跨国公司的战略调整论文参考文献

科学发展观与中国对外开放战略的调整 内容提要：科学发展观是新一届领导集体对我国社会主义现代化建设指导思想的新发展。以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的发展理念不仅是中国建设全面小康社会、实现国内经济社会协调发展的根本方针，也是中国处理对外经贸关系，引领对外开放战略调整的基本指导思想。在进入全面对外开放的历史新阶段之后，中国需要以科学发展观为指导，对传统开放战略和开放模式进行反思，破解开放型经济发展过程中的矛盾和难题，并通过对开放战略和开放体制的优化和调整，探索新的开放目标和开放理念，在进一步扩大对外开放的同时，努力提高中国对外开放的质量和效益，以实现经济的全面、协调、可持续发展。 关键词：科学发展观，对外开放战略调整 一、科学发展观视野下的中国传统开放战略困境 改革开放以来，中国的对外开放不断向纵深推进，目前已经形成了全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。但是，中国的开放型经济在取得举世瞩目成就的同时，也存在着许多相当突出的问题。特别是在步人全面对外开放的新阶段之后，中国传统的开放模式和开放政策开始呈现出不可持续的发展困境。 1．传统的激励型引资政策激化国内发展模式的矛盾。通过优惠政策扩大利用外资的规模是中国改革开放以来长期执行的基本外资政策。但是，长期的激励型引资政策也对中国的经济社会发展带来了严重的副作用。首先，中国长期给予外商投资企业超国民待遇，在一定程度上造成内外资企业的不平等竞争，抑制了本国企业的投资热情，不利于国民经济的长期持续发展。其次，在传统发展战略的指引下，各级政府纷纷将引资规模作为一项重要的政绩指标，在对外资政策优惠方面相互攀比，一再超出国家政策规定的界限，从整体上损害了国家利益。第三，在外资激励政策掩盖下，中国利用外资在不同程度上存在生态破坏、资源浪费和环境污染问题。一些地方政府在错误政绩观的指导下，不顾本地资源、产业结构的实际情况，盲目引进外资，把外国淘汰的、污染环境的工厂搬到国内来生产，致使当地的生态环境遭受到毁灭性的破坏。 2．粗放型外贸增长方式引发频繁的国际经济摩擦。与优惠型外资政策相联系的是粗放型的外贸增长方式。经过20多年的改革开放，中国已经迅速崛起为世人瞩目的国际贸易大国。但是，由于长期维持粗放式的外贸增长方式，中国对外贸易数额虽然巨大，但外贸对国民财富增长的贡献比较有限。首先，从贸易结构上来看，近年来中国的对外贸易总额虽然大幅增长，但贸易结构和创利能力不尽合理，国民从对外贸易中获得的利益非常有限。其次，近年来中国对外出口产品中，虽然工业制成品的比重逐年增加，但高新技术产品所占比重依然很低。第三，中国传统贸易战略是以“出口创汇” 为基本指导原则的。中国政府为了鼓励出口，采取了一系列促进出口的优惠政策，长期维持出口大于进口的“顺差”状态。随着贸易规模的不断增大，中国这种带有浓重的“重商主义”色彩的外贸增长方式出现了难以为继的局面。第四，大规模的商品出口容易引发不必要的国际贸易摩擦，不利于中国外贸的长期持续发展。由于劳动力价格便宜，中国的出口厂商在国际市场上一味压低价格，造成中国出口产品长期处于增量不增价的局面。同时，中国商品大量充斥国际市场，也容易造成倾销的感觉，引发不必要的国际贸易争端。 3．“中国制造”停留在国际价值链低端，并且危及中国的资源、能源安全。20世纪90年代以来，中国制造业一枝独秀，成为世界制造业中增长最快的国家。应该说中国制造业的崛起是中国抓住经济全球化和国际产业转移的历史机遇，自身努力的结果， 是中国综合国力不断提升的客观事实。中国制造业的规模虽然巨大，而且增长迅速，但从贯彻和落实科学发展观的角度分析，还存在诸多问题。首先，目前中国制造业的技术水平、劳动生产率和工业增加值率都比较低。由于缺乏独立的品牌和核心技术，中国制造业在很大程度上还仅是国际大型跨国公司在中国进行生产制造产品的“生产车间”，停留在国际价值链分工的低端。其次，中国制造业得以迅猛发展的一个重要因素是中国拥有大量的廉价劳动力，而廉价劳动力对于中国制造业的发展是一把“双刃剑”。一方面，中国制造业凭借低廉的劳动力成本形成的国际比较优势，在国际上迅速取得一定的市场地位；另一方面，劳动力的低成本造成中制造业的国际低价格，致使中国从制造业发展中的获益非常有限。第三，中国制造业高速发展，对中国的能源、资源安全也带来严峻的挑战。 4．过高的对外依存度增大了国家宏观经济运行风险。对外开放战略的全面提速，必然会进一步密切中国与世界的经济联系。可以说，对外依存度的上升是中国对外开放的结果，也是中国对外开放成就的体现。但是，如果对外依存度过高，并无法对外部依存因素进行自主控制，一旦外部经济环境发生变动，中国经济发展将面临巨大的潜在风险。因此，从这个意义上讲，过高的对外依存度是不符合科学发展观的。目前中国对外依存度增大主要表现在以下几个方面。首先，中国经济增长过度依赖外资，并且已经在一定程度上危及到国家经济安全。从技术层面看，以跨国公司为代表的外资企业在中国市场上牢牢地掌握着产业技术的控制权，并通过专利战略、技术标准战略，阻止中国企业的自主技术创新进展。其次，中国的外贸依存度逐年提高，也对中国外向型经济的持续发展带来潜在风险。2004年中国外贸进出口大幅度增加， 目前中国的外贸依存度已达70％ 。第三，中国在重要资源和能源方面对外依存度较高，容易引发能源资源的安全保障问题。随着中国经济规模迅速扩大，粗放型增长导致对能源和原材料消耗偏高，中国对能源和重要资源进口的依赖程度日趋严重。如何根据科学发展观的要求，有效地降低中国战略资源和能源的对外依存度，是中国需要关注的重要战略课题之一。

你是要这类的文献吗？Multinational Companies Adjust Strategies to ChinaChina is Now a Key Area in the Global Strategies of Multinational CompaniesOnce upon a time, multinational companies were very sober-minded about investing in China. Of the large German and Japanese companies, originally only Volkswagen and the Sanyo invested in Shanghai, Changchun and Shenzhen on a significant scale. When recalling the days of studying China's investment climate in 1981, Dr. Karl Harn, a magnate in the German auto industry, said, "For most multinational companies at that time, China was still a mysterious, shy girl".But today, changes have taken places. Multinational companies are begining to accelerate their investment in China on a large scale, and have integrated with China's economic and social activities in every sector.According to statistic, 400 out of the "FORTUNE 500" have made a direct investment in over 2000 projects in China. In Pudong, Shanghai alone, the total value of 181 projects invested by 98 companies has reached U.S.