服装毕业论文外文文献及翻译

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

首先，服饰图案或风格是分很多种类，

东华卞向阳写的《服装艺术判断》你可以看一看，

分的风格种类实在太多，不知道你要的是哪一种，下面我举几个例子；

[美国] 大都会

[法国] Marie Cl

[法国] 世界时装之苑

附件你可以打开看一下，配合有道翻译使用效果更佳

您好 以下为本人手工制作（鉴于文章长度，希望楼主酌情提高奖赏）An operator at the same store indicated that she had got the message:在同一家商店的收款员表示她曾得到过这样的信息：We are given customer care training when we join the company and as an ongoing thing. We are told to smile all the time and that the customer is always right.我们在进入公司之时就开始接受顾客服务培训，并且现在还在受训中。我们被告知（在工作时）要永远保持微笑以及顾客永远是对的。A store manager at company C appreciated the difficulty which checkout operators might face on some occasions and how training might help:一位C公司的商店经理充分认识到收款员在某些场合可能面临的困难以及（给收款员的）培训怎样提供帮助：. . . it's quite a difficult job . . . they are the ones that come into contact with the customers most . . . they have to deal with the niggles directed at the company. ...这是一项相当难做的工作...他们（收款员们）是接触顾客最多的人...他们需要直接处理那些公司的琐事Because they wear (company C) badges, the customers see them as the company's representatives . . . We tell them not to let out their emotion and to be as polite as possible and to tell themselves that the customers are not having a go at them but at the company and the system.因为他们戴着（C公司的）徽章，顾客们将会把他们看作公司的代表...我们告诉他们（收款员们）要控制住自己的感情，尽可能地做到有礼貌，并且告诉他们顾客们并不是冲着他们（收款员们）的，而是冲着公司以及系统的。At company B training in customer care is effectively on-the-job and continuous:B公司的客户服务培训则在工作中以及后续问题的处理上很有效果。We tell them to try and deal with minor complaints as pleasantly as possible but we emphasise that if they sense they will have a problem they should refer the customer to the deputy manager or myself (store manager) . . . We encourage them to stay when we are dealing with such customers so that they can learn.我们告诉他们在处理小的抱怨上要尽可能的和气，但我们也强调了若他们感觉到要出问题的话，他们应该尽快将顾客带至副经理处或直接来找我（商店经理）...我们鼓励他们（收款员们）在我们处理问题的时候待在一旁，以学习此类问题如何处理。 At the same company shelf fillers are trained to spot and help the "lost customer", who is a customer "unsure of what they want or where to find what they want". 也是在这一家公司中，货架填充员受过训练以发现并帮助“不确定想要什么或不知道去哪找”的“迷路顾客”， At company C all staff are expected to carry a plastic card (credit card-size) which reminds them how to deal with customers — in ten points it states that one should smile, make eye contact, greet the customer, apologise for any delay, etc.在C公司所有的员工都被要求佩戴一张塑料卡（信用卡大小）以提醒他们怎样对待顾客——在总共十点的要求中叙述了诸如保持微笑，保持目光接触，问候顾客以及为任何的耽误抱歉等要求。Company D provides a contrast with regard to customer care training. Here, customer service is the tenth item on the employee induction checklist, being preceded by a range of rules regarding attendance, etc. D公司提供了一份关于顾客服务培训的（重要性）的对比：这里，顾客服务是员工入职清单上的第十项（规定），比一系列的有关员工出勤以及其他规定都要靠前。The time clock card is third on the list. Training is minimal. Nonetheless, employees are told in an induction video that "the customer makes pay day possible".有关出勤记录钟卡的规定排在第三位。而有关培训的规定则最少。然而，员工们还是在一部就职视频中被告知“唯有顾客使发薪日成为可能”。In companies A, B and C the customer care message is put across frequently through a variety of media. For instance, at company A there are posters at all entrances onto the shopfloor which read "smile, you're on (company A) stage". 在A,B,C公司有关顾客服务的信息通过多种媒体传达以使员工们得到充分认识。例如，在A公司，所有通向商店楼层的入口处都被贴上海报，上面写着“请时刻保持微笑，因为你现在正站在（A公司的）舞台上”。The same company runs an employee-of-the-month competition where staff nominate persons who have contributed most to helping customers or fellow employees. 同样是A公司，还运行了一套每月最佳员工的评选系统，提名对顾客或同事贡献最多帮助的员工们。The winning member of staff has his or her name posted on the staff notice-board and may feature in the company magazine.提名员工的名字会上榜在员工告示栏，并可能出现在公司杂志上。 At the end of the year marks are totted up for an employee-of-the-year award. There are customer care committees in every store, whose job it is to generate ideas on how to improve customer service.而到年终，一年的积分会被加和来决定员工的年度奖金。顾客服务委员会在每家商店都会有，它们的工作就是提出能够提升顾客服务的好点子。

