摘 要
随着世界经济的高速发展，越来越多的中国企业活跃在国际舞台上。同时他们也意识到一个不可忽略的问题，那就是:为了刺激商品消费和扩大国内外市场的占有率，商标名及其翻译有着举足轻重的地位。考虑到目前研究的局限性和中文商标名翻译研究的重要性，本文首先从中国文化特色出发，分析了中文商标的基本功能和特点，深入分析了文化差异的原因。另外，作者提出奈达“功能对等理论”来指导中文商标英译的实践。最后列举翻译方法，并用事例加以论证，事实上对商标名翻译的研究，就是一种文化范畴的研究。
关键词：商标；商标名翻译；文化；文化差异；功能对等论
ABSTRACT
With the fast development of international economy, more and more Chinese enterprises have been active in the global market. They are increasingly finding that brand names translation plays an important role in stimulating consumption and expanding domestic and overseas market. So the author of the paper attempts to explore brand name translation in the cultural differences perspective. Owing to the limitations of the previous studies and the significance of Chinese brand name translation, the paper makes a study of cultural characteristics of the Chinese brand names, as well as typical characteristics of Chinese culture, and then further analyzes the causes of the cultural differences. In addition, the paper proposes Nida's "functional equivalence theory" as the principle for producing culturally effective English renderings of Chinese brand names. At last, the author gives some examples to explain some useful methods. In fact, the translation of Chinese brand names study is also the study of culture.
Key words：brand name; brand name translation; culture; cultural differences; Functional Equivalence
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Brand Name Translation 2
2.1 The Definition of Brand Name 2
2.2 The Norms of Brand Name Translation 2
2.3 The Features of Brand Name Language 3
3. Cultural Differences and Brand Name Translation 4
3.1 Cultural Differences 5
3.2 Current Problems Existing in Chinese Brand Names Translation 8
4. Principles and Ways of Brand Name Translation 10
4.1 Functional Equivalence 10
4.2 Ways to the translation of Chinese Brand Names 11
5. Conclusion 15
Acknowledgements 16
References 17
1. Introduction
Chinese products are available to people nearly all over the word for the economic globalization and throat-cut competition. Therefore, brand name translation plays an indispensable role in the international market.
It is admitted that brand name is key to business. However, we still find the relatively negative situation in the brand name translation by analysing many existing translated Chinese brand names, so my research on brand names translation has realistic significance.
In China, there are some studies existing on brand name translation, but they are always too general or one-sided. For instance, a book called Brand Name English, only mentioned some basic knowledge of brand name, but did not contain the existing useful principles, problems and methods of Chinese brand name translation, let alone taking cultural factors into consideration. Gong Aihua and Hu Xiaoping (2004) wrote an article called Some Thoughts on How to Improve Chinese-English Translation of Trademarks, which only discussed some problems existing in Chinese-English translations, and the basic requirements when coping with the translation of Chinese brand names, but forgot to tell us the bases of these requirements, and the important relationship between Chinese brand names and culture factors. The article, named On the Brand Name's Translation from Chinese to English in Perspective of its Function only contains some ways of Chinese brand names translation and some functions of brand name [1]44.
So considering the limited studies on brand name translation and the significance of Chinese brand names translation studies in the current situation, my paper will make a thorough and systematic study on this topic from the cultural angle in order to provide help for future study.
2. Brand Name Translation
Apart from the literal transfer from one language to another, brand name translation also involves a whole set of linguistic criteria. Before I begin my study, I ask myself several questions: what is effective brand name, and what is not? How to translate the names in a proper way? What is the norms of brand name translation?
2.1 The Definition of Brand Name
In Longman Dictionary of American English, it says that brand is "a class of goods which is the product of a particular firm or producer" 134. To sum up, a brand name is a product and symbolize the “facial feature” of a good. Therefore, a successful brand name may make purchasers full in love with its good at first sight.
2.2 The Norms of Brand Name
Translation
1. A translated brand name should be easy to pronounce, to understand, to recognize, and to remember. It should also give buyers the favorable connotation of the product's image. In order to make it easy to remember, common words are often used as brand names. Like长虹, 白猫, these names are not only easy to remember, but also can satisfy consumer's aesthetic preference and usage tendency. When translating these names, translators should try to use common words. So these names could be translated as "Chang Hong", and "White Cat" [4]33.
