发布时间：
Nationwide, Vocational education has become China's higher education "half of the country." Vocational College enrollment continues to expand the scale expansion in the number of schools has risen sharply. In recent years, and the higher vocational education have also been booming development. But with the rapid development of higher vocational education, increasing the size of the school, some of the problems are gradually exposed: the role of the Government and the absence of offside coexist, and unfair treatment of financial support, students taking system lags behind, survival and development environment difficult; overall social evaluation is not high, students, parents, serious prejudice, some higher vocational institutions sponsoring their own direction unknown, redundant construction, and no personality characteristics, the subject of poor quality graduates employment difficulties, the problem is confusion Wu Duo, but if boils, Root of the Matter究end, and ultimately we can set our sights on one point: the positioning of higher vocational education. Vocational education is the lack of reasonable and accurate positioning, how to properly define its role, and have set up a suitable regional situation, and to protect Vocational Education sustained, healthy and steady development of the positioning system, we need to solve the problems. Some scholars began to higher vocational education should pay close attention to the development of higher vocational some constructive advice. But generally speaking, the academic community for the positioning of Higher Vocational Education Research relatively small, no systematic study on the formation theory. Therefore, this article is intended to higher vocational institutions as the main study, research and comparative literature through the study of a certain amount of investigation and research on the positioning of higher vocational education and the reasons for the problems were analyzed, and foreign successful positioning of the Higher Vocational Education experience, which is based on the correct positioning of Vocational Strategies. Papers in five major part of the study: Introduction to the first part: First, on the positioning of higher vocational education on the origin and significance of this study, and our country is already on the positioning of the Vocational study done a brief introduction. The second part of the positioning of higher vocational education concepts and theories related Overview: Vocational Education is the key position of the related concepts - higher vocational education, positioning, positioning of higher vocational education should be straightened out to define, but also the positioning of the Higher Vocational Education The theory - Colleges and Universities stratification (classification) and location theory, system theory, the personnel structure model theory, the theory of lifelong education, to provide a theoretical basis of this study. The third part of higher vocational education position and the reasons for the deviation Analysis: The major part of the Vocational Education Research positioning errors and attribution analysis, from a macro point of view is that the Government and social awareness of Higher Vocational Education positioning unclear, policies and regulations , the lack of funding support from the micro perspective of the Vocational College is positioning itself not understand the objective of fostering understanding narrow. Positioning the reasons for the deviation caused both traditional understanding of the impact of inertia are the drawbacks of the system. Part IV abroad successful positioning of higher vocational education experience and insight: foreign positioning of higher vocational education to the successful experience of the Enlightenment, "the objective of various high technology-based skills and the training of personnel; level position in the multi-level, open, ; position in the concept of lifelong education, and attach importance to the legislative work of vocational education with vocational education in the legal guarantee of the status of higher education. " Part V accurate positioning of higher vocational education Countermeasures: Higher Vocational Education positioning the problems and causes of higher vocational education abroad positioning the successful experience from the market mechanism and macro-control two aspects of the accurate positioning of Higher Vocational Education strategy.