外文文献是与论文内容相关的一片外文文章，内容只要与你的中文论文相关就行，字数大概3000字，再按照外文内容翻译成中文就行

清北医学翻译的翻译老师对这方面在行，请教下他们，这些对他们来说一点难度都没有。

Elder-brother Spring is a pure yemer, real man with ironblood. He's people's good brother and father's best son.China's steel industry was the largest anti-dumping investigations industry. Minmetals Import and Export Chamber of Commerce statistics, last year, China's steel anti-dumping involving a total of 15 cases, involving 1.95 billion yuan, iron and steel industry and color, clothing, footwear, like anti-dumping investigations, one of the key industries. Prior to this, our country there is a lot of steel products export tax rebates, some countries believe that China steel product of government subsidies, in the international market, China's large market share of steel products, export prices low and the dumping of steel products in China suspected heard. The first half of 2008, involving China's iron and steel industry, a new anti-dumping investigation all-time high, which has a new investigation of 9 cases with final decisions have been made to 7, the anti-dumping cases last year than the total number of more , the European Union, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Indonesia and other countries have taken place in China's iron and steel products for the anti-dumping cases. Taking a panoramic view of the iron and steel industry products, and more anti-dumping cases, the existence of the following three salient features, the following key to the Canadian oil and gas to China seamless pipe brief analysis of anti-dumping as an example: 1. The existence of anti-dumping cases that the problem of non-uniform standards. Standard anti-dumping cases that the crux of the problem is the fact of dumping and dumping margin found, for dumping the fact that the WTO is by comparing the export price and normal price found that the export price is lower than the normal price dumping, "normal price" is The fact that the existence of dumping of the decisive factors, but the "normal price" of that caliber because of the different statistics, the results are very different. WTO rules, the normal price is often used to describe conditions in the general trade export of similar products in domestic comparable sales prices, such as the product of the domestic prices under control, often to third-country export prices of similar products to confirm the normal price. As part of the US-led Western countries not to recognize China's market economy status, the fact that the dumping and the dumping margin found on third-party countries often need to export prices, while the third-party countries to the fact that the dumping, how to determine the normal price There are also the standard problem of non-uniform. Such as: Canada Border Trade Department (CBSA) on February 7, 2008 China's exports to Canada of seamless oil casing anti-dumping, countervailing case the final decision to determine China's Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. and other enterprises involved in the case of six dumping margin of 37% ~ 45%; subsidy of 2% to 7%, other non-respondent enterprises dumping margin was 91%; subsidies for 38 percent; China's steel association that the CBSA in the absence of data to support a third country, to use in February 2008 magazine published a K55, N80 price of normal price, project L80, P110 casing of high-grade steel prices, as a basis for unilateral presumed the existence of dumping and dumping margin calculation is not right. 