保险论文外文文献

Deposit insurance system and a financial security system, refers to the types of eligible deposits of financial institutions, together set up an insurance agencies, insured by deposit-taking institutions as a proportion of their deposits must pay insurance premiums, set up a deposit insurance reserve fund, happen when the member institutions operating in crisis or facing bankruptcy, the deposit insurance agencies to provide financial aid or directly to the depositors to pay some or all of deposits, thereby protecting the interests of depositors, and safeguard the bank's credit, to stabilize the financial order in a system. [Edit this paragraph] The rise of deposit insurance system and development On the true meaning of the deposit insurance system began in the 30s of the 20th century the United States, then in order to save the economic crisis at the verge of collapse under the impact of the banking system, the U.S. Congress in 1933 through the "Glass - Steagall Act", Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as a government bank deposit insurance agency established in 1934 and began to implement a deposit insurance to avoid the run to protect the stability of the banking system. At present, the operation of the longest history and the greatest impact are 1 January, 1934 the formal implementation of the United States federal deposit insurance system. 20 since the early 50th century, with the economic situation and the financial system, financial innovations such as the constant changes and developments, the U.S. deposit insurance system and continuous improvement, especially in financial supervision and inspection and control of financial risks and early warning, FDIC made substantial results significantly exploration, and achieved very good results, thus establishing the FDIC financial regulation in the United States at the "big three" one of the status of a deposit insurance system to become the United States financial system and financial management of an important part. Well-known American economists, leaders of monetarist Milton Friedman (Friedman M.) on the U.S. deposit insurance system gave a high evaluation: "The bank set up the federal deposit insurance system are the United States currency since 1933 the most important one major events. " 20 Since the mid-60th century, with the increasing liberalization of the financial sector, international development, a marked increase in financial risks, the vast majority of Western developed countries have been at the country's financial system to introduce a deposit insurance system, Taiwan, India, Colombia and other parts of the development of in countries and regions also carried out a useful attempt in this regard. At present, prevailing theory is put into implicit deposit insurance (implicit) and explicit deposit insurance (explicit) deposit insurance in two. 1, implicit deposit insurance system is more common in developing countries or state-owned banks dominate the banking system, the country did not mean to make the system of deposit insurance arrangements, but in the bank goes bust, the Government will adopt some form of protection of depositors interests, creating a public deposit protection is expected. 2, explicit deposit insurance system of the country by law means the form of deposit insurance institutions, as well as the elements of problem there is the issue of disposal of bodies clearly defined. Explicit deposit insurance system has the advantage of being: 1) clear of bank failures to pay the amount of deposits of the people, people's confidence in the stability of deposits. 2) set up specialized agencies in order to clear the way quickly and effectively dispose of problem banks have, saving disposal costs. 3) accumulation of funds prior to payment for the deposit and the disposal of banks. 4) Strengthening the banking system and market constraints, a clear duty of all parties concerned in a bank failure. FDIC in view of the United States to stabilize the financial system and protect interests of depositors and other aspects of the remarkable results, especially since the 20th century, 80's, the world happened one after another on a series of banking crises and currency crises, has prompted many national governments in the foreign deposit insurance system based on the combination of their own reality, to establish or improve the existing deposit insurance system. Especially in recent years, explicit deposit insurance in the global access to the rapid development of the light under the map: A total of 78 global economies set up in various forms of deposit insurance system, even though its set up time varied, but in law or regulation on the protection of deposits had been clearly defined 74 economies (that is, set up a explicit deposit insurance system). Some people even set up deposit insurance system as a true sense of the modern financial system is an integral part. In fact, over the past 30 years set up a deposit insurance system of the dominant countries and regions, an increase of the number 6 times in 1974 from the 12 to 74 of 2003. The establishment of an explicit deposit insurance system has become the experts give to developing countries and regions of the financial structure of the proposed reform is a key feature (Garcia, 2003). But also on the national level of compulsory insurance has become a mainstream. Almost all the country from the very beginning, set up on the national level of deposit insurance. Moreover, whether developed or developing, mandatory for all deposit-taking institutions all add insurance system more and more into the mainstream of many forms. [Edit this paragraph] the deposit insurance system of organizational forms Judging from the current system has been implemented in the country of view, there are three main forms of organization: 1, the government has set up, such as the United States, Britain and Canada. 