2. The translated brand names should be concise, plain , and lively. Most brand names are sprightly, so are their translated versions, such as Rejoice, Gree, 海信, 乐百氏and新科. These brand names could be translated as“飘柔”,“格力”, "Kang King", "Robust", "Lucky" and "Shinco". All these words consist of less than four characters, so the consumers could recognize the brand at a glance .
3. It requires the brand names and their translated names to be original and creative. As a matter of fact, those brand names which belong to eye-catching words, are easy to attract consumers and are able to win the market.
4. A successful brand name meets the principle of AIDCA, which means attracting attention, arousing interest, stimulating desire, creating conviction and taking action finally[5]178. That is, the translated brand names should be delight to eyes, pleasant to ears, easy to remember, and a comparatively perfect unity of sound, form and meaning. To sum up, translated brand names should possess the features of the original ones, and have the same or similar function as the original ones do.
2.3 The Features of Brand Name Language
The language used in such a special field should be different from that of other fields. Many scholars have carried on researches on it and the conclusions are as follow:
1. Easiness in Reading and Memorizing
This is the basic requirement of brand names and their translations. One of the initial functions of brand names is recognition and spreading. A successful brand name should enable customers to easily tell the product by its name from the products of the same kind. When giving or translating a brand name we should make sure that it is easy to be recognized, spelled, memorized and orally read, so that customers can readily decode and store it in their mind, e.g.汰渍Tide(washing powder), 奥利奥Oreo (biscuit), 高乐高Coleco(drinks), 雅戈尔Youngor(men’s suit), 奥迪Audi(automobile), 海飞丝Heads&Shoulders (shampoo).
2. Favorability in Connotation
A successful brand name usually contains some positive meanings, which may arouse customers' preference to the product. As we all know, favorable connotation may enable customers to associate it with good wishes, functions or attributes, which sometimes promotes customers to make a decision on it. Take Super (pot) as an example. Seeing or hearing " Super ", customers will associate it with good quality and feel that they can set their minds at rest when they cook their dinner if they choose this product. Suncha（双枪）is another good example that is able to stimulate customers with the good characteristics as being energetic, Chinese feature and trustworthy. Other examples include: 利群(cigarette), 好日子GOODDAY(clothing), 益寿堂(medicine), 护舒宝Whisper(feminine napkin), 帮宝适Pampers(diapers), 脑轻松(health food), 强生Johnson&Johnson(children's care products), 好太太(the clothes hanger), 步步高(VCD)and so on.
3. Ability to Stretch Good Imagination
A brand name should have a profound message, which is also a good selling point. For example, 外婆家 and its English translation Grandma's Restaurant both trigger customers to think of family warmth. It has been proved that brand names have brought great interests to enterprises. 状元酒, a famous brand name of rice wine, is such an associative one that enables consumers to think of a young boy win the NO.1 in the academic performance . Coca—Cole可口可乐 (soft drinks) presents us a picture that a person relieves his thirst happily when drinking Coca-Cole with gusto. The translation "可口可乐" is an even better one delivering a message to Chinese customers that the beverage is tasty and pleasant to drink[6]213. When they drink it, they will feel delighted and comfortable. Other examples include: 阿依莲(women's clothing), 玉兰油(skin cream), 达能(biscuit), 娇兰佳人(cosmetics), 孔风春(cosmetics), 巴布豆(children's underwear), 陆虎(car), Lovecome (French Perfume), Maybelline(American lipstick).
4. Conformity to Laws, Rules and Other Authoritative Requirements
Many countries have established laws and rules, which stipulates that some items cannot be used in brand names, for instance, in China, the name of an administrative district of the county or the higher is forbidden.
Undoubtedly, brand names have some other features. Anyway, they all serve to deliver the attributes and functions of products, which help customers
to identify and determine their requirements.
3. Cultural Difference and Brand Name Translation
As we all know, culture is often created in people's ongoing activities within their particular life-conditions. Brand names, which obviously are part of the culture of a people, frequently arouse different aesthetic perceptions (or associations) and values in different cultures.