2. Anti-dumping and countervailing cases together, the specific implementation of double taxation. Statistics show that took place in 2008 involving the 9 iron and steel industry in anti-dumping investigations, 5 the issue of anti-subsidy cases involving anti-dumping and countervailing cases have been closely together. International Iron and Steel of China's iron and steel industry to accept the challenge of government subsidies. January 8, the League of the United States research group released a report that a large number of government energy subsidies in China become the world's largest producer and exporter of steel. Reported that in 2007, the Chinese steel industry is about 15.7 billion U.S. dollars of subsidies since 2000, an increase of 3800%. In addition, the CBSA in the casing of our seamless final anti-dumping identified Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. China, such as the existence of six enterprises involved in the case of 2% ~ 7% subsidy acts. In the specific implementation of anti-dumping measures, the widespread dumping of international double taxation and subsidies. In today's world trade, anti-dumping anti-subsidy has become the main means of trade, therefore, for most countries to protect their own industry in violation of WTO provisions, the standard of double taxation. Such as: in the above-mentioned case, in Canada on a double standard there is the issue of double taxation, CBSA to determine China's Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. and other enterprises involved in the case of six-dumping rate of 37% ~ 45%; subsidy of 2% ~ 7 %, and other enterprises involved in the case of non-dumping margin was 91%; 38 percent subsidy. This should cause our government departments and relevant enterprises attach great importance to timely respond to the development of programs, organizations related enterprises to actively appeal and, when necessary, can be brought to WTO Dispute Settlement Body arbitration. 3. Anti-dumping cases is a complicated one, both sides involved in the case of information asymmetry, and lasted for a long time, huge amounts of money involved, covering a wide range of individual enterprises is difficult to take countermeasures, the need for government services, trade associations, guidance, steel enterprises to take measures jointly. The existing framework of WTO, only governments, anti-dumping measures can be taken. Therefore, a country's trade or industry to pass the Government to initiate anti-dumping procedures. Usually a country's products if it finds that the existence of dumping practices, would be adopted by the Government to start anti-dumping investigations. If the export product under