Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature.
Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written.
The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all.
WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other.
As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond.
Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy.
Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children.
This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love Heathcliff.This enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about Linton.Because she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the house.These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very important.While these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton.
The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly.
The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines.
As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles.
Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
巧用计算机创新小学英语教育 在经济全球化的形势下,随着我国改革开 放的进一步深入和经济的迅速发展,英汉双语 教学日益红火。有关双语教学实践证明,多种 语言同时学习,更有利于学习者语言素养的提 高[1]。但是,由于我国汉语环境的限制,小学生 的初学年龄[2]、英语师资质量的欠缺以及小学 生专用的英语教辅材的缺乏等因素,影响了小 学生英语的兴趣,降低了教学质量[3]。 为了提高教学质量,在教学中大量使用电 脑辅助小学生学英语,把英语学习与电脑学习 结合在一起,以字母教学和电脑指法练习作为 儿童英语学习的切入点,通过英语和电脑双项 有机结合训练,使语言教学与技能训练有机结 合,手脑并用,既增强儿童对英文的记忆,又训 练儿童初步操作电脑的基本技能;在此过程中, 配合美妙的音乐旋律,寓教于“机”,寓教于 “乐”,可大大提高儿童英语学习兴趣和学习效 率,为小学英语素质教育提供了一种新型教学 方法。 一、手脑并用,以机代笔 传统小学英语教育中计算机只是英语教学 的一种辅助手段。这里的巧用计算机,是指在 传统媒体对教学作用基础上,在字母教学最初 阶段,通过键盘字母所在位置教学字母,让学生 手脑并用,以机代笔,真正做到英语教学与电脑 教学的完美结合。 字母教学是儿童英语学习乃至成人英语学 习中至关重要的一个环节,如果儿童英语教学 仅仅停留在一般简单的口语训练上,很难持续 下去作更深入地学习,因此恰恰是26个字母教 学是儿童英语学习中最重要的基础与关键。电 脑中指法练习使得这一学习变得轻松、活泼、自 由、充满生趣。以机代笔,从小便让他们使用现 代化的学习工具,培养儿童的现代化意识。当 孩子们好奇的大眼瞪着五颜六色的键盘进行各 种操作,他们所有的感官能够被充分地调动。 