$ 8 billion.In recent years, the "FORTUNE 500" 500 target at China, apart from the impetus of the international situation, China' own potential is also a strong temptation.As for the remarkable achievements of China's economy, chairman and CEO of the Boeing Company, can't help showing his admiration. "China's GDP growth rate in the past twenty-three years is 2.5 times more than in North America and Europe. If the leading increase rate keeps going, China will undoubtedly grow into a strong economic power in the next fifty years. Multinational companies must attach sufficient importance to the promising purchasing power on the Chinese market".After a study of China's current situation, Mr. Li Wen, president of the Warner Group, firmly believes that taking a comprehensive survey of the great changes in China in the past twenty years and the development trend of the world economy, two positive facts can be ensured. One is that China's economy has a bright future and the growth potential is huge, the other is that powerful multinational companies are seeking regions with a stable economic growth rate to gain new development opportunities. Connecting the two facts, China in the reform and opening is just such an ideal cooperate partner. In fact, China has already become one of the focuses for the multinationals in all business lines in rearranging their international economic setup in the 21st century.Based on this thinking, many large multinational enterprises have moved their head offices to China, such as the ABB Group of Switzerland, the Robert Bosch Gmbh Co. from Germany and two famous companies from America and France.Talking of the relocation of the ABB Group, vice president, Mr. Chen Daping said, "in order to reside in China, learn of the policies at an early date and improve our development strategy, we moved here." Maybe this is just the reason why multinational companies are fighting to relocate their head offices in China. The abundant harvest received by the early arrivals further encourages the investment by multinational companies. According to a survey, the sales volume of German Henkel Group in 1998 reached RMB 2 billion, and that of Boeing obtained a surprising RMB 19 billion. Motorola, Sony, Volkswagen, Coca-Cola and Ericsson also achieved considerable profits.A survey by the Boston Company not long ago indicates that 90% of companies in Europe, the U.S. and Japan have set a "China first" strategy. Their race to invest and relocate of their head offices in China clearly tells us: multinational companies have focused their key strategies on China, a stable and developing China can not be separated from the world, and the world can not be independent of China, which is creating external business opportunities.Multinational Companies Accelerating the Sales Strategy RearrangementThere is a new trend in the investment by multinational enterprises: to shift their businesses and technical transformation to establishing production bases, the core strategy is first to occupy the huge Chinese market.Reviewing the short-term investment history: in 1992, most multinational companies merely set up representative offices in China and mainly engaged in trade.But since 1995, they have shifted to establishing production bases, especially the share holding companies (such companies are the highest form of foreign investment, besides investment and reinvestment, their responsible also includes