财务管理毕业论文外文文献翻译

财务管理和财务分析作为财务学科中应用工具。本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析。本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。 通过对本书的学习，你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分，不是一个被分离出来的功能。财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部。 无论企业的形式和规模如何，财务原理和财务工具均适用。就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题，大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。不管公司的规模和形式是如何的，公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。例如，无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策，今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。 我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业，不仅限于美国的企业。虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同，但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。例如，在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时，你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生（设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性），这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方? 此外，我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。但是建立这种依据比不费力。我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。而不是原理和证据。例如，我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉，而不是利用公式和证据。再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。 财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。前两个部分（第一部分和第二部分）涉及到基础部分，它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容，我们提出了长期投资管理（通常被称为资本预算）的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。第六部分涉及到财务报表分析，它包括财务比率的分析

Starting a small businessAccounting - Small BusinessVCE AccountingWhat is a service business? List three examples of small service businesses that you know.Define a small business.A small business is a usually owned by one or two owner, these owner manage and controls the business. The business usually consists of 20 or less employees.What is the difference between a sole trader and a partnership? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of a sole trader and a partnership?Sole trader is a business owned by the one owner whereas a partnership is where two or more owners own the business and the share is spread among the owners. The advantages of a partnership includes a greater amount of money being used while can help them to increase the quality of services and goods. The flexibility of having one owner and therefore it gives the other owners the chance to take time off, so that he or she won’t have to worry about his or her business as there are other owner helping to look after the business, also the workload is spread.The letter Pty Ltd stands for Proprietary Limited, this means that the business is a private company. Starting a small business have many advantages and disadvantages. Some advantages included having full control of the company with mean that your are able to make your own decisions without having to go through the whole process of having to go though lots of people before making the decision. It is also easier to start with a much lower cost. Disadvantages includes the lack of skills and experiences, a risk of failure as ypou have no idea if the business will be successful.Some disadvantages included unlimited liabilities, which can cause company failure. Many disagreements concerning the running of the business.The advantages of sole trader included the ability to make your own decisions and therefore giving you all the control and decision-making. This also limits the liabilities. Disadvantages includes the huge amount of responsibilities which the owner holds this enable the owner to have too much flexibility.Expert PC Repairs Pty Ltd is a local small business that repairs computers. What do the letters Pty Ltd tell you about the business? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of starting your small business as a company?A service business is where you pay and in exchange they provide you with business. Some examples of service business includes hair dressers, lawyers and electricians.What is a trading business? List three examples of small trading businesses that you know.A trading business is where you pay money in exchange you receive goods.Some example of small trading business includes, milk bars, clothing shops and florist.What is an e-commerce business? List three examples of e-commerce businesses that you know.An e-commerce business is where the trading is done on the internet where you pay by card and receive good. SomeSome examples includes, Amazon.com, CDS and DVDs, also Danoz Direct.Check your knowledge – service and trading businesses.Trading: DVDs for sale on the internet, butcher, video rental, newsagent, bakery, school canteen, milk bars, mobile phone dealer, book shop.Service: lawyer, dentist, cleaning business, local bus company, gardener, doctor, tutoring, sporting coach.What does starting a business from scratch mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and disadvantage.Starting a business from scratch means that you start off from nothing, you can develop the business the way you are able to develop your own image and reputation.Advantages includes having the ability to start the business at your own pace as well, you’re also free to develop your own image as well as reputation.Disadvantages are the capability of a business failure and you have no idea if this business is going to succeed.What does buying an existing business mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and disadvantage.Buying a existing business means buying a business which someone else had previously owned ran.Some advantages includes having the business in a good location as well you’re able to know how successful the business have being.However having this could also be a disadvantage as the old customers don’t really know you and are not sure if they should continue with the business. Sometimes this business may also have a bad reputation which may cause limited customers as they don’t know what you’re like when running a business.What does buying a franchise business mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and disadvantage.Buying a franchise means that your buying business’s name as well as they method of doing things and also their reputation and images.Advantage of a franchise business includes the image the business has already set to the market and is very successful. Not only did you pay for the business you also pay for advertisement, which means you don’t have to worry about having to plan your own ads.Disadvantage