investigation to investigate a member of a member of dissatisfaction with the actions taken to bring the matter before the WTO can be resolved at this time, exporters must pass the national government would be able to take such action. In addition, the United States, the EU anti-dumping investigation procedures usually last for one year to 15 months, lasted for a long time, and the anti-dumping often involves a number of industry enterprises, the amount of up to several hundred million dollars. Since 2008, China's steel industry experienced a number of anti-dumping investigations, of which, the United States, European Union, Canada, represented by the western countries on China's steel exports a wide range of anti-dumping investigations launched to reduce the domestic steel exports to China has caused great economic losses. While in the "General Agreement on Tariffs and" the issue of anti-dumping made it clear that countries in their own way but still the anti-dumping as a trade war with one of the main instruments of trade protectionism as the rise in the world, iron and steel anti-dumping cases have become worse.钢铁行业是我国被反倾销调查最多的行业。五矿进出口商会统计，去年，我国涉及钢材的反倾销案件共15起，涉案金额19.5亿元，钢铁行业与彩电、服装、鞋业一样是反倾销调查的重点行业之一。此前，我国很多钢材产品存在着出口退税，部分国家认为中国钢材产品存在政府补贴，在国际市场上，我国钢材产品市场占有率高，出口价格低，对中国钢铁产品低价倾销的怀疑不绝于耳。2008年上半年，涉及我国钢铁业的反倾销调查再创新历史新高，其中已经新立案调查的有9起，加上已经做出终裁决定的7起，反倾销案件比去年一年的总数量还多，欧盟、美国、加拿大、墨西哥、印尼等多个国家都发生了针对中国钢铁产品的反倾销事件。纵观钢铁业产品的多起反倾销案件，存在以下三个突出特点，下面重点以加拿大对中国无缝油气管反倾销为例简要剖析：1.反倾销案件存在认定标准不统一的问题。反倾销案件认定标准问题的关键是倾销事实和倾销幅度的认定，对于倾销事实的认定世贸组织规定是通过对比出口价格与正常价格来认定，出口价格低于正常价格就是倾销，“正常价格”是认定倾销事实是否存在的起决定性因素，但“正常价格”的认定因为统计口径不同，结果有很大差异。世贸组织规定，正常价格通常是指在一般贸易条件下出口国国内同类产品的可比销售价格，如该产品的国内价格受到控制，往往以第三国同类产品出口价格来确认正常价格。由于以美国为首的部分西方国家不承认中国的市场经济地位，在倾销事实和倾销幅度的认定上，常需要第三方国出口价格，而以那个第三方国家来认定倾销事实，如何确定正常价格上也存在标准不统一的问题。如：加拿大边境贸易服务署（CBSA）于2008年2月7日对中国出口到加拿大的无缝石油套管反倾销、反补贴案最终裁决，判定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业倾销幅度为37%~45%；补贴为2%~7%，其他非应诉企业倾销幅度为91%；补贴为38%；中国钢管协会认为CBSA在没有第三国数据支持，引用2008年2月某一杂志刊载的K55、N80的价格计算正常价格，推算L80、P110等高钢级套管的价格，单方面以此为依据推定存在倾销和计算倾销幅度是不妥当的。2.反倾销案件与反补贴案件结合在一起，具体执行过程中存在双重征税的问题。统计显示，在2008年发生的9起涉及钢铁行业反倾销调查中，有5起涉及反补贴问题，反倾销案件已经和反补贴密切结合在一起。国际钢铁业存在对中国钢铁接受政府补贴的质疑。1月8日，美国制造联盟调查研究小组发布的一份报告称，大量的政府能源补贴使中国成为世界上最大的钢材生产和出口国。报告称，2007年，中国钢铁业补贴约为157亿美元，自2000年以来增长了3800%。此外，在CBSA在对我国无缝石油套管反倾销终裁中认定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业的存在2％~7％补贴行为。在反倾销措施具体实施过程中，国际上广泛存在倾销和补贴双重计算征税。当今世界贸易中，反倾销反补贴已经成为贸易战的主要手段之一，因此，为保护本国产业多数国家违反WTO的规定，采取双重计算标准征税。如：在上述案件中，加拿大就存在着双重计算标准双重征税的问题，CBSA判定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业倾销幅度为37%~45%；补贴为2%~7%，其他非应诉企业倾销幅度为91%；补贴为38%。此举应引起我国政府有关部门及相关企业的高度重视，及时制定应对方案，组织相关企业积极上诉，必要时，可以提交WTO争端解决机构仲裁解决。3.反倾销案件程序复杂，涉案双方信息不对称，且持续时间长，涉案金额巨大、涉及面广，单个企业很难采取对策，需要政府服务、行业协会指导、钢企联合采取措施。现行世贸组织框架中，只有政府，才能采取反倾销措施。因此，一国的贸易商或产业界必须通过政府来启动反倾销程序。通常一国要是认定它国产品存在倾销行为，会通过政府启动反倾销调查。若出口产品受到调查的成员不满展开调查的成员所采取的行动，可以将问题提交世贸组织解决，此时，出口商必须通过本国政府才能采取这样的行动。此外，美国、欧盟的反倾销调查程序通常持续一年至15个月，持续时间长，且反倾销常涉及行业内多个企业，金额高达数亿元。2008年以来，我国钢铁业遭遇了多起反倾销调查，其中，美国、欧盟、加拿大为代表的西方国家对我国出口的多种钢材展开了反倾销调查，缩减了国内钢材的出口，给我国造成了巨大的经济损失。虽然在《关税及贸易总协定》中对反倾销问题做了明确规定，但实际上各国各行其是，仍把反倾销做为贸易战的主要手段之一，随着贸易保护主义在世界范围内的抬头，钢铁反倾销案有愈演愈烈之势。