托尼.斯托克威尔说:“要想快速有效地学习任 何东西,你必须看它、听它和感觉它。”(《快速 学习的理论和实践》)传统儿童英语教学中正 因为缺乏这一充满趣味的“感觉”而显得枯燥、 单调、无味。电脑中的指法练习则在儿童接触 英语的最初一刹那就捕捉到每一位儿童好奇之 心,让他们在愉悦的身心活动、游戏中,不知不 觉走上了英语学习的人生历程。 字母教学与电脑指法练习相结合仅是方法 而非目的本身,其最终目标是为了讲说英语、学 习英语。儿童具有内语言倾向即天生的语言能 力,母语与非母语是相对的,越是儿童时期,这 种内在的语言能力越强(2岁左右),而正是这 种强大的内在语言能力在驱使并影响着儿童的 字母学习与指法练习,使这种训练以最快捷的 方式为语言学习服务。 二、字母教学打破思维定式 利用电脑键盘所在位置教学字母,改变了 传统的字母顺序教学方法,打破了学生思维定 式,有利于知识的掌握。传统的字母教学,一般 是将二十六个字母│a, b, c, d, e│,f g, h, ,i j│ k, ,l m, n│o, p, q, r│s, ,t u, v│w, x, y, z│分几 组来教学,只是简单地化难为易,既杂乱又没有 规律可循。其实小学三年级的学生,早已通过 汉语拼音的学习对26个字母的顺序熟记于心, 且用此顺序教学,易使汉语拼音的读音对英语 字母的学习产生负效应。因此当老师教授英文 字母的正确读音时,有的学生则根据已掌握的 字母顺序顺出字母的读音,从而再也没有耐心 跟老师认真模仿,而当老师再将字母顺序打乱, 让其认读时,有的学生却不能见其形,读其音, 要么将形状相近的字母读音混淆,如“i”和“j”, “I”和“J”,“p”和“q”等等,要么读汉语拼音的 发音,如“a”读成“啊”、“j”读成“季”、“i”读成 “依”、“g”读成“咯”,有的学生几年英语学下 来,仍然认不全26个字母。而人民教育出版社 和新加坡泛太平洋出版有限公司合作出版的新 小学英语教材,则把26个字母按其读音分成│ a, h│,j k│e, b│c, d│g, p│,t v│,i y│o│u│ q│w│,f l│m, n│s, x, z│r│等,分十四课时 完成二十六个字母的教学,尽管也打破了字母 顺序教学的常规,但每课时学两、三个字母看来 容易,但是字母学习历时太长,难免前学后忘, 效果不十分理想。按照二十六个字母在键盘上 的位置,将字母分为│a, s, d, ,f g│h, ,j k, l│q, w, e, r, t│y, u, ,i o, p│z, x, c, v, b│n,m│等六 组来教学效果则不同,每教一组字母时,都是先 教给学生字母的正确读音,然后让学生在键盘 上找字母,再在老师的示范下将手指与字母在 键盘上一一对应,然后老师朗读字母,学生边跟 读,边在键盘上用手指点击该字母,速度由慢到 快,由单一的左手到右手到左右手交替,到任意 字母,待熟练后,再用电脑上《CAI》指法练习的 软件和字母游戏软件进行按键练习,直至自由 练习,最后打单词、句子。通过一个阶段的学习 后,我们再将26个字母按发音规律,用不同的 颜色做成卡片,先让学生按顺序朗读,再将顺序 打乱,本以为会出现混淆,或认不得的现象,没 想到学生却个个字母发音准确,然后我们又将 同色字母让学生读出,并要求说出其中的发音 规律,学生读完一组字母后,纷纷举手说出其中 包含的一个共同的发音│ei│、│ai│、│:i│ 等。由此可见,利用电脑改变传统字母教学顺 序的方法,便于知识的掌握,尤其在发音的准 确、辨别方面是任何其他方法无可比拟的。 三、多种感官协调配合 字母教学与电脑指法练习相结合使多种感 官协调活动,促进了学生的智力发展,同时也激 发了儿童的学习兴趣,情智统一发展自然得到 很好的体现。 以往的字母学习巩固是通过拼读单词来进 行的,如“face, f-a-c-e”,现在通过英文打字 练习,就可达到巩固目的,既丰富多彩,又快速 而令人激动,在认读字母的同时,使用电脑软件 进行按键指法练习,并使这一练习在单词、句型 学习时得到延伸,学什么,打什么,学生在练习 的同时,看到电脑屏幕上的正确的击键手指,字 母所在键盘的位置,听到了电脑指令的发音,如 “pressA(B…)”口中重复,手指在键盘上敲击, 大脑还要思考,搜索字母的位置等。