食用的 audible 可听到的
7 duplicate 副本的，复制的
8 potamic 河川的
9 faulty 有错误的 ~ transformer 变压器
10 supersonic 超音速的
11 foremost 首要的
12 affluent 富足的
13 explicit 明晰的
14 implicit 暗含的
15 hustle-bustle 熙来攘往
16 obese 肥胖的
17 manifold 各样的，多种
18 imprudent 轻率的
19 effete 疲惫枯竭
20 ebullient 沸腾的，热情洋溢的
21 enervated 无力的衰弱的
22 spacious 宽敞的
23 selective 精挑细选的
24 precocious 早熟的，过早的
25 remiss 疏忽的
26 facile 容易的，流畅的
27 intangible 无形的
28 illicit 不合法的 = illegal
29 diagonal 对角线的
30 methodically 有条不紊的
31definitive 限定的，决定的
32 plausible 似合理的
33 propitious 吉祥的，有利的
34 auspicious 吉祥的
35 intelligible 可识别的
36 inflammable 易燃的
37 nonflammable 不易燃的
38 quality 质量好的 ~~ product/items/materials
39 state-of-the-art 最新水平
40 illegitimate 不合法的，私生的
41 tailored 定制的 ~ devise programs to our needs 42 custom-made = tailor-made 特制的
43mandatory 强制性的
44 provisional—temporary 暂时的，临时的
45luxurious 奢侈的
46 bear market
”熊市”，也称空头市场，指行情普遍看淡。延续时间相对较长的大跌。
47 bull market
”牛市”，也称多头市场，指市场行情普遍看涨，延续时间较长的大升。48 clean 的其他说法： 卫生的hygienic（名词hygiene）干净的 sanitary
49 tricky 棘手的，复杂的（工作）
50 languishing 衰弱下去的
十 词组
1 a handful of people 少数的人
2 adjacent to 与---临近
3 put on airs 摆架子
4 discharge from hospital 出院
5 halt buses and subway all day 使公车地铁一天停止
6 graphic design 平面设计
7 3D design 三维设计
8 medical insurance coverage 保险项目，范围
9 default rate 拖欠债务率
10 full professor 正教授
11 potent antibiotics 强效抗生素
12 make a rule of doing something 形成---习惯
13 chanber of commerce 商会
14 leteter of credit (L/C) 信用证（支付方式的一种）
15 stock dividend 股息
16 devaluation of the currency 货币贬值
17 sprain one’s ankle 扭伤脚踝
18 holistic medicine 整体医学
19insurance premium 保险费用
20 his Hair receding from his fore head 从前额掉头发
21 express train 快车 limited train 特快车
22 probation/trial period 试用期
23 take a hard line with 强权策略
24 tread mission 贸易代表团
25 long term objective 长期目标
26 the audit department 审纪部
27 International Herald Tribune 国际先驱论坛
28 top copy 复印原件
29 take steps to do 着手落实
Many countries have taken steps to improve airport security。
30 pertaining to 适合，合宜，关于
31 a panorama of 齐全，品种繁多
32 24 hours a day = 7 days a week 24小时营业，无休息
33 dog days 三伏
34 column writer 栏目作者
35 staff appraisal 员工评估
36 at one’s fingertips 在手头，目前
37 lodge and accommodation 膳宿
38 fringe benefit 福利，补贴
39 go into liquidation 倒闭
40 lag behind 落后
41 phase something out 逐步废止
42 write—offs 破旧的无从修理
43 abide strictly by 严格恪守
44 clearance sale 清仓大处理
45 have/take title to 有---特权
46 staff attendant 员工出勤情况
47 down payment 定金，分期付款的首次款
48 know-how 专项技能，窍门
49 cross-reference 互相参照
50 labor-intensive industry 劳动密集型行业 一篇中国09年经济展望的论文：Chinese economic outlook for 2009
From my point of view, generally speaking, china would forced to face many challenges in 2009 due to the undertaking recession issues, but in the global economic world, it would still be expected to act as one of the first countries to get recovered from the recession.
There are five major issues regards to Chinese economic condition in 2009. First, China will be challenged by the influence from international economic crisis. Secondly, due to the combination impact from the home and abroad, the macroeconomic regulation in China would become more complicated; in another word, it may result in a repeating domestic inflation and deflation. Thirdly, the above situations might have side-effects on Chinese stock market and real estate market; further, the small and medium companies might face serious liquidation issues. In Addition, there is a great possibility of a dramatic decline on the employment rate. Last but not least, it would become tremendous difficulty for government to maintain a balanced financial status and also inject further confidence into Chinese economic.
To sum up, from the above analysis, it is clear that the economic situation in China for 2009 is not in positive. However, with more focus on Chinese domestic market and increasing living allowances of our lower-income groups, it is possible to achieve a stabilized economic and social position even in such a serious condition.