From the viewpoint of lexicology, associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning (of which associative meaning is an essential part) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. For example, grandma, denoting a "female relative", is often associated with "love", "care", "tenderness", "forgiving", etc. These connotations are not given in the dictionary, but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers.
In a word, it is not enough to translate meaning literally, the translated words should also convey the same cultural associations. Thus translators should translate with regard to the TL culture and the SL culture. Failure to recognize and/or transfer cultural factors would lead to information loss. Most people buy with their hearts rather than their minds. Therefore, the functions of brand names depend far more on associative meanings than on conceptual ones. And associative meanings of brand names are closely linked to values and beliefs of a people. For instance, “黑人” (toothpaste), which literally means “black people”, is readily accepted by the Chinese. But the English version “Black People” could insult colored receptors.
3.1 Cultural Differences in Translation
In order to find out why those problems exist, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultural differences at first, especially different beliefs, different thought patterns, different concepts of values and different figurative associations.
3.1.1 Thought Patterns and Concepts of Values
It is well known that China is an old country with a splendid culture, and that Chinese people have been used to the doctrines of Confucius and Mencius, which have influenced the entire Chinese cultural system. They are always influencing Chinese minds in an inconspicuous way, demanding people to be modest, conservative, subtle and not to be too straightforward. Therefore, Chinese thought pattern follows the track of a "hermeneutic circle", while Western thought pattern is direct and straightforward. Such differences are reflected in some brand names. Take红豆Love Bean (shirts) as a example, which suggests the affection between the lovers in a roundabout way, and only people who know the Chinese thought pattern and traditional culture can appreciate the tender feeling, while some English brand names, such as Forget-me-not (perfume), Kiss Me(lipstick), ELLE ELLE(perfume), AMOUR AMOUR(perfume) [6]143, demonstrate affections directly.
Moreover, Chinese value things like home, family and collectivity. They also take great pride in their tradition of respecting their ancestors, because they think that they are the pioneer of Chinese history and brilliant culture. They are so industrious, intelligent and experienced that their opinions and advice make a great difference to the younger generation. All of the points mentioned above are reflected in many Chinese brand names, such 宜家, 好太太, 亲亲, 爱妻号, 外婆家, 方太, 美克美家. These brand names can easily arouse an positive feeling and nice echo in consumers. However, this is not the same case with the westerner. They value original, progress, individualism, youthfulness, efficiency and challenge. Not to be exaggeration, we can say that Chinese people cherish collectivism, while the westerners value individualism. In the westerners' opinion, the interests of individual plays an important role in their life value, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. The value of individualism is so commanding that other imperative American values spring from individualism. This emphasis on the individualism, which is found elsewhere in the world, has become the cornerstone of American culture. While the Chinese attach great importance to collectivism. Chinese have close connections for a long time. Many aspects of cultural behaviour are not made explicit, because the Chinese people know what to do and what to think from years of interaction between each other. Chinese use less verbally explicit communication and more internalized understandings of what is communicated. Under this circumstance, Chinese can easily appreciate the beautiful connotation of brand names. It is necessary for translators to take them into consideration.
3.1
.2 Consumer Psychology
Consumer psychology refers to "the mental or psychological activities of consumers in their realization, adjustment, and control of purchasing and consuming actions according to their own needs abilities under the influence of the general social environment of consumption and economy" . When customers buy goods, they will think whether they should buy them, or what for. The formation of this mentality may be decided by some personal factors like personality, interest, memory, emotion, will and most important of all his social and cultural environment. Consumers' different cultural environments can in a lager degree determine his psychological response to the connotative meaning of a brand name. For instance, "龙" (dragon) in China is esteemed as the animal with such noble characteristics as being brave and authority that many manufactures would like to adopt it in their brand names. In contrast, western consumers are likely to associate it with the image of fierce or malicious or disaster because the word “dragon” originates from Mesopotamia, which was doomed to be killed by god for the danger it brings to the world. So it is the representative of disaster and danger. Now, we can imagine what will happen if the product with such a brand name was lunched in the western market.