2, by the Government and the banking sector, set up, such as Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands. 3, with government support by the United set up the banking industry, such as Germany. Our country is not yet set up the system, but the financial risks are plaguing our country's commercial banks, the majority of the interests of depositors are at stake, the credibility of the banks are also subject to unprecedented challenges, and therefore improve the level of central bank supervision at the same time, our country set up the deposit insurance system, especially for small and medium-sized financial institutions to absorb the deposit insurance, will protect the family and the interests of small and medium-sized deposits, helping to stabilize the financial system, enhance depositor confidence in the importance of banks. [Edit this paragraph] the deposit insurance system of the basic characteristics of 1, the relationship between paid and mutual Deposit insurance relationship between the main, on the one hand are paid, that is, only in accordance with the provisions of the insured banks to pay premiums after the insurance people to get financial assistance, or collapse of the depositors in order to be compensated; on the other hand, are mutual assistance . That is, deposit insurance are a large number of insured banks互助共济achieve, if only a few banks insured, the insurance fund small scale, it is difficult to bear the bank bankruptcy to compensate people for taking responsibility. 2, during the limited nature of Deposit insurance only at the closure of the effective period of insurance of bank deposits to compensate, but not take part in deposit insurance, or terminated the insurance relationship banks generally unprotected. 3, the result of the profit and loss Deposit insurance to the deposit insurance agencies are providing a financial security, once the insured bank failures, deposit insurance to people who claim, the result may be related to the insurance premium charged by banks differ greatly. Therefore, the Deposit Insurance Corporation must pass laws actuarial science is more accurate to calculate the rate of reasonable protection, the Deposit Insurance Corporation has the capacity to assume the duty deposits paid. 4, the institution's monopoly Whether it is official, the private sector, or joint deposit insurance commercial insurance companies have different services, their business is not the purpose of profit, but rather through the establishment of a deposit protection mechanism to guarantee deposits enhance people's confidence in the banking industry . Therefore, the deposit insurance agency has a monopoly in general. [Edit this paragraph] The role of deposit insurance system 1, the protection of the interests of depositors, enhance public confidence in the banking system. If you set up a deposit insurance system, when the implementation of the system of bank liquidity problems or bankruptcy can not pay depositors for deposits, in accordance with the terms of the contract of insurance, the insured bank deposit insurance agencies from where to obtain compensation or to obtain financial assistance, or was receiving, merger, loss of depositors deposits as small as possible will be reduced to the extent of effective protection of the interests of depositors. Although the deposit insurance system is a kind of remedial measures, but its role is also reflected in advance, when the public know that banks have implemented the system, even if the banks did run into problems, but also by the corresponding compensation, and this from a psychological to give them a sense of security, which can effectively reduce the kind of highly contagious flu panic, noodle into a reduction of the run on the banking system. 2, which can effectively improve the stability of the financial system and maintain a normal financial order. Because of deposit insurance agencies have to undertake to guarantee bank questions have to pay duty, it will certainly insured banks must carry out day-to-day business activities of supervision, management, and it lies hidden, timely advice and warnings to ensure that the bank will sound operators, which in fact adding a financial safety net. At the same time because of the system to the public the positive psychological effects can also be effective in preventing the occurrence of the wave of bank runs and spread, thus promoting stability of the financial system. 3, to promote competition in the banking sector appropriately, in order to provide the public with lower prices and better quality services. Large banks because of its size and strength are often in a dominant position to absorb deposits, and small and medium-sized banks at a disadvantage, and this easy to form large banks monopolized. The monopoly is not conducive to the interests of consumers, the public will be less than the benefits gained status under imperfect competition benefits. Deposit insurance system is to protect the small and medium-sized banks, to promote fair competition and effective methods. It will enable depositors to form a consensus, will be deposited into the big banks, whether deposits or small banks, their level of protection of the system are the same, so the merits of the provision of services, will become the bank's deposit customers select the main factors. 