product agency, the training of personnel, providing information and supplying funds). Such multinationals include Omron, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sanyo, Fujitong, Toshiba, Isuzu of Japan, Siemens, Bayer, Henkel of Germany, General Electric, IBM, Motorola, and Dell Computer of America.In recent years, multinational companies have accelerated their large investment in China. McDonald's alone has built 52 factories in China. ABB Group established 20 joint ventures. Volkswagen AG set up four large joint ventures and one solely-invested enterprise with a total investment of U.S.$ 2 billion. In addition, Boeing has three large joint ventures, and the key components of 3100 Boeing planes now flying worldwide were made in China. Moreover, with the relocation fever, multinational companies are intensifying their localization strategy of the "root in China".According to employment records, foreign-funded enterprises favor local professionals. The director of human resources for Microsoft (China) Co., Ltd. says, over 500 their employees are Chinese, and most of them are masters and doctors. To our surprise, more and more senior posts are being taken by Chinese. In the ABB (China) Group, of 5000 employees, nearly ten general managers are Chinese, while foreign senior officials are very few.In order to ensure that their products keep up with the changing market, multinational companies lay special emphasis on the localization of R & D and the expansion towards the intellectual service field. Some powerful companies have increased their R & D investment and established research institutes in China. A "China fever" has been started by foreign IT magnates.At the end of last year, Microsoft invested U.S.$ 80 million in a China Research Institute specializing in essential research. It also declared recently that U.S.$ 50 million investment will be made in the Microsoft Asian Technology Center in Shanghai, the highest level research institute of Microsoft in China.Siemens intensifies the localization of key technology. After a century of introducing track communication technology into China, vice president Mr. Burt said, "a century's experience persuaded us that a key factor securing the successful operation is the localization of key components.In November 1999, Motorola (China) Electric Co., Ltd. built the "Motorola China Research Institute" in Beijing. It now has altogether eighteen R & D centers in China (including Hong Kong), 650 research personnel with a investment of RMB 1.3 billion, covering advanced semiconductor materials, micro-controller, CDMA, Will system, and chips for mobiles and software. By the year 2001, there will be 25 research centers and 1000 research personnel with a total investment of RMB 1.8 billion.Northern Telecom International Ltd., IBM, Intel, Du Pont Holding Co., Ltd., P & G, Ericsson, Nokia, Panasonic and Mitsubishi have all established research centers, technological development centers and laboratories in China. AT &T even plans to open the first "Bell Lab". A French company will build "technological zones" in Beijing and Shanghai, including a chip factory and four application labs.Thanks to the acceleration of component localization brought about by the establishment of R & D institutes by multinational companies, costs are reduced and the competitiveness is increased.如要其他类似文献，可以给我留言。

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