With the further opening of China's retail industry, foreign retail giants such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour, etc. to speed up the retail market in the Chinese city treetop ring, chain supermarket industry is facing fierce competition. Talent is the business of the country, is the core resource is to obtain and maintain key elements of competitive advantage. Effective management of staff training to enhance the overall quality of the staff competition to win for the supermarket chains play an important role. In this paper, staff training and development of China Resources Vanguard's status as an example a study, and for the enterprise in terms of staff training and development problems such as unreasonable structure of the training organization, training way too simple, lack of training effect evaluation, put forward the corresponding improvements that will give domestic enterprises with similar problems to provide
悬赏分100呢，我好想要啊，可惜我不知道
This papermainly focuses on the research ofsecurity vulnerabilitiesinthenetwork services,mainly forthe followingaspects:the introduction ofthe backgroundandsignificance,define the research objectand the specificenvironment;on several networkservices tospecific applicationenvironment in theworkingprincipleanalysis,carries on the analysis tothe existing security vulnerabilitiesin combination with the specificenvironmental analysis;howto preventthese security vulnerabilities;networkservices for the entirenetwork operationplays a very important role,so thesecurity vulnerabilityof network servicehas very important significance to the analysisand prevention.Keywords:network service;network security;vulnerability analysis;vulnerability prevention
Theme party is an important form of class activities, classes and effective means of education and moral education work in school is main position.As the network age, people's values and outlook, moral philosophy and attitude to life and existence is changed, the education workers must adjust, advancing with The Times and adapt to the new situation under network environment and development. Currently, the primary class cannot exist with the network environment problems. Therefore, the school must stand in the development, all-round, coordinated and reshape the banner, organization of special training, improve the quality of teacher professional class, improve strategy research, thereby improving pertinence and effectiveness of moral education, cultivate modern moral qualities of youth.Using the method of documentary, questionnaire survey method, the case study and comparison analysis. Firstly, the analysis of the network environment on the effect of class under the network environment, the main characteristics of the class, the main function, commonly used types and theoretical basis and organizational principle. Then for class status surveys, summed up now, class education target, vague existing content from students' practical and creative design, the student participation owed is not high, the emotional interaction such problems, and finally put forward four, improve class strategies, clear goal, the class under the network environment, perfect the juvenile moral system, Network environment characteristics, the breakthrough with banner development bottleneck, Develop school-based training, improve the special class quality, To create a good atmosphere, improve class status.
In this paper, ordinary differential equations courses, to explore how to realize "high-early binding", and mathematics in secondary schools in the basis of ordinary differential equations, as well as ordinary differential equations of the guiding role of mathematics in secondary schools to do some discussion, for systems of ordinary differential equations of high under the mathematical point of view to provide some secondary material.Key words, Ordinary Differential Equations; School Mathematics; combination of high early
论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
中文名
论文摘要
外文名
abstract
字 数
一般为正文字数10%左右
语 言
一般中文与英文并存
主要组成
目的 方法 结果 结论
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
Theme party is an important form of class activities, classes and effective means of education and moral education work in school is main position.As the network age, people's values and outlook, moral philosophy and attitude to life and existence is changed, the education workers must adjust, advancing with The Times and adapt to the new situation under network environment and development. Currently, the primary class cannot exist with the network environment problems. Therefore, the school must stand in the development, all-round, coordinated and reshape the banner, organization of special training, improve the quality of teacher professional class, improve strategy research, thereby improving pertinence and effectiveness of moral education, cultivate modern moral qualities of youth.Using the method of documentary, questionnaire survey method, the case study and comparison analysis. Firstly, the analysis of the network environment on the effect of class under the network environment, the main characteristics of the class, the main function, commonly used types and theoretical basis and organizational principle. Then for class status surveys, summed up now, class education target, vague existing content from students' practical and creative design, the student participation owed is not high, the emotional interaction such problems, and finally put forward four, improve class strategies, clear goal, the class under the network environment, perfect the juvenile moral system, Network environment characteristics, the breakthrough with banner development bottleneck, Develop school-based training, improve the special class quality, To create a good atmosphere, improve class status..........5分给你翻译....
毕业论文摘要翻译，用什么翻译软件都不是很推荐，因为翻译软件虽然翻译速度快，方便，但是使用翻译软件也有缺点，就是有时候将句子结构进行调换或增减词语的，换个结构翻译出来的句子就不一样，增加或减个词语，翻译出来的句子也会不同的，有时甚至会相差很大。
大学论文是高校本科应届毕业生的一项独立总结性的作业。毕业论文作为高校的一个教学环节，同时也是对学生学业绩效考核和评定的重要方式。其目的在于让学生能够总结自己在校期间的学习成果，培养自身的综合创造能力和解决发杂问题的技能，建议找人工翻译比较靠谱。
如果你有论文摘要翻译需求可以选择毕业在线网 人工摘要翻译入口
摘要用英文表达为digest或是abstract，读音为[daɪˈdʒest,dɪˈdʒest]，[ˈæbstrækt]。
重点词汇解释：
1、digest
vt. 消化；吸收；融会贯通
vi. 消化
n. 文摘；摘要
双语例句：
He read rapidly but did not digest anything.