Different culture shapes different psychology reaction to the same objects. So, the same brand names bring about different results in the western and Chinese customers' psychology. Apart from the examples mentioned above, the examples are listed as follows:
Table 2.1 Different Psychology Reaction to the Same Objects
between Westerners and Chinese[9]37
words In westerners' conception In Chinese's conception
孔雀(peacock) Beauty and nobility Vainglorious person
喜鹊(magpie) Herald of good luck or good news Gossipy person
龙(Dragon) Omen of disasters Holy
白象(white elephant) Good fortune Costly but useless thing
To marketers as well as brand name translators, the possession and mastery of related information of consumers' psychology are of great importance. Successful market promotions may result from the knowledge in this aspect and according to operations of marketers.
3.1.3 Customs and Habits
Custom is one of the branches of culture reflecting the specific characteristics of a nation or parts of the nation. It is the sediment of long history and closely linked with the surroundings and the way of life. So some customs and habits exist in one culture but may be absent in another, which brings about an obstacle to Chinese-English brand name translation, because many Chinese brand names comes from Chinese custom.One of the most famous rice wines named“女儿红”(Daughter's Wine) or“状元酒”(Scholar's Wine) is produced in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province of China. To Chinese customers, the two brand names symbolize the happy events in one's life, while they cannot arouse the same feeling in westerners if translated literally and that will absolutely cause cultural miss, because the western consumers do not know the custom of the ancient Shaoxing. It is said that in ancient Shaoxing a jar of this wine was buried under the ground when a daughter was born. When the girl grew up and became a bride, the jar was dug out and entertained the guests attending the wedding. As the wine was untapped, the smell of the wine spread far, all guests became excited and congratulated the parents, that is the emerging of “女儿红”. If a boy was born, the family also buried a jar of wine under the ground hoping that the boy would become the NO.1 in the imperial examination, that is, "Zhuangyuan" (状元), who would become a superior official. When the boy passed the highest-level imperial examination of ancient China, his parents would dig out the jar and celebrated with it. The custom is transmitted from generation to generation, and“女儿红”and“状元酒”have become famous brand names now. So when a translator translate them, it is very necessary to provide the cultural information with the brand names. It is not only easy for customers to know about the origin of the wine but accept it quickly, because any one from any country would like to appreciate the beautiful things, enjoy the happy feeling and desire success equally. As for me , “女儿红” can be translated into the Shaoxing Rice Wine -which is stored in underground to serve the guest in daughter's wedding; and “状元酒” the the Shaoxing Rice Wine-which is stored in underground to serve the guest when the boy becomes the very best [7]65.
Each culture has its own characteristics, which are unique and easy to cause cultural barriers in brand name translation. It is translator's duty to overcome them and create proper English versions.
3.2 Current Problems in Chinese Brand Names Translation
Because of the cultural difference in geographical location, customs, religion and values, etc, people from differ
ent cultural backgrounds often obtain different meanings from the same word. And we can never deny the current problems existing in brand names translation
1. Brand names with the same conceptual meanings but partially overlapping associative meanings. People worldwide love the scene of a blue sky and white clouds. However, the phrase “Blue Sky” (toothpastes) is associated with “bond that can not be paid off” in American English, so it should not be translated into “blue sky” when the item is exported to America.
2. Brand names that abound with associative meaning in Chinese culture while suggesting none in English culture. For example, the Chinese brand“红豆”(read bean—shirt) suggests the yearning between lovers. We Chinese people are very familiar with the saying“红豆寄相思”(literally means to express the lovesickness with read bean), it is the symbol of love (Tang Zhongshun & Hu Jianbo, 2002:157) [11]125. You see that's how we Chinese express our love in a roundabout way. While in English speaking countries, the "red bean" may mean nothing to the target readership.
3. Brand names with the same conceptual meanings but different or negative in associative meanings. In different languages and cultures, the same word may generate totally different associations. “凤凰” (bicycle) was translated into “phoenix”. The Chinese brand name “凤凰”is associated with such favorable connotation as "auspicious" or "good luck" while "Phoenix" symbolizes "rebirth" or "nirvana". That is, it may generate the ominous implication of a narrow escape.