4, the deposit insurance agencies may have questions on the bank guarantee, subsidy or financing support to save their way, or encourage them to be stronger bank mergers, to reduce the social turmoil, contributes to social stability. [Edit this paragraph] the pros and cons of deposit insurance system 1, the deposit insurance system a positive impact on 1) there is conducive to the prevention of financial risks, stability, a country's financial system. In the context of economic and financial globalization, the international financial market turmoil intensified, the frequent occurrence of financial turmoil. Such as the 1994 Mexican financial crisis, the United Kingdom of Bahrain in 1995 banking crises in Japan in 1996 and the bank failures Hisaka case, in 1997 swept through Southeast Asia and Japan and South Korea of the Asian financial turmoil, and, more recently, Japanese insurance companies and so on frequently bankrupt, not only seriously affected the normal operation of the national economy and social stability, and returned to the international financial markets brought about a tremendous impact. These countries in order to address these financial issues have paid a heavy price. Although our country is currently no large-scale systemic financial crisis, but with the financial markets, the internationalization of the accelerated process of financial innovation products growing small and medium-sized commercial banks have established internal control system at commercial banks are not robust banks at their own risk gradually increased. To prevent risks, to stabilize the financial, can only be "nipped in the bud," International experience has shown that the deposit insurance system set up to guard against financial risks may be a viable option. 2) is conducive to protection of the interests of depositors, up to enhance the overall bank credit. As a credit intermediary banks, and its basic characteristics are high-risk sexual and unstable, that is, most of the money the bank liabilities is based on the form of absorption of institutional and individual deposits, own funds accounted for only a small portion of all the capital, poor management at or other factors should not cause unliquidated obligations on time, they easily cause the bank's credit crisis. China's financial industry is now the status quo are the operational mechanisms of state-owned commercial banks have not been completely change the irrational structure of assets and liabilities, risk resilience of poor development in the financial markets are imperfect, means and methods of financial supervision and management against the backdrop of falling behind, the introduction of a mandatory deposit insurance in fact the banking industry is the development of a mandatory protection. 3) there is in favor of the traditional concept of innovation, improve public awareness of the risks. A long time, at the planned economic system model, our country's bank savings deposits is not only no risk, but substantial gains have been the first choice for people to invest in the channels. In the implementation of the socialist market economic conditions, enterprise bankruptcy, not only in theory has been accepted by the general public, but in practice has been implemented, so as the currency of this special commodity operating commercial banks in the potential risks should also be acceptable to the public. 4) there is conducive to strengthening the central bank's supervision, to alleviate the burden on the central bank. The purpose of deposit insurance, on the one hand want are circumstances in mind, the implementation of compensation for duty, on the other hand, are more key in order to protect the whole financial system stability. This requires that the deposit insurance agencies to daily banking operations to monitor the activity, but also to the banks regularly check the financial situation, a review of its reported statistics and accounts. When a bank mismanagement or operator of an illegal, risky business, deposit insurance agencies can warn ordered to reform, to help banks tide over their difficulties, or contributed to the acquisition of other banks in order to achieve the central bank's regulatory intent. 2, the deposit insurance system of the negative effects of 1) The deposit insurance system of its most fundamental problem is that it may induce moral hazard. On the one hand, the existence of a deposit insurance system makes sense of decline in the risk of depositors, especially in market-oriented interest rate after implementation, they would probably disregard the risk of banking operations, will be willing to pay money to the maximum bank deposit interest; On the other hand, commercial banks the risk of restraint mechanisms will weaken in the business activities on the possible in pursuit of high profits and excessive speculation. In addition, our country set up a deposit insurance system have a special question: are the four major state-owned banks have the backing of the Government to make, enjoy free insurance provided by the Government, in order to save operating costs, obviously reluctant to join the deposit insurance system. If you do not put state-owned commercial banks into the system, then the amount of the insurance fund because of the small, narrow, it is difficult to guarantee the substantial loss of bank funds happen time to pay depositors. 2) to encourage banks to take risks. In other words, the deposit insurance system to stimulate banks to assume more risk, to encourage banks to risk-taking behavior. Since banks know that once the trouble, the deposit insurance agency will save them. Especially when a bank crisis and do not have to be closed, the owner of a deposit insurance agency used the money bet, because that's when all of the risks borne by the insurer. This financial strength of those weak, the risk of a high degree of financial institutions will be the actual benefits, and healthy competition in the banking sector would be undermined, thus give the whole financial system into the unstable factors in the banking system and increase operational risks. This set up deposit insurance system would have run counter to the purpose of.

农业保险研究外文文献内容如下。1、关于农业保险的性质的研究。Roumasser1978使用福利经济学的方法对农业保险进行研究认为，农业保险存在正外部性。Hazell1981通过系统研究认为农业保险具有正的外部性。2、关于农业保险的需求的研究当前保险需求研究的理论依据是1947年由Neumann和Morge。