这种能调 动多种感官参与的学习,无疑提高了学习的效 率,同时也激发了学生的学习兴趣,使所学知识 在应用中得到了进一步的巩固。 1981年的生理学诺贝尔奖获得者之一,美 国医学生理学家斯佩理教授发现,左脑的最大 特征是管理“语言中枢”,负责理解语言及数字 计算,它能将复杂的事务细分为单纯要素,有条 不紊地进行理化思维,也就是逻辑思维。右脑 负责处理旋律、音乐、图像和幻想即所谓创造性 的活动(形象思维)。心理学家的研究发现我 国7-10岁的儿童文字的辨认是左半球优势。 让儿童学英语的同时,进行电脑操作和各种游 戏就需要动用右脑,以及左右谐调开动的系统 活动,使学生大脑左右半球均势,有利于学生思 维的发展,特别是右脑能积极活跃起来。又如 我们在教动物名词时(共有二十个),先由媒体 播放一组动物图像,请“学生对子(2个学生)” 上台,一个模仿,另一个用英语猜名称,然后伴 随着动物的叫声,媒体展示该英语单词,教师组 织学生认真模仿,启发学生归纳其读音,再让学 生模仿小动物的样子、叫声,到讲台前表演,最 后再唱带有声、形、文的卡拉OK歌曲《This IsA Cat》。这种不断变化的学习形式、方法,调动了 多种器官。同时也提高了儿童的学习兴趣,使 他们锻炼得耳更聪、目更明、手更巧、心更灵。 为高智能新人的成长奠定了生理和心理基础。 四、音乐、节奏的教学模式 歌曲、童谣可训练儿童的语言模仿能力,而 它们的节奏、音乐又能使儿童情绪愉快,促进情 感与美感等心理品质的发展,有利于学生心理 素质的全面发展。 儿童在母亲的怀腹之中即一直生活在节奏 之中,胎儿在羊水中波荡,胎儿大脑随着母亲的 呼吸、心跳节奏而不断发育,胎儿与生俱来就生 活在大自然的美妙节奏之中。事实上成功的儿 童英语教学往往少不了音乐、歌曲。为了验证 音乐对英语教学的辅助性作用。在指法练习 中,我们可以把学生分成两大组,一组在练习时 播放音乐《Do,Re,Me》,而另一组则不配音乐。 实验初步发现:播放音乐的一组,学生随着音乐 有节奏、有序地而整齐的练习,而未播放音乐的 一组则很难组织,效率差,这说明音乐节奏在儿 童指法练习中作用较大。学习字母也同样如 此。在指法教学中让孩子想象自己在弹钢琴, 只不过弹出的不是音符而是字母,弹到哪个字 母就把哪个字母唱出来,如1234554321(asdfgg- fdsa)用简单音阶唱出字母所在键盘的顺序,儿 童们完全为这一鲜明的节奏所感染所陶醉,他 们的手、口、眼、脚、身体每一部分,尤其是他们 的大脑和心灵都一直处于有节奏的音乐之中, 特里怀特.韦布说“音乐是通向记忆系统的州 际高速公路”,保加利亚心理学家、教育家乔 治.罗扎诺夫从20世纪50年代开始的研究表 明“我们每个人都有一种‘最佳的学习状态’”。 他说“出现心跳,呼吸频率和脑波流畅地同步 之时,身体是放松的,而头脑注意力集中并准备 接受新的信息”。因此歌曲教学是儿童乃至成 人语言学习的一个重要方法。 要提高小学生全面英语素质,必须找出小 学生能够接受的不同于成人教学的新方法。计 算机辅助教学以其鲜明的教学特点、丰富的教 学资源、形象生动的情境,充分调动学生的主体 作用,使学生在学习中真正成为信息处理的主 体和知识的主动建构者,有利于改革传统的课 堂教学方法,培养学生自主学习能力,并实现小 学生全面英语教育的现代化。笔者在小学英语 教学中,巧用计算机及相关教学辅助光盘,增强 了小学生的学习兴趣,提高了学习成绩及效率, 为儿童英语学习找到了较好的学习方法,为小 学英语素质教育提供了一种新的教学模式。 参考文献: [ 1 ] 柳袁照.双语教育:学校发展的必然选择[J].教育 发展研究. 2004(1): 31-33. [ 2 ] 左焕琪.试论外语教学的起始年龄问题[J].华东 师范大学学报(教育科学版), 1996(4): 55-61. [ 3 ] 郑书林,田震华,李义举.构建小学双语教学课程 体系的研究与实践[J].教育理论与实践, 2006, 26 (2): 62-64.