他读得很快，但什么也没领会到。
2、abstract
adj. 纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v. 摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
双语例句：
His abstracts are held in numerous collections.
他的抽象画被纳入到很多收藏中。
扩展资料：
abstract的用法：
abstract 的基本意思是抽象的，观念上的，理论的，可与个别情况相对，也可与具体经验相对。多指品质或特征，而不指物体或事实。有时意味着脱离现实，而且缺乏对实际事物的专门实用性，引申可作难懂的，过于深奥的意思。abstract用于艺术作品时可指抽象派的。
abstract作抽象的，抽象派的意思时不用于比较等级，作难懂的，过于深奥的意思时可用于比较等级。
abstract用作名词时其意思有以下几点：一是抽象概念；二是抽象派艺术作品，如抽象画，抽象雕塑，抽象设计等；三是文献等的摘要，概要，梗概，多指学术或法律方面比较艰深或复杂的文字摘要。
abstract常用于短语in the abstract中，意思是就一般而言，抽象地，在理论上，abstract前的定冠词the不可遗漏。
在2010版的word内就有这个功能。（选中要翻译的文字，点击鼠标右键弹出任务栏中就有“翻译”选项，点击“翻译”，选择英文翻译，再把光标置于要插入文本点点击插入就ok啦。另外还可以下载翻译小工具，直接进行翻译就搞定了。我帮你翻：The relationship between accounting regulation and tax law issues is a complex issue, market-oriented economic development in the course of the difference between the two will gradually have an adverse impact on economic development, how to better deal with the differences between the two has become China's economy reform process of the outstanding issues.。Differences in accounting standards and tax laws, and in the accounting and property tax measures taken by the different accounting and tax law, "the authenticity of the principle of" different, accounting "sound principle" and tax "payments to determine" the difference in accounting "importance of the principles "and tax" legal principle "and the accounting and tax 。differences on the" substance over form "understanding and implementation differen。Differences between accounting and tax accounting exist mainly due to the legislative goals and purposes of various tax, corporate accounting must adhere to the "accrual" basis, the enterprise must consider the International Accounting Standards, and economic globalization. Tax laws should be based on the provisions of this tax adjustmentces.
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
从目的论看影视字幕翻译论文这个问题不是很大，
电影字幕翻译是多媒体翻译的一个重要组成部分，在翻译领域中占有重要的位置。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于电影字幕翻译参考论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析电影字幕翻译中的差额翻译
一、引言
电影自诞生之日起，就以它独具魅力的艺术表现力赢得了广大观众的青睐。在信息全球化发展的今天，影视作品更是以直观与便捷的优势成为了解异域 文化 与学习外语的重要途径之一。影视翻译因此也得到了空前的发展。字幕翻译(subtitling)较之译制(dubbing)，以其制作成本低、周期短的特点成为影视翻译最为常用的 方法 之一。
然而，正如Birgit Nedergaard-Larsen所言，字幕翻译是一种特殊的语言转换，并非单一地从源语言到目 标语 言的转换过程，期间涉及诸多文本以外因素的处理，如声音、图像、画面的融合等因素[1]。由于受到时间和空间的限制，电影字幕翻译通常采用浓缩、删减、添加等方法来尽可能保持画面、声音与字幕的统一，超额与欠额翻译在所难免。同时，超额与欠额翻译一直以来是翻译学术界讨论的 热点 错误类型。因此，如何看待字幕翻译中的超额、欠额翻译便迫在眉睫且具有现实意义。
