英语动物词汇研究论文

晕，我正好写过一篇.....白送给你吧......不然根本找不到的。Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese Animal OnomatopoeiaAbstract: There are some similarities and differences between English and Chinese onomatopoeia. The former mainly includes rhetorical functions and characteristics of absolute structures, and the latter mainly includes syntactic functions, motivations and changes in usage. As for the animal onomatopoeia, the English animal onomatopoeia has substantial content and can be divided into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Different from the Chinese animal onomatopoeia which is rather simple and vague, the English version is more vivid and specific. Making comparative studies between the two will be of great significance to the accuracy of translation from one to the other.Key words: onomatopoeia, animals, similarities, differences Introduction: English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, both of them include copious onomatopoeias, though. English and Chinese onomatopoeias are all of the same in the rhetorical function, they both come from the imitation of the sound given out from some object and movement, or at least has some connection with it. Various sorts of sounds from animals can be heard everywhere, animal onomatopoeias emerge as the times demand. Animal onomatopoeias play an important role in English onomatopoeias, they are much more abundant than Chinese onomatopoeias. In Chinese onomatopoeias, we always use ‘jiao’ to express the sounds given out by animals, while, in English, there are some special onomatopoeias used to express different sounds given out by animals. This is because of the different historical and cultural background, the different expressing habits and different aesthetic judgment of the two different languages, etc.The similarities of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias The English writer Stephen Spond said: ‘Sometimes when I am writing, the music of the words I am trying to shape takes me far beyond the words.’[1](326) The music he mentioned here is the sound from some object, for example, animals, I think. That is, the words he mentioned are the animal onomatopoeias, probably. In English, animal onomatopoeias have two categories: primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound.[2](313) Here the sound is truly an ‘echo to the sense’. For example, on hearing [mu:], we may think of the sounds ‘moumou’ of Chinese form from cows. In English, many words which express the sounds given out by animals fall into this category, in this aspect, English and Chinese onomatopoeias have much in common, especially in pronunciation. Taking the sound given out from cats for example, English onomatopoeia is ‘mew’, ‘miaow’, while in Chinese, ‘miao’ (喵) is used. As for the sounds of pigeons, ‘coo’is used in English while ‘gugu’ (咕咕) is used in Chinese. As for the sounds of the ducks, “quack” is used in English while ‘gugu’(呱呱) is used in Chinese. And as for the sounds given out from geese, ‘cackle’ is used in English while ‘gege’(咯咯) is used in Chinese. The animal onomatopoeias of this kind are only the imitation of sound by sound, just the same in both English and Chinese.Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.[3](67) In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable. Example, the sounds [sn] may express three types of experiences: ‘breath-noise’ (sniff, snuff, snore, snort); ‘quick separation or movement’ (snip, snap, snatch), and ‘creeping’ (snake ,snail, sneak, snoop). The relationship between the sounds and the meanings happens in the Chinese onomatopoeias, too. For example, in Chinese, the sound of [s] reminds us of the sounds ‘sisi’ (嘶嘶) given out from snakes, and the shape of the letter ‘S’ can also remind us of snakes, too. In this aspect, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias are invented for the same purpose.The differences of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias Basically, English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, as a result, but for the similarities, there are many differences in the animal onomatopoeias. As for the sound of the same kind of animals, it may cause two absolutely different feelings because of the different ways of imitation. Subsequently, I will discuss the differences in three aspects: Firstly, Chinese animal onomatopoeias are more lifelike than English onomatopoeias. Chinese animal onomatopoeias are closer to the imitation of the sounds given out by animals, the way of the expression is more direct and flexible, too. For example, in English, “hum” is used to express the sound of bees while ‘wengweng’(嗡嗡) is used in Chinese . It is obvious that ‘wengweng’ is just the echo to the dogs, it is more lifelike and lively. So it is the same with the “bark” and ‘wangwang’(汪汪) . From these, we can see, Chinese onomatopoeias are more meticulous and copious than English animal onomatopoeias. Secondly, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the pronunciation. First of all, different onomatopoeias of English and Chinese may express the same sound. For example, ‘cock-a-doodle-do’ and ‘wowowo’(喔喔喔) both represent the sound given by cocks. The next, the same onomatopoeias may represent different sounds. For example, ‘The girls clattered away at their luncheon.’ means ‘午餐时女孩们叽叽呱呱地谈个不停.’While in the sentence: ‘ The shutters clattered in the wind.’, ‘clatter’ means ‘劈劈啪啪’. Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the structure of speech sounds，too. I want to take some examples to explain the difference. The first one is that, there are many mono-syllable words in English, however, not so many in Chinese. The second one is that, although the structure of AA and AB exist in both English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias, these words cover the most part in Chinese, while not many in English, and the structure of AA in English is only the simple repetition of ‘A’. Moreover, the structure of AB or AA is dependent and can not be separated. However, in English, the AA or AB structure animal onomatopoeias can be used dependently, etc. The last but not the least, the same animal onomatopoeias may have different usages. In English, animals’ different sounds have specially corresponding verbs and nouns to express. For example, ‘chirp’ is used for magpie, ‘crow’ for cock, ‘grunt’ for wild boar, ‘hiss’ for snake, etc. Also the same kind of animal can have several quite different kinds of expressing way. For example, all of the words like ‘bark，yap，yelp, bay, howl, growl, snarl, whine’ can be used to describe the sound of a dog’s barking, which actually has inevitable connection with notion’s culture.[4](256) Dog’s signified meanings in English and Chinese language do not have substantial difference. But they’re very different in the intensive meaning. In western countries, dogs are people’s pets, they take dogs as companion and friends, keeping dogs for happiness has already become a kind of social fashion; while in china, the treatment that dogs receive is quite different. They are usually kept for watching the house and they are human’s servants. From the idioms ‘gou ji tiao qiang’ (a cornered dog will do something desperate) and ‘gou zhang rellshi’ (1ike a dog threatening people on the strength of its master’s Dower— be a bully with the backing of a powerful person we can get a hint of it. So in Chinese we only have ‘wangwang’ for dogs’ barking. In addition, in English the same word for expressing animals’ sound can be used for different animals. For example, ‘howl’ can be used for lions, tigers,1eopards，jackals and wolves at the same time; while in Chinese animals’ sound is basically one for one. For example, gou fei, lang hao, he li, que zao, ma si, hu xiao, shj hou, niao zhuan, jiti. Certainly it does not mean that there is no situation of one for two, but very few. With the development and change of society, in modern Chinese especially in spoken language, the above specific words for expressing animals’ sound have been gradually discarded，and just taken place by simple words ‘叫’or ‘鸣’.Conclusion: Onomatopoeia is a kind of language phenomenon which is universal as well as very important. It can audio-visualize the objects which may just be understood superficially, at the same time, make them more figurative and more vivid through the power of the sounds. Therefore, by the comparison of Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias, we may have a better knowledge about the common character and the individuality of them. As a result, it will help us a lot on mastering and using the animal onomatopoeias correctly, in this way, we will make our writings more copious, lively and more persuadable. Hence, I want to contribute my small share to the research of animal onomatopoeias by this paper writing.Reference books:[1] 包惠南. 文化语境与语言翻译[M] .北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001.[2] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M] .上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.[3]李国南. Secondary Onomatopoeia 与摹绘[J]. 外语与翻译,1999(2) .[4] McLaren, Margaret C. Interpreting Cultural Differences. Norfolk: Pete Francis Publishers , 1998.[5]

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