4. Peculiar brand names in Chinese and western cultures. Owing to the differences between Chinese and western cultures, some Chinese brand names have no English counterparts ("cultural gap"). These brand names often derive from people's names, names of places and characters of mythology. “西湖龙井” is a well-known tea popular with all Chinese people. As soon as the Chinese people see this brand name, the favor of fresh, huge fruit-lovely, luscious, and mouthwatering will come into their mind. But few westerners have a clear geographic concept of this. Therefore, it cannot bring the same mental association to its target audiences.
4. Principles and Ways of Brand Name Translation
4.1 Functional Equivalence
According to Nida, the "functional equivalence" refers to the equivalent function, or the most proximal function to both the target and the original receptors. The functional equivalence theory focuses on cultural factors in translation which cater for my position exactly[8]94. As Nide said that the most serious mistakes in translating are usually made not because of verbal improper, but of wrong cultural assumptions. Generally speaking, we could summarize three main arguments showed in Nida's functional equivalence theory:
1) Reader's response shall be the final norm of judging the accuracy of translation.
2) We should pay enough attention to the cultural factors in translation. Since biculturalism is more important than bilingualism.
3) To obtain the equivalent of reader's response, translation shall be target reader oriented, including target language oriented and target culture oriented.
As we know, the essence of the original should be kept brand in names translation, and at the same time be accepted by the customers in the target market. To sum up, Nida's functional equivalence theory, which stresses on the concept of function, focuses on the "response of the receptor" rather than "the form of the message", is quite suitable to Chinese brand names translation, for the brand names are used to execute certain functions.
4.1.1 The Necessity of Functional Equivalence on Brand Name Translation
Translating is to "express a text in another language or in a simpler word". In fact, translation from one language into another is far more complex than that, because (1) words always have several different meaning; (2) many words are culture-bounded and have no direct equivalence in traget language country; (3) cultural orientation can make the direct translation nonsense; (4) a culture may not have the experiential background to permit translation of experiences from other cultures, so the process of translation has to take it into consideration, properly cope with it and go on another kind of communication[9]190. Communication is based on what is received by people hearing or reading a translation. A successful translation can not only fulfill the equivalence in lexical meanings but in the exact cultural information and the response of potential customers.
4.1.2 The Application of Functional Equivalence on Brand Name Translation
Chinese and English respectively belong to Sino-Tibetan family and Indo-European family; therefore there are a lot of obvious differences between these two languages in the structure. Chinese and English sometimes express the same idea in diffe
rent ways, but different languages have the same psychological and sociological functions. Nida (2001) suggests the four basic processes in translating consist of (1) transfer from source to target language, (2) analysis of the source text, (3) restructuring in the target language, and (4) the testing of the translated text with persons who represent in the target audience[10]89. This four-phase translation process includes a comparison of source language and target language, so it is advisable that we study these differences of Chinese and English in structure and function, and then give functional equivalence a full play in the interlingual transference.
4.2 Methods for Translation of Chinese Brand Names
Translating involves not just two languages, but also a transfer from one culture to another. Cultural differences are sometimes bigger obstacles to successful translation than linguistic ones. Proper brand names actually offer some of the most straightforward examples of the basic issues in cultural transfer, for brand names usually reflect the features of different nations, each of which has its own type of life and pattern of thinking. Therefore, translators should always bear in mind that the potential customers hold different opinions and knowledge about the world, and it might be difficult for them to understand Chinese culture. In this paper, some techniques of translating brand names are suggested.
4.2.1 Literal Translation
Literal translation consists of syntactic literalness and lexical literalness. (Whilss, 2001) Some of the brand names are made up of only one or a few words; it is effective to adopt literal translation to deal with the literal meanings of the words or characters in brand names. However, when translating such names, translators should pay attention to "beauty in meaning" as previously mentioned[11]214. The positive association can arouse the interest of the potential customers. For example:
小天鹅Little Swan(washing machine) 雪花Snow(beer)
英雄Hero(pen) 双星Double Star(shoes)
菊花Chrysanthemum(electric fan) 金嗓子Golden Throat(medicine)
纳爱斯Nice(soup) 公牛(charger)Bull
新郎Bridegroom(men's suit) 白猫White Cat(detergent)
七匹狼septwolves(men's suit) 天堂Paradise(umbrella)
双枪Suncha(bamboo&wood products) 三枪Three Gun(underwear)
In many cases, literal translation is often used as an effective technique for achieving functional equivalence in translating brand names. However, we must make sure first that English versions produced by this technique are appreciated in English culture and are not negative in the target market, and this is of great importance.