二、超额翻译与欠额翻译
彼得·纽马克在《翻译问题探讨》(Approaches to Translation)提出了交际翻译(communicative translation)和语义翻译(semantic translation)的概念。交际翻译倾向于流畅、简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法，遵守某一特定的语域，是一种“欠额翻译”;语义翻译则倾向于细致、繁复、晦涩难懂的翻译方法，较之译者的意图，翻译更侧重思维过程的再现，因而是一种“超额翻译”[2]。超额翻译是对所译材料进行补充加工，进行超出翻译范围的改造，而欠额翻译则是在某些方面不符合翻译规范的语言中介类型，是缩写或节译。简言之，超额翻译是指译语文本承载了比源语文本更多的信息量，表述方式相对具体;而欠额翻译是指译语文本承载的信息量小于源语文本，译语文本更加概括[3]。超额与欠额翻译都是在翻译过程中的信息增减，因此可以统称为差额翻译。
三、字幕翻译中的超额与欠额翻译
Georg-Michael Luyken在Overcoming Language Barriers in Television：Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience一书中提出，区别于文学翻译与口译，影视制作的特点使字幕翻译受到来自时间和空间的限制：字幕所占用的屏幕空间;字幕显示时间;字幕间切换的时间及字幕的显示与形式。同时，受文化因素的制约，文化缺省(cultural vacancy)也经常是翻译过程中的拦路虎。译者为了避免以上限制而进行的浓缩、删减和添加等翻译方法，将不可避免地引起差额翻译。请看以下三则示例：
例1.I supervised 5 officers.That’s 5 personalities，5 sets of problems.You could be number 6 if you act right.But I ain’t holding no hand，you understand?I ain’t babysitting you.
我有五个手下，性格南辕北辙。你表现得好就是第六个。但我不会特别照顾你，懂吗?(《训练日》)
例2.Mail has come today and a friend writes this to me：...
今天收到一位朋友的来信，信上说：……(《走出非洲》)
在以上示例中，原文 句子 较长，如果逐字翻译，势必会影响画面、声音与字幕的融合。因此，译者对整句进行了改译，删减了斜体部分。
例3.What about your staying longer?
怎么回事?你还要再待几天吗?(《爵士歌手》)
例4.Terrified.Mortified，petrified，stupefied...by you.
怕极了。怕得发抖，怕得发呆，怕得发神经!但不是怕你!(《美丽心灵》)
例3中，原文语速很慢，因此译者加入“怎么回事?”配合声音的行进。例4中，原文是肯定语气，使用了尾韵“ied”。译者将尾韵“ied”翻译为头韵“怕”，并且直接将否定语气译出。
从以上示例不难看出，信息在翻译的过程中有所增加或删减。例1的翻译虽然保证了画面与字幕的一致，也基本保留了原文的信息，但将主角试图示威的气势削弱了。例4中译者对尾韵的处理可谓是绞尽脑汁，但是如果将原文中隐含的否定语气直接翻译出来，观众也无法体会到源语文字的精妙之处，那么观众对字幕片的反应与源语观众对源语影片的反应也会略显不同。
字幕翻译时常受到画面、声音等非文学因素的影响，如果说文学翻译是“戴着脚镣跳舞”，那么字幕翻译就是“戴着手镣与脚镣跳舞”。译者只能在不影响画面、声音与字幕呼应的前提下，尽可能保留影片所要传达的信息和思想，翻译的超额与欠额也就在所难免。
四、如何看待字幕翻译中的差额翻译
由于不同的语言结构和文化差异，翻译始终无法做到绝对的等值。字幕翻译既是文学翻译，又是多媒体翻译：一方面要处理台词文本中所涉及的文化因素，另一方面还要兼顾技术层面的限制因素，信息的增加和删减已是必然，等值也就无从谈起。我国著名翻译家傅雷指出：“即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”傅雷所说的“过”与“不及”就是本文所探讨的超额与欠额翻译。然而，超额与欠额虽是翻译中不可避免地普遍存在，但是只要将“过”与“不及”的度降至最低，尽可能地将原文的韵味贴切地表达出来，字幕翻译又何尝不是对“一箭双雕”之美差?我提出以下两点看法，旨在字幕翻译过程中帮助译者从新的角度看待超额与欠额翻译。
1.无论是文学翻译，还是字幕翻译，超额与欠额翻译都无可避免。译语文本与源语文本的鸿沟自译事产生之时已然存在，加之字幕翻译又时常受到技术等非文学因素的影响，因此我认为，在不影响正常欣赏影片的前提下，适当的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。许崇信教授有过这样一个比喻：在列车行进的过程中，几乎无法避免车体的上下抖动和左右摇摆，但这种摇摆和抖动只要在一定的范围内都不会影响列车的顺利运行，超出了一定的范围才会发生事故。翻译就是列车的运行，“抖动”和“摇摆”不可避免。如在《成长的烦恼》中的这段对话：
例5.Teacher：ahhhh Mike.Can you explain for us the significance of the sea，in Moby Dick?
