英语词汇学习策略研究论文

一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.① Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.

小学英语词汇教学法浅探【摘要】文章从现时教学中存在的问题出发，阐述了对小学英语词汇教学的探讨及其应采用的几种教学法，从而培养学生主动参与的意识，探究发现以及语言交际能力。【关键词】小学英语；英语单词；词汇教学法词汇是语音的基本建筑材料，英语词汇教学是英语课堂教学的重要一环。小学英语词汇教学虽不如会话教学那么重要，要求四会的单词非常少，但也是必须掌握的知识。而且词汇教学是比较乏味的。如何有效地教授小学英语词汇，继而激发和保持学生学习英语的兴趣，是每位英语教师必须研究的重要课题。随着时代的发展、教学的深入，词汇教学当然也要因地因时、因人而异，其教法需要不断地改进或发展。一、 小学英语词汇教学中的存在问题（一）教师孤立教词，讲得过多孤立地教词、孤立地讲解，是以往词汇教学中普遍存在的一大弊病。这种教法让教师的讲解占用了过多时间,使学生记忆一堆互不联系的词义和用法例句。而实际上词汇是有规律、成体系的词汇，一方面与语音、句型、课文结合，另一方面在听、说、读、写之中体现，因此在词汇教学中应充分运用整体教学法，大幅度减少教师讲知识的时间，把时间还给学生，让学生自己去观察、思考，依据词汇内部的形、音、义、构造、用法的纵横联系掌握词汇。（二）学生与词汇接触少、吸收少不少词在初学时虽被记住，但以后则被渐渐地忘却。由于有计划、有目的地结合词汇教学进行听、说、读、写不够，而导致词汇重复少、吸收少；反过来，词汇量小又导致听、说、读、写难以大量进行。这种恶性循环导致中学英语教学步履艰难，不少学生英语难过关。由于害怕记单词而讨厌学英语。（三）不同词汇的教学主次不分，平均用力，负担过重在实际中不少教师经常不分主次而一律要求学生将所有词汇的音、形、义、用法全掌握，听、说、读、写都会用。结果是该达到的要求没达到，教师和学生双方都未在词汇的教和学上抓住主要矛盾，因而效果不佳。由此可见，小学英语词汇教学并没有我们以往想象的那么简单，实际教学中的诸多困难和问题还有待解决。作为英语教师，应该认真地研究和学习科学的教学理论并结合实际去付诸实施，最大限度地提高教学效率。二、词汇教学内容（一）读音和拼写的教学词的读音和拼写形式是词的存在基础，是各个方面相互区别的第一要素。音和形的教学历来受到重视，无论中学英语教学采取何种方法和路子，对此都不能忽视。在词汇的音和形的教学中，要注意音和形的统一与结合，通过一定的教学方法，使学生既能见形而知音，又能因音而记形。（二）意义和用法的教学教单词除了读音和拼写之外，还要让学生掌握词的意义和用法。在一些意义具体的单词教学中，要尽量使学生主动、积极地把多方面的感知活动加入词汇学习之中去。对于词的用法教学，则要注意与句型、会话教学紧密结合，在句型中练习词的用法，并强化词与词之间的纵向（一词多用）和横向（一义多词）联系，使学生更准确更迅速地掌握词汇。三、小学英语词汇教学中常用的几种教学法《英语课程标准》所提倡的“任务型”的教学途径以学生兴趣为出发点，以交际为目的，以任务为基础，充分体现了学生的主体性和语言的交际本质，强化了语言交际运用的过程。以任务为中心的教学思路把培养学生主动参与的意识和探究发现以及语言交际能力作为一个重要目标。学生在教师设计的教学活动中，通过参与、体验、思考、讨论、交流合作等方式完成学习任务。因此，要提高教学效果，必须将科学理论与实际需要相结合。在词汇教学中，我们应该根据教材中词汇反映的不同内容，根据学生的年龄特点精心组织教学，使学生学得快、记得牢。在训练中做到词不离句、句不离义。一般而言，词汇教学可采用以下几种方式进行。（一） 直观教学法直观教学法主要是通过实物、图片、手势、动作、表情等使学生建立形象思维，可大大提高记忆效果，这也是最常用的一种教学手段。1. 利用实物进行教学。主要用于实物名称教学，如钟表、杯子、苹果、桔子等，这些都是日常生活中常见的东西，极容易准备且面积不大，便于携带。上课时，教师可一边呈现物品一边将单词读出、板书，将单词的音、形、义一次性完成，既生动又形象。接着按照词不离句、句不离文的方法套入一些句型“What's this? It's a/an …”或 “I like …very much”引导学生进行操练，强化学生对单词音、形、义的统一意识。2. 利用挂图、简笔画、课件等多媒体手段进行词汇教学。