is not having the rights to change what you sell and the way you do business.What do you think are the main advantages of buying a McDonalds franchise?The advantages of buying a McDonalds business are the fame which McDonalds restaurants have already spread around the world everyone knows McDonalds therefore you don’t have to worry about your business not succeeding due to the limited amount of people knowing what you are. By buying the McDonalds franchise you’re eligible to all the ads and promotion for the company.What do you think are the main advantages of buying a Video Ezy franchise?Buying a Video Ezy franchise allows you to have your own territory, which means that you’re the only one of the kind in this area, this will bring better business.What are the benefits of owning a video rental business that you:Start from scratch: You are free free to develop your own idea and management.Bought as an existing business: It’s in a good location as well as knowing that the business is should be successful.Bought as a franchise: Having your own territory set for you in that area. All the ads are done for you.Check your knowledge so far – Jim’s MowingWhat are the two advantages and disadvantages of buying a Jim’s mowing franchise?Advantages: A well-known business, which gives you, the advantage of knowing that this business has very good chance of doing well. Also Jim’s mowing offers new businesses training so they can receive a good start. Disadvantages: Not having the ability to sell the products that you want to sell and must depend on the what the business. Why would you want to start your business on the Internet?Starting a business on the net can bring your many advantages includes the ability to advertise the business online, this helps to spread the information of your business everywhere. Not only that the cost of managing the business is also cheaper than that of other sorts of advertisements.浅析中小企业会计规范化罗伯特.修斯 阿兰.约瑟[摘 要]中小企业会计核算存在会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清;所有者自身素质及逃避纳税心理,制约会计核算规范化;会计机构设置不符合相关规定;会计核算违规操作等问题,对此,必须采取相关措施,使会计核算规范化。[关键词]中小企业;会计规范化;会计核算中小企业在完善我国市场机制、推动国民经济的发展、增加劳动就业、保持社会稳定等方面发挥着重要的作用。但在发展中也存在着许多问题,特别是会计核算的不规范,是制约中小企业进一步发展的瓶颈。一、中小企业会计核算存在的问题1.会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清。中小企业的经营权与所有权的分离远不如大企业那么明显,尤其中小企业中的民营企业,投资者就是经营者,企业财产与个人家庭财产经常发生相互占用的情况,给会计核算工作带来困难。2.所有者自身的素质低及逃避纳税的心理,制约着中小企业会计核算的规范化。中小企业在经营过程中,为了自身利益,往往有通过逃避纳税的方式增加财富的想法,经营状况不好时,逃避纳税的愿望就更强烈。当外部监管力度不够时,这种现象会普遍存在。3.会计机构的设置不符合相关规定。很多中小企业,特别是民营企业,为了节约核算成本,不按规定设置会计机构。有的企业即使设置了会计机构,也层次不清、分工不明.会计人员的业务素质低下。由于中小企业一般经营品种繁杂、行业各异,经营规模差距较大,所聘用的财务人员素质参差不齐,从而导致了会计核算的不规范在会计人员任用上,小企业最常见的做法是用自己的亲属当出纳,外聘“高手”作兼职会计,这些人员有在税务部门工作的,有国有企业财务管理人员,有会计师事务所的人员等,一般定期来做账。有些中小企业企业管理者也愿意聘请能力强的会计人员做专职会计,但是由于其发展前景及社会上得到人们认识程度较低,再加上较差的工作保障,使得其对优秀会计人员的吸引力不强。会计从业人员资格认定及规范考核的问题也很多,会计无证上岗现象严重,会计主管不具备专业技术资格的现象不胜枚举,会计人员的后续教育培养工作几乎没有进行。5.建账不规范或不依法建账,会计核算常有违规操作。中小企业有些根本不设账,以票代账;或者设账,但账目混乱。还有相当一部分中小企业设两套账或多套账,使会计信息严重失真。在会计核算方面,待摊费用、预提费用不按规定摊提,人为操纵利润,采用倒轧账的方式记账等。有些会计人员知识结构老化与专业知识较低,使得许多理论上完善的会计方法与复杂的会计技术无法实施,或在实施时大打折扣。6.内部会计监督职能没有发挥出来。内部会计监督要求会计人员对本企业内部的经济活动进行会计监督,但是中小企业的管理者常干预会计工作,会计人员受制于管理者或受利益驱使,往往按管理者的意图行事,使会计的监督职能几乎无法挥。7.原始凭证付出成本大,或者难以获得。原始凭证的获取要付出成本,是因为企业在购买商品时要不要发票存在着不同的价格,若要发票,就要加价,价格较高;不要发票价格较低,两者的差价是税款。