Mike：Ah，sure，sure.It’s the letter between the I and the K.
这段对话的幽默之处在于“sea”和“c”这对同音异义的双关语，但是中文中没有与之对应的双关语，因此译者必须使用变通的差额译法，保证“列车”的顺利“运行”。以下为可行的中文译本： 老师：啊……迈克，你能否给我们解释一下，《白鲸》这本书里的大海有什么意义。
迈克：哦，当然，当然，就是大海不同于大河。
译者将原文中的双关语转换成中 文的头韵实属无奈之举，但原文的幽默感却保留了下来。如果要忠实地将原文译出，注释和加注必不可少，非但幽默尽失，字幕的空间和时间因素也不容许。相对于注释和加注，同类属性之间，如修辞手法的转换可能更为有效地降低“抖动”和“摇摆”的度。
例5的译本对所译材料进行补充加工，进行超出翻译范围的改造，属于超额翻译。但正是这样的处理达到了源语影片的预期目的，因此，此处的超额翻译是可以接受且行之有效的处理方式。例1中由于受到时间和空间的限制不得不进行缩译，源语文本所传达的信息量减少在所难免。但如果将例1的信息完整译出，势必会影响字幕的可读性与连贯性。所以，由于受到 文学因素和非文学因素的影响时而进行的适度的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。
2.字幕翻译中度的掌握应以电影类型为依据。电影类型不同，目的观众不同，预期效果也不同。便于本文的分析，我将电影分为严肃型和娱乐型两种。严肃型电影包括纪录片、科教片等用于提供和传达专业知识信息的电影;娱乐型电影供观众娱乐消遣，陶冶情操，诸如喜剧片、惊悚片、动作片、文艺片等。针对不同电影类型而进行的字幕翻译，所采取的翻译方法也不同。比如上述例5中，《成长的烦恼》是一部喜剧，它的目的就是使观众发笑，双关语就是笑料之一，如果采取直译的方法，观众反倒不知其所然，喜剧效果大打折扣。又如惊悚片和恐怖片，观众会将重点放在画面、声音和剧情的 发展上，如果采取意译的方法，将台词翻译的颇具文采，那么观众也会因为与剧情的格格不入而哭笑不得。
严肃型电影既然是以信息传递为目的，清晰明了才是关键，因此也就倾向于简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法，倾向于欠额翻译;娱乐型电影可以根据上下文进行适当的“加工”和“改造”，即超额翻译。但是，两种翻译不是以差额为出发点，试图不忠实于源语文本。在不与技术限制相冲突的情况下，依然尽可能与源语文本保持“零度”差额。
五、结语
综上所述，字幕翻译是一项繁复的 工作，受到来自文学因素与技术因素两方面的限制，超额与欠额翻译不可避免。翻译学术界一直将超额与欠额翻译认定为典型的错误类型而争论不休。我认为，在与时间、空间等技术因素相冲突的情况下，适度的超额或是欠额翻译不失为一种折中的处理方法。针对不同的电影类型而采取的适度超额或欠额翻译不仅摆脱了来自技术层面的限制，而且达到了影片的预期目的。
<<<下页带来更多的电影字幕翻译参考论文
