外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英
文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文
献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。
第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。
第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。
第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证与步骤； d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是： （1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 （2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
一，选题要新颖。
这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。
二，大量文献做基础
仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗
三，一气呵成
做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。
四，尽量采用多的专业术语
可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。
五，用正规格式书写
参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。
六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程
如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。
七，成稿打印好交给导师
无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。
八，听取导师意见，仔细修改
导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。
��调�����{4 ?4样法、问卷法，论文论证中的实证分析法、比较分析法等。写明研究方法及措施，是要争取在这些方面得到指导老师的指导或建议。
（4） 研究工作的步骤、进度。
课题研究工作的步骤和进度也就是课题研究在时间和顺序上的安排。毕业设计（论文）创作过程中，材料的收集、初稿的写作、论文的修改等，都要分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束都要有规定。在时间安排上，要充分考虑各个阶段研究内容的相互关系和难易程度。对于指导教师在任务书中规定的时间安排，学生应在开题报告中给予呼应，并最后得到批准。学生在实际操作中，时间安排一般应提前一点，千万别前松后紧，也不能虎头蛇尾，完不成毕业设计（论文）的撰写任务。
(5) 主要参考文献。在开题报告中，同样需列出参考文献，这在实际上是介绍了自己的准备情况，表明自己已了解所选课题相关的资料源，证明选题是有理论依据的。在所列的参考文献中，同样应具备不少于2篇的外文文献。
选题依据包括：选题的学科性质、理论意义及实践意义；国内研究现状的分析。研究方案包括：研究内容、研究中所要突破的难题、拟采取的研究方法，有何特色与创新之处以及与选题有关的参考文献等内容。
选题背景及意义是写一些关于你所选题目的现今研究的相关情况，比如：前人研究的成果，所选题目到目前所研究到的状况，而你又对选题有何特别看法，为何会选此题，对前人的研究成果和看法有何异议或者是有何更深入的观点，可综合所选题目的相关学科对它的影响来说~~~（这个回答希望对你有用）
Market Research and Export Promotion
Export Marketing Plan
The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing terms.The marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction
Export Market Research
Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine:
1. If a new product likely to find a market.
2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. 3.Why sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example:
1.Political and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign
trade business.Their policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market.
2.Physical and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country.
3. Social Conditions
If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement
5
and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive,
and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not
give true answers.
The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by
mail.
1.Personal Interviews
Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter
the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They
are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to
obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview
can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their
home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living.
The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of
time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing.
2. Telephone Survey
In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and
interview is
completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost
than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal
Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a
telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching
television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of
the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted
satisfactorily over the phone.
3.Interviewing by Mail
Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having
them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than
personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents
remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need
to impress the interviewer.
A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list,
especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as
property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no
problem.Another significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns,
Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that
6
differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the
questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a
puzzling question. Ideally
:Yes.'' or“No" or pre
choice type of :produces the best results.
Here is an example:
Questionnaire for Market
＿
Research on
Smoking
A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate)
B How. many do you smoke a day?
C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large
D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No
E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?
一
Yes/No
Observational Method
In
the
observational
method,
the
data
are
collected
by
observing
some
action
of
the
respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get
additional
information.
For
instance,if
customers
are
observed
buying
beer
in
cans
instead
of
bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other.
Information
may
be
gathered
by
personal
or
mechanical
observation.
In
one
form
of
personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in
getting information about the caliber of the -sales people
，
or in determining what brands they
push.
Mechanical
observation
is
illustrated
by
an
electric
cord
stretched
across
a
high
way
to
count the
number
一
of cars that pass during a certain time period
The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate
．
Often it removes a11
doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they
are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion.
The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not-
completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the
technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It
cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions.
Experimental Method
The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a
controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is
that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale
marketing program.
7
The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm
may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out:
Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This
technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or
more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to
change the color of its package.In city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each
of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring
sales in the four market over a period of time;
．
the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color
is most effective.
The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the
three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is
that it is expensive.It requires long periods of careful planning and administration.
Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report
The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings.
Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention
，
production and sales of
the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing
equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and
inexpensively.
The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations,
submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export
promotion are based.
Export Promotion-Advertising
After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the
market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to
promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to
advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and
0helps to put
buyers and sellers in touch with one another.
By means of advertisements a supplier, tells
people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will
buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an
advertising agcy is to be
．
engaged as an adviser.
Purpose of Advertising
1.To Inform
8
Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may
include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another
advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the
announcement of the opening of a new
shop.2 To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all
objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used.
The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of
the car's power The
wording and the lay-out
may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you
study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no
technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for
a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will
show that the appeal is mainly to the emotions.3: To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to
keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only
a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster
may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in
constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product
Advertising Media
The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media
depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few
people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people
and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts
read.
The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each
newspaper.If a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a
million people will read an advertisement in it. Some
pages in a newspaper are more expensive
to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only
some will
the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different
一
types of people read
different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be
possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular"
news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries.
2 Magazines
The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are
magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each
9
group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by
another.
3. Radio and Television
These are the most
、
expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be
heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill
have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore.
A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only
subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a
magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements
A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30
seconds to get the message across; so its impacts
must be immediate.
4 Outdoor Advertising
This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be
simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration.
Selection of Customers-Credit information
Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers
with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly,
he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors
to consider at the tune of setting up new business connections.The information about the credit
or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are
chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad.
Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in
question these organizations are willing to provide,
without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is
usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references,
files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of
the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the
maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.