对于那些不便于通过实物来进行教学的词汇，如家庭成员、日期、天气、动物等，可利用挂图、简笔画或电教媒体，如何运用视学校实际条件而行。在条件较差的学校，可利用简笔画或挂图来进行；在条件较好的学校，则可运用多媒体。通过这些教具，教师能轻易地将词汇的意、形、义呈现给学生。3. 借助手势、动作或表情进行教学。英语中有许多动词，我们可通过手势、动作、表情，使学生易于领会。如：sing 、run、jump、swim等，教师可以边做动作边说出英语单词，也可以请一些英语较好、领悟能力较强的学生按教师所示做动作，教师可先叙述，接着要求学生跟着单词及句型：run-He is running;jump-He is jumping等等，教师并将动词及相关句型板书，带领学生操练熟悉词汇。（二）创造情景法教师教词汇应尽量避免单调地直接板书单词到黑板上教学生认读，要努力地创造情景，用创造情景法进行词汇教学，把学生置于情景中学习掌握单词。如教授地点名词（如：hospital、station、cinema）时，教师可预先把地点名次分别简单地画在卡片或纸上，同时写上单词，上课时特定几个学生上台拿着。教师说：I want to go to Beijing. Where must I go？等等，并引导学生说出生词station等，同时请拿着相应单词的画的学生向前跨步展现该词的词形、词义。或者是教师设计一个情景，把两组间的过道当作街道，那些拿着画的学生为车站、医院等地点，教师引导学生在这一特定情景里把单词套入特定的句型中反复联系，直至能灵活运用为止。（三）对比教学法词汇教学的对比教学法可分为三种：一种是近（同）义词对比，一种是反义（相对）词对比，还有同音（异形）词对比。同义词对比：英语中大量的词汇都有与其意义相同或相近的词。利用同（近）义词代换或对比的方法讲授词汇是教学中常用的一种方法，如：glad-happy; enjoy-like等等，可帮助学生“温故而知新”。反义（相对）词对比：对比反义词或相对词有助于学生在学习过程中有联系地记忆。如：Now the shop is open. It isn’t closed.或It is not very cold. It is warm.这样的对比不仅便于熟记，还能使单词在句中一目了然，帮助学生准确地运用。同音异形词对比：教师在教生词时，可让学生把以前学过的同音词板书出来。如：no-know，week-weak等等，区别这些词书写和意义上的不同，并分别用这些词造句，促使学生深刻记忆，牢固掌握生词的读音、词性、意义、拼写。（四）词汇组织法随着学生词汇量的增加，教师可根据单词按照一定的范畴进行组织、归类，帮助学生发现记忆规律,利用词汇组织法帮助学生记忆单词。归类组织法：即根据同类关系来将单词归类，教师先提出一个概括词，让学生将学过的属于这一类的词归集起来。如，fruit：apple、banana、pear etc。这样的归类使分散的单词集中起来，便于联想和回忆。接近组织法：即根据接近联想的原理，将两个以上在空间和时间上很接近的印象联系在一起，这样只要想出一个，便会联想和回忆出与之接近的一种印象来。如想到天体，就会想到star、sun、earth、moon，进而想到plane，spaceship，再联想到astronaut、airman等等。（五）英汉释义法这种方法包含英语释义和汉语解释。首先是用英语来解释词汇，锻炼学生用英语想英语的思维能力。如：bank-a place for keeping money等。其次是用汉语解释词义。英语教学中应尽量避免母语的使用。但遇到一些表示抽象概念的词汇时，如air、traffic等，用英语解释可能中学生较难接受，此时教师可以直接用汉语解释，这样不仅可以节省课堂时间，而且意思清晰明了。（六）游戏、竞赛法青少年活泼、好强、好表现，教师应充分利用学生这一特点，努力在英语课堂上为学生创造说和做的机会，使他们处于学习的主人地位。把竞争机制引入课堂，把游戏搬进课堂，不仅拉近了师生间的距离，而且能使学生整个身心处于积极主动的学习状态。词汇教学中常用的游戏方法有“找朋友”，“猜测游戏”、“单词接龙”等；竞赛的形式也有多种，如“看谁举例多”、“看谁最快完成”等等。游戏、竞赛可用于词汇教学的各个环节，前面所介绍的几种教法中也可将游戏或竞赛渗透其中，但教师要注意合理控制时间，且要避免只追求趣味而忽略效果。（七）单词拼读规则法这种方法要建立在良好的语音基础上。英语作为拼音文字，字母和读音之间有一定的规律可循，这就是我们常说的读音规则。