还有的企业发生费用后无法取得发票,只能用不合法的收据,在上级主管部门摊派的费用中支出。企业只好不做此账,或相互之间调剂票据8.企业内部控制制度不够健全,也阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的发展。由于部分中小企业现有的人员素质和管理水平较低,无法建立健全诸如内部稽核、定额管理、计量验收、成本核算等制度,阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的进程,造成了企业资产流失、浪费严重、经营管理混乱等。二、规范中小企业会计核算的建议1.加强相关法律法规的建设和执行,促进中小企业的全面健康发展。要解决中小企业会计规范化问题,靠一两家企业自我完善和会计人员努力是很难实现的。只有促进中小企业的健康发展,解决企业融资困难,实现科学化管理,克服自身的弱点才能从根本上解决会计规范化的问题。解决这一问题的根本办法就是执行好现有的相关法律法规,并根据经济发展的需要,适时制定、修改有关中小企业的法律法规,这样才能既促进中小企业会计规范化建设,加强中小企业的管理,又能为中小企业的全面发展保驾护航。2.建立与我国中小企业相适应的会计制度。在过去很长一段时间里,国家在制定会计规范体系的过程中,很少考虑到中小企业会计需求与大企业和上市公司的差别,随着中小企业在我国经济发展中的作用越来越重要,会计理论界对中小企业会计规范化问题日趋关注。中小企业会计制度的制订应遵循以下原则:(1)适应中小企业的特点。在会计制度设计中要考虑企业经营管理组织体系的设置,并与此保持一致。由于中小型企业业务量较少,会计核算只能采用集中核算方式,即由会计机构统一办理。部分中小企业交易类型有限,经营活动比较简单,一般只需要简单的数据,没有对数据产生深层次分析的需要,因此应允许一些企业不设会计机构。会计人员一般以2~3人为宜,并指派一人担任财务主管,在职责划分上要注意不相容职责的分离,如出纳、总账与稽核,出纳与总账、明细账的分离等。有些企业的会计工作也可由社会中介 机构代理。中小企业行业涉及面广,会计科目设置上应考虑通用性,针对采用独资和合伙 形式的中小企业所要承担的无限责任,应考虑对会计制度的影响;对于企业财产和个人家 庭支出相互占用的情况,应设置往来账户加以核算;适当放宽凭证的认定以解决中小企 业难以获得合法凭据的问题等。总之,中小企业会计准则的制定一定要充分考虑中小企业的特点。(2)重要性原则,要求提供的信息重点突出。与大型企业相比,会计信息需求者在中小企业中发生了变化。首先,税务部门的纳税管理需求成为最主要的外部需求;其次,投资者的决策需求和管理者的管理需求相统一;最后是银行贷款管理需求,但是此需求因银行提供的贷款很少而相对薄弱。会计信息需求上的变化,决定了中小企业的会计 应着眼于这些企业税务上的需要和内部信息的需求。(3)成本效益原则。会计信息的提是有成本的,企业在提供会计信息的过程中应讲求成本效益原则。(4)简便易行。由于 中小企业业务量小、会计人员素质参差不齐,会计制度设计时应充分考到操作上的简便 易行。加强外部监管力度。从目前我国中小企业的现状来看,靠企业自身约束来规范会 计工作是不现实的,我们应该更多的借助于外部监管,帮助中小企业实现会计规范化。 财政部门首先应指导督促中小企业依《会计基础工作规范》的要求建立健全账簿体 系,发现不符合《会计基础工作规范》要求的,应及时严肃处理;其次,财政部门还应督促中 小企业建立、健全会计内部控制制度和内部核算制度;最后,财政部门还应切实地做好财 务人员的后续教育。税务部门也应改进查核方式,改进税务人员对于中小企业的态度,并 建立税务代理人制度,以增加税务申报速度,减轻税务人员的工作负担,以便全心进行查 核工作。我们相信,只要充分认识到我国中小企业会计规范化进程中存在的问题,并充分考虑 到中小企业在经济发展中的重要性,有关方面齐抓共管、共同努力,定能把这项艰巨的工 作做得更好。觉得怎么样，有5000字吧！！！！累死了

去雅虎英语去搜，谢谢

我需要一篇外文文献及翻译！关于企业财务风险防范的内容！要求字数达标、有外国作者的名字和出处共两篇 ，希望对楼主有用什么是财务风险 财务风险是企业在财务管理过程中必须面对的一个现实问题，财务风险是客观存在的，企业管理者对财务风险只有采取有效措施来降低风险，而不可能完全消除风险。文章通过对企业财务风险类型分析，从中找出不同财务风险产生的具体原因，并试图探索出解决各类财务风险的有效方法。 当今世界上因财务风险而倒闭破产的公司，甚至是特大公司也不为少见，如2002年世界500强的安然就是一例。因此，忽视财务风险将给我们带来的后果是严重的。 财务风险的定义和基本类型 财务风险是指企业在各项财务活动中由于各种难以预料和无法控制的因素，使企业在一定时期、一定范围内所获取的最终财务成果与预期的经营目标发生偏差，从而形成的使企业蒙受经济损失或更大收益的可能性。企业的财务活动贯穿于生产经营的整个过程中，筹措资金、长短期投资、分配利润等都可能产生风险。 根据风险的来源可以将财务风险划分为： 1.筹资风险 筹资风险指的是由于资金供需市场、宏观经济环境的变化，企业筹集资金给财务成果带来的不确定性。筹资风险主要包括利率风险、再融资风险、财务杠杆效应、汇率风险、购买力风险等。利率风险是指由于金融市场金融资产的波动而导致筹资成本的变动；再融资风险是指由于金融市场上金融工具品种、融资方式的变动，导致企业再次融资产生不确定性，或企业本身筹资结构的不合理导致再融资产生困难；财务杠杆效应是指由于企业使用杠杆融资给利益相关者的利益带来不确定性；汇率风险是指由于汇率变动引起的企业外汇业务成果的不确定性；购买力风险是指由于币值的变动给筹资带来的影响。 2.投资风险 投资风险指企业投入一定资金后，因市场需求变化而影响最终收益与预期收益偏离的风险。企业对外投资主要有直接投资和证券投资两种形式。在我国，根据公司法的规定，股东拥有企业股权的25%以上应该视为直接投资。证券投资主要有股票投资和债券投资两种形式。股票投资是风险共担，利益共享的投资形式；债券投资与被投资企业的财务活动没有直接关系，只是定期收取固定的利息，所面临的是被投资者无力偿还债务的风险。投资风险主要包括利率风险、再投资风险、汇率风险、通货膨胀风险、金融衍生工具风险、道德风险、违约风险等。 3.经营风险 经营风险又称营业风险，是指在企业的生产经营过程中，供、产、销各个环节不确定性因素的影响所导致企业资金运动的迟滞，产生企业价值的变动。经营风险主要包括采购风险、生产风险、存货变现风险、应收账款变现风险等。采购风险是指由于原材料市场供应商的变动而产生的供应不足的可能，以及由于信用条件与付款方式的变动而导致实际付款期限与平均付款期的偏离；生产风险是指由于信息、能源、技术及人员的变动而导致生产工艺流程的变化，以及由于库存不足所导致的停工待料或销售迟滞的可能；存货变现风险是指由于产品市场变动而导致产品销售受阻的可能；应收账款变现风险是指由于赊销业务过多导致应收账款管理成本增大的可能性，以及由于赊销政策的改变导致实际回收期与预期回收的偏离等。 4.存货管理风险 企业保持一定量的存货对于其进行正常生产来说是至关重要的，但如何确定最优库存量是一个比较棘手的问题，存货太多会导致产品积压，占用企业资金，风险较高；存货太少又可能导致原料供应不及时，影响企业的正常生产，严重时可能造成对客户的违约，影响企业的信誉。 5.流动性风险 流动性风险是指企业资产不能正常和确定性地转移现金或企业债务和付现责任不能正常履行的可能性。从这个意义上来说，可以把企业的流动性风险从企业的变现力和偿付能力两方面分析与评价。......希望采纳，谢谢