物流一词源于英文的”logistics”，原意是军事后勤保障，在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。
物流由四个关键部分组成：实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用，主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。
第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务，中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。
据统计，欧洲目前使用第三方物流服务的比例为76％，美国约为58％，且其需求仍在增长；欧洲24％和美国33％的非第三方物流服务用户正在积极考虑使用第三方物流服务。第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段，已经越来越引起人们的高度重视。
一、使用第三方物流的优越性
使用第三方物流产可以给企业带来众多益处，主要表现在：
1、集中主业
生产企业使用第三方物流可以使企业实现资源的优化配置，将有限的人力、财力集中于核心精力，进行重点研究，发展基本技术，开发新产品参与世界竞争，增强企业的核心竞争力。
2、节省费用
专业的第三方物流提供者利用规模生产的专业优势和成本优势，通过提供各环节能力的利用率实现费用节省，使企业能从分离费用结构中获益。生产企业随着规模的不断扩大，对营销服务的任何程度的深入参与，都会引起费用的大幅度增长，只有使用专业服务公司提供的公共服务，才能够减少额外损失。根据美国田纳西大学、英国EXEL公司和美国EMST&YOUNG咨询公司共同组织的一项调查显示：很多货主表示，使用第三方物流使他们的物流成本平均下降了1.18％，货物周转期平均从7.1天缩短到3.9天，库存降低了8.2％。
3、减少库存
第三方物流服务提供者借助精心策划的物流和适时的运送手段，最大限度地减少库存，改善了企业的现金流量，实现成本优势。
4、提升企业形象
第三方物流服务提供与顾客是一种战略伙伴关系，第三方物流提供者利用完备的设施和训练有素的员工对整个供应链实现完全的控制，减少物流的复杂性，通过自己的网络体系帮助顾客改进服务，不仅树立自己的品牌形象，而且使顾客在竞争中脱颖而出。
二、我国企业在使用第三方物流方面存在的问题
尽管与第三方物流公司合作有很多优势，但是很多企业并不是将更多的物流业务外包出去，原因归结为：
1、抵制变化
很多公司不愿意通过物流外包的方式来改变现在的精力模式。尤其是一些国有企业，物
流业务外包还将意味着解雇大批员工，这对于国有企业的管理者来说意味着一个非常大的风险。
2、缺乏认识
企业对于第三方物流公司的认识程度普遍还很低，企业没有认识到供应链管理在企业竞争中的巨大作用。
3、害怕失去控制
由于供应链的实施在提高公司竞争力方面的重要作用，很多公司宁愿有一个小而全的物流部门，也不情愿将这些功能交给别人，主要原因是担心如果失去内部物流能力，会在客户交往和其他方面过度依赖第三方物流公司。
4、物流业务外包本身有其复杂性
供应链物流业务通常和公司其他业务，如财务、营销或生产集成在一起，物流业务外包本身就具有复杂性。对一些实际业务，包括运输和仓储的集成可能会带来组织上、行政上和实施上的一系列问题。此外，公司内部信息系统的集成性特点，使得把物流业务交给第三方物流公司来运作变得很困难。
5、衡量物流外包的效果受诸多因素的影响
准确地衡量物流成本对信息技术和人力资源的影响比较困难。很难确定物流业务外包到底能够给企业带来多少潜在的成本好外。另外，各个公司业务的独特性和公司供应链作业能力，通常被认为是不宜向外部公开的内部信息，很难准确地比较公司间的供应链作业能力。
尽管有些生产企业已经意识到利用第三方物流可以给企业带来很多好外，但是在实际应用时往往分成几个步骤，同时选择数个物流服务提供商作为合作伙伴，以避免将业务交由一个物流服务提供商而带来的依赖性。
三、我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题
一个成功的物流企业，必须具备较大的运营规模，建立有效地地区覆盖区域，具有强大的指挥和控制中心，具备高水准的综合技术、财务资源和经营策略。
我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以归纳如下：
1、运营模式问题
目前世界大型物流公司大都采取总公司与分公司体制，总部采取集权式物流运作，以业务实行垂直管理。建立现代物流企业必须有一个能力很强、指挥灵活的调控中心对整个物流业务进行控制与协调。真正的现代物流必须是一个指挥中心、一个利润中心，企业的组织、框架、体制等形式都要与一个中心相匹配。我国的物流企业在运营模式上存在问题，国外物流企业的管理模式值得国内物流企业借鉴。
2、仓储或运输能力欠缺
物流的主要功能是创造时间盗用和空间效用。就目前中国的第三方物流企业而言，有些公司偏重于仓储，运输能力不足；另外一些公司则是运输车辆很多而在全国没有多少仓库，靠租用社会仓库来完成对客户的承诺。
3、网络问题
我国有几家大的物流企业拥有全车性的仓储网络或货运网络，但是这个网络的覆盖区域并不是十全十美的。客户在选择物流合作伙伴时，很关注网络的覆盖区域及网络网点的密度问题。有关网点的建设问题应引起物流企业的重视。
4、信息技术
世界大的物流企业都拥有”一流三网”，即订单信息流、全球供应链资源网络、全球用户资源网络和计算机信息网络。凭借先进的计算机管理技术，这些物流客户也是高附加值产品的生产企业，国内物流企业必须在信息系统上增加投入才可以改变自己的市场定位。
集中与整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势。原因是：第一，大的公司有意将供应链的主要环节外包给尽可能少的几家物流公司；第二，建立一个高效的全球第三方物流企业所需资本的投入日益增加；第三，许多第三方物流供应商都通过兼并和联合的方式来扩大其服务能力。
Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "
Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.
Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.
According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics
The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:
1, focus on core business
Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2, cost-saving
Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.
3, reduction of inventory
Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.
4, enhance the corporate image
Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.
Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in
While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:
1, resistance to change
Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.
2, lack of awareness
For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.
3, fear of losing control
As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.
4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity
Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.
5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors
Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.
Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.
Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered
A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.
China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:
1, operating model
At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.
2, the lack of storage or transport capacity
The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.
3, network problems
There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.
4, information technology
The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.
Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.
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