4.2.2 Transliteration
Transliteration is the most important and frequently used approach in brand name translation. It is adopted in the following cases as:
1. The meaning or the connotation of the brand names do not conform to the target language culture, for instance, 黑猫Black Cat (toys) was renamed as Lovely Cat. On many occasions, it is not the basic meaning of the word that functions, but the profound cultural associations function. Black Cat is improper, because the color of black is always associated with some disasters or negative aspects in English. As a result, the product was coldly rejected in the potential market. Maybe in foreign country, if it translated into Kitty, it will be better sold.
2. Translated brand names are not effective for publicizing the products or the renamed brand name is better than the original one, for instance, 非常可乐is renamed as Future Cole; 方正computer was renamed as Founder. Other examples are given below:
纳爱斯Nice(soup) 罗蒙Roman(men's suit)
雅芳Avon(cosmetic) 格力Gree(air conditioner)
乔士Choose(men's suit) 太阳神Apollo(medicine)
罗西尼Rossini(watch) 好迪Houdy(shampoo)
三星Anycall(mobile phone) 天极Yesky(website)
A properly translated brand name can promote the sales of the product, while the improperly translated brand name can neither publicize the product nor get it accepted in the target market. Take 双枪（bamboo&wood products）as an example, which is translated into Suncha in English. It is quite popular and welcomed in domestic market, while in foreign market, it also performs very well. The reason is that shangqiang can similarly pronounced like Suncha, Suncha can divide into “sun” and “cha”. “Sun” symbolizes energy and promising; “cha” spells like “China” or “Chinese”. When they put together, it shows the core value of this company, that is
We have a faith that
Suncha bamboo & wood could become perfect enough
To fully expose the splendid China Style.
We have a wish that
Wherever there is Chinese people
In the world,
There is Suncha bamboo & wood.
It fully demonstrates the ambition of the manufacturer. In fact, their products have take up more than 70% of the domestic market, which is closely related to the effects of the brand name. So a properly transla
ted brand name, to some degree, can promote the sales of the product.
4.2.3 Coining Brand Name
Coining brand name is also a useful way to translate a brand name featured by creativity and distinctiveness. But coining a brand name is very risky, unconventional or unorthodox translation approach I think. But sometimes by this creative maens, we can achieve unpredicted result. "IKEA" is the a brand name of furniture produced in Switzerland. Though it wins international reputation, even many Swedish are confused about the meaning of the brand name, let alone other people. In fact, it consist of the initial words from the brand pioneer’ name IngvarKamprad, his farmland’ name Elmtaryd, and the village’s name Agunnaryd. When it is translated into the Chinese name “宜家”, I think the translator has worked with it well skillfully. Because the chinese people, as the traget market, can easily relate the products with the feeling of comfort, harmony and warmth. In this way, IKEA has won the heart of most Chinese people.
5. Conclusion
Brand name translation is an art. It is a comprehensive process that covers translation theory, linguistic difference, aesthetics, intercultural communication, marketing and proper translation techniques, especially the element of culture,when translating a brand name, for a brand name usually embodies the culture, thoughts and customs of a nation. In order to ensure the translated brand name to go across the geographical and cultural boundaries, the translation must be in accordance with the target culture of the target customers. Only in this way can a translated brand name bring about the same response of the target customers to it as that of the customers in the source market.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Peng Hefeng. From the beginning, she has taught me a lot. She has guided me how to search materials, select useful information and write my thesis systematically. And in the course of revising this thesis, I further admire her for her conscientiousness and patience. She helped me correct some mistakes I made in grammar, vocabulary as well as format. Because of her serious attitude, I am filled with admiration to her.
At last but not least, I also would like to thank all other people who helped me to finish this thesis. Thanks for their kind help.
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