教师在教学词汇中应让学生熟练掌握读音规则，并通过大量的例句进行更直观、形象的讲解。如a在开音节中读[ei]：name、cake、late等，引导学生利用读音规则发音和记忆单词。这种方法可以培养学生的自学单词的能力。（八）探索法直接出示单词教学生发音是大多数教师过去常用的方法，它只注重传授知识本身，也就是我们常说的“认读法”。在词汇教学中也可以将它变为“探索法”，让学生自己去发现知识的规律。下面是一个词汇“bread”的教学实例。T(teacher): Do you know how to read it in English? ( Showing a picture of bread.)S(students): No.T: Please find out the words (that we have learned) with “ea”.S: (All the students begin to think and find out the following words: tea, teacher, head, please, meat, …)T: Now please read them and tell me how to pronounce“ea” in each word.S: tea[ti:], please[pli:z], meat[mi:t],head[hed],…T: Oh, wonderful! Now, you know, sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[i:], but sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[e]. Here“ea” in bread should be pronounced [e], the same as “head”.S: Ok, we can read it (bread) [bred].采用“探索法”，可以充分发挥学生学习的自主性和创造性。学生在教师的指导下学会了该单词的读音，掌握了读音规则，还学会了思考以及寻求知识的方法。这种学习不是被动地接受知识，而是通过自主地参与获得探究能力。它是一种“探究式” 的学习：它既重视结果又强调知识获得的过程，既关注意义建构又注重应用。因此， 它特别有利于素质教育、创新教育的有效实施。四、展望英语词汇的教学方式方法多种多样，以上所述只是最常用和常见的几种。常言道：教学有法，教无定法。英语词汇教学必须立足于时代和科学的发展，以一定的科学教学理论为依据，在实际中结合教学对象和教材的特点，设计出符合学生心理特点、遵循语言学习规律的教学方法，满足时代发展及学生的学习需要。从而激发学生学习的兴趣，提高教学效率，并不断关注和学习新的教育动态，收集和吸取成功的范例，结合实际，创造出新颖实用的教学方法。【参考文献】[1]张莺，付丽萍.小学英语教学法[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社，2000.[2]王笃勤.小学英语教学法——导学[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，2003．[3]王电建，赖红玲.小学英语教学法[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2002．[4]车建琴.“直接拼读法”在上海浦东新区小学低年级的实践与研究[J].中小学英语教学与研究，2006．仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

迅雷搜索下载啊！然后整理一下不就得了，不就400字么

sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 99.99% 43,831 - 99.0% 15,851 - 97.8% 6,000 - 89.9% 5,000 - 88.6% 4,000 - 86.7% 3,000 - 84.0% 2,000 - 79.7% 1,000 - 72.0% 10 - 23.7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for 23.7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.