我在学姐的推荐下找到了翻译狗，他最大的优点就是PDF可以直接进行翻译，而且翻译出来的排版和原来的英文排版一致，无需排版方便校对，缺点就是大量翻译要收费，而且语法会有一些问题，后期需要修改，也可以直接找北京译顶科技翻译，人工肯定是比机翻好。
论文英语摘要的翻译如下：
English Abstract of Thesis。
英语的重要性如下：
1、扩宽学生的视野和思考能力。学习英语要从小开始，学生在学习英语的过程中，能够了解外国的语言文化，在和他人交流的过程中，自己也会了解如何应用英语才更加顺畅，学习英语是一件有必要的事情。
2、提高学生的语言技能，为自己增添了一项语言能力。对于不怎么喜欢交流的学生来讲，学习英语可以让自己处于独立的空间，一些事情的处理都会围绕自己能力去展开，这样不仅仅提高自己的语言技能，才为自己添加了一项语言能力。
3、提高学生的社交能力，方便学生寻找工作。现在进入社会的学生，想要寻找较为适合的工作，就要具备各种能力，英语就是一种，不过，学生要明白，在学校学习的英语需要经过长时间交流，才能成为生活中应用的英语。
无论从个人发展还是国情需要，都要求我们现在要学好英语，有良好的英语文化才可以让你在以后的发展中如虎添翼。英语的应用无处不在，我们已经身处一个改革开放的新时代，掌握好英语才能让你在改革浪潮中披荆斩棘勇往直前，努力学习英语吧！
学术堂整理了论文摘要翻译时需要注意的五大原则,供大家参考:一、要确保论文摘要翻译是完整的进行论文摘要翻译的过程当中必须要保证其完整性,特别是非常重要的信息.因为论文摘要是让读者快速了解论文内容的关键一环,所以论文摘要的王铮亮、准确性是不能打折扣的.要让论文所表述的方法、过程、结果有一个非常清楚的、完整的表达.二、不能有语法方面的错误在翻译过程当中语法错误算是比较多见的,针对论文摘要的翻译,一定要尽可能避免出现语法方面的错误.还需要注意一点的是,在翻译的时候必须要遵从目标语言的习惯,时态应用要准确.时态一般包括了一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时.如果是表述作者工作的通常是用过去时态,而表述工作结果的就要用现在时态.三、选择词语要谨慎论文的用词都是非常慎重的,精准简洁的词汇可以达到准确的、清楚的效果.因此翻译人员在进行论文摘要翻译的时候也必须要遵守这一原则.选词的时候务必要谨慎小心,不能出现歧义,争取做到准确、专业.四、要注重逻辑性论文摘要对于论文的整篇内容来说是一种概括性的表述,所以其逻辑性通常都是非常强的,每个句子都结构紧凑,修饰成分相对比较多.所以在进行翻译的时候,一定要先明确句子的主干,搞清楚每一个句子之间的逻辑关系和顺序,然后用简洁明了、生动的词汇来进行表述.五、格式和语言要规范学术论文是针对一个科学领域当中的学术问题进行的研究,并且将研究成果表述出来的文章.所以,一定要使用规范的格式和语言,避免用非专业的语言或者是符号、缩略语、生僻词等.在进行论文摘要翻译的时候,也需要做到这一点.
论文摘要体现了论文的关键核心内容，是论文翻译的重要内容。在翻译科技论文时，我们可以适当地使用被动语态，使整个文章更加客观。被动语态的表达方式可以扩大句子的信息量，突出相关的概念。同时，要注意论文涉及的关键词翻译要准确、经得起推敲。