关于英语教育的论文
引言
近些年来，我国非常重视发展职业教育，并且已经取得了理想的发展效果，职业教育已经逐渐发展成为和本科教育并行的教育类型。很多的高职院校都高度重视精品课程建设，专业课程中的职业特色越发显著，但是，在高职院校当中，与专业教学迅猛的发展态势相比较，英语教学的发展却略显落后，因此，当前高职院校的重要任务之一就是要加强英语教育和职业教育之间的关系，想尽办法在高职英语教育当中尽可能地体现出职业教育。
一、立足英语教材，激发学生的学习兴趣
俗语有云：兴趣是最好的老师。的确如此，不管是学习还是其他事情，有了兴趣便拥有了强有力的推动力，英语教师必须要让学生们认识到学习英语知识的重要价值，想尽办法来激发出学生的学习兴趣。这就要求英语教师，必须要彻底扭转传统教学的课堂教学模式，在立足英语教材的基础之上，尽可能地吸引学生们的注意力，比如，英语教师可以充分借助多媒体教学技术来进行教学。
在高职院校英语教材中，非常重视激发和培养学生的学习兴趣，几乎全部的课文都需要充分的课前准备部分，诸如英文歌曲、谜语或者小型游戏等等，其目的就是为了要在正式上课之前，充分调动起学生们学习的积极性。英语教师要想在英语教学中充分展现出职业教育，就必须要确保自己能够全面吃透教材，将英语教材中的内容活化或者生活化，让学生们感觉到书本内容是非常吸引力的，是和他们真实的生活有着紧密联系的'，重点是要激发出学生们强烈的求知欲望。
二、以教师为中心，加强职业教育
现阶段，高职院校的学生，英语水平是参差不齐的，而且整体水平都比较低。无论是听说还是读写的能力都比较差，有一部分学生对英语学习根本就提不起兴趣，态度也是非常不端正的，在他们的观念中存在着一个非常错误的思想，那就是职业院校就是学习技术的，其他的理论课程都不重要。面对这样的情况，英语教师必须要首先从学生们的思想着手，让学生们了解到英语学习在职业教育当中的重要性，重点对学生进行素质教育。绝大部分的学生对英语是有反感和厌倦情绪的，英语教师必须要找到一个合适的方式，鼓励学生，帮助他们摆脱心理上的阴影。
三、重点培训学生的职业英语技能
在高职学院当中，英语学习的一个重要导向，便是就业，因此，英语教师要将自己的教学重点，放在职业英语技能的培养上面。高职院校，也要进一步明确英语课程教学的目标，为学生们步入社会，参与就业奠定更加坚实的基础，可以考虑将英语教学的目标，在教学计划当中加入职业证书。
诸如，在我国山东省便有英语口语证书、高职英语应用能力三级证书等等，以此为目标，同时也是教学的基础，来进一步强化学生们的英语技能，让学生们能够更好地满足就业人员的英语要求，确保学生们能够讲一套流利的口语，能够拥有敏锐的听力，同时能够对各种英文资料进行基础的翻译。
在高职院校当中，可以增设职场英语的专门课程，重点加强对学生们的听说能力的训练，同时开设就业英语等为选修科目，来更好地熟悉英语，提高英语的应用能力。高职院校要认识到，英语课堂只能算是一个基础的教育场所，要想让学生们学习到更好的英语知识，全面提高学生们的英语应用能力，高职院校可以将实训课纳入到英语教学当中来，由专业教师领导学生们一起进入到企业内部参观与学习，了解在实际的工作当中需要如何应用英语去解决问题，为学生们创设更加真实的学习环境，同时，也要学生们真正认识到英语知识在生活与工作当中的重要价值。
四、职业教育，需要重点提高学生们的应用能力
在实际的英语课堂教学过程中，英语教师需要将学生放在第一位，时时刻刻以学生的学习需求为主，适时适当地调整和变化自己的教学策略，设置不同的教学情境，布置不同的教学任务，切忌再盲目沿用教师为中心的传统教学方式，让学生们在课堂上拥有更多的发言权利，同时，也能够提出自己的看法和建议。
比如，在讲授网络“Internet”的过程中，学生们是非常熟悉和了解网络这个东西的，所以，英语教师可以让学生们讨论，将他们能够联想到的与网络相关的词汇都汇总起来，分别讲述给大家听，职业教育就是要更具针对性，更加职业化，要更具实效性和实用性。
五、结束语
综上所述，在高职英语教育过程中，无论是学校领导还是英语教师，都要认识到高职英语教育和一般本科学校的英语教育的区别，高职的英语教育会更加偏向职业化，所以，其英语教育就必须要更具针对性和实用性。
