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ccounting is a very practical subject, after three and a half years of professional study, master some basic knowledge of accounting under the premise, in order to further consolidate the theoretical knowledge, will organically combine the theory with the practice, I in XX years from March 5th to April 15th in the financial department of Tianjin screen printing equipment supply and marketing company six week professional internship, here are some experience in the practice and experience. Through the practice, the various steps to be familiar with and master the accounting process and the concrete operation, including understanding of account of the content and basic structure, understand the account method of accounting rules, master opened and Registration accounts and prepare accounting entries operation, original vouchers to fill and audit operations and methods according to the original certificate to fill accounting documents. So I have more rational understanding of accounting and master the basic skills of accounting.I will enter the work to lay a solid foundation, this is the purpose of the internship! Previously, I always thought that their accounting more solid theoretical knowledge, as all the work, the master of the law, copy it, through this practice, only to find, in fact more sophisticated accounting of its actual operational and practical. The book seems to be just empty talk. If these highly theoretical things onto the practice application, it is impossible to start. The internship, I do accounting, just started to really not used to, to do two days, felt that the human's rickety, mood naturally become irritable, but the biggest taboo accounting is tired and upset, so the first few days, it was full of mistakes!! Fortunately, the old accountant Yang Jie's guidance and teachings I is gradually entering the state.A few days later I'm in speed and accuracy are improved a lot, for each account has a more profound and comprehensive understanding and for me to combine book knowledge and practice played a big role. The school textbooks of knowledge is the most basic knowledge, no matter how changes in reality, grasp the most basic can with changeless should. Nowadays many students would feel the classroom knowledge do not appear, frustration, but I think, if not the book knowledge, and which vary from minute to minute payable social. After the practice, although time is very short, but I learned is my one semester to learn at school. Than how to get along with colleagues, I believe that relationships are present, many students just taken a big social problem encountered, so in practice when I had intended to observe how the predecessors to get along with colleagues and superiors, and he also humbly ask for advice, make the two week internship more meaningful. The practice of our society, provides a rare opportunity to experience life, let us feel the life in the practical social activities, to understand the survival ability should have in society.Use of this rare opportunity, I work hard, strict demands on themselves, with an open mind to financial personnel to consult, to seriously study the accounting theory, learning accounting laws, regulations and other related knowledge, knowledge and use their spare time to seriously study some textbook content outside, master some of the basic accounting skills, so as to realize that I should also learn what, added urgency to enter the society, the real show our talent, and lay the foundation on the job!会计是一门实践性很强的学科，经过三年半的专业学习后，在掌握了一定的会计基础知识的前提下，为了进一步巩固理论知识，将理论与实践有机地结合起来，本人于XX年3月5日至4月15日在天津丝印器材供销公司财务部进行了为期六周的专业实习，以下是此次实习中的一些心得和体会。通过实习，熟悉并掌握会计流程的各个步骤及其具体操作--包括了解账户的内容和基本结构，了解借贷账户法的记账规则，掌握开设和登记账户以及编制会计分录的操作、原始凭证填制和审核的操作以及根据原始凭证判填制记账凭证的方法。使我对会计有更深的理性认识并掌握会计基本操作技能。我将来步入工作打下坚实的基础，这是本次实习的目的！以前，我总以为自己的会计理论知识扎实较强，正如所有工作一样，掌握了规律，照葫芦画瓢准没错，经过这次实习，才发现，会计其实更讲究的是它的实际操作性和实践性。书本上似乎只是纸上谈兵。倘若将这些理论性极强的东西搬上实际上应用，那真的是无从下手。这次实习，我是做会计，刚开始还真不习惯，才做了两天，就感觉人都快散架了，心情自然就变得烦躁了，而会计最大的忌讳就是心烦气燥，所以刚开始做的几天，那真是错误百出啊！！幸好有老会计杨姐的指导和教诲才是我逐步进入状态。几天过后我在速度和准确度上都提高了不少，对于各个会计科目有了更加深刻而全面的了解并且对于我把书本知识和实践的结合起到了很大的作用。课本上学的知识都是最基本的知识，不管现实情况怎样变化，抓住了最基本的就可以以不变应万变.如今有不少学生实习时都觉得课堂上学的知识用不上，出现挫折感，可我觉得，要是没有书本知识作铺垫，又哪应付瞬息万变的社会呢。经过这次实践，虽然时间很短，可我学到的却是我一个学期在学校难以了解的。就比如何与同事们相处，相信人际关系是现今不少大学生刚踏出社会遇到的一大难题，于是在实习时我便有意观察前辈们是如何和同事以及上级相处的，而自己也虚心求教，使得两周的实习更加有意义。此次的实习为我们深入社会，体验生活提供了难得的机会，让我们在实际的社会活动中感受生活，了解在社会中生存所应该具备的各种能力。利用此次难得的机会，我努力工作，严格要求自己，虚心向财务人员请教，认真学习会计理论，学习会计法律，法规等知识，利用空余时间认真学习一些课本内容以外的相关知识，掌握了一些基本的会计技能，从而意识到我以后还应该多学些什么，加剧了紧迫感，为真正跨入社会施展我们的才华，走上工作岗位打下了基础！
iwilltrymybesttostudysubjects,iwillcorrectmyfaultsandputdownmymostlyhearttothenextturn.studyismymostimportantthings,imustknow.i'manactive，lovelyandclevergirl.intheschool，myfavouritesubjectismaths.perhapssomeonethinksit'sdifficulttostudywell.butilikeit.ibelivethatifyoutryyourbest，everythingcanbedonewell.thenewtermwasbegin,butitismyfirstyearinmyhighschoollife.ithinkit'llbeveryinterestingandbusy.duringthefirstyear,imustdomoreexersicesonmyenglish.becauseiverylikestudyenlish.notonlyimustworkhardonmyenglish,butalsoimustworkhardonmyothersubjects.theyareallveryimportant.ihopeicanenjoymyselfinthefirstyear,andhaveagoodgrades!我会尽我最大努力来学习，我会纠正我的缺点和静心来学，我主要是学习，它是我最重要的事，我是知道的。我是一个积极的，可爱和聪明孩子，在学校，我最喜欢的科目是数学.也许有人认为是很困难的，但是我喜欢它。相信我，如果你拼尽全力，什么都可以做得很好。新一届的开始，但它是我的第一年，我的高中生活。我认为这会非常有趣而繁忙的。在第一年，我必须做我的英语更好。因为我很喜欢学习英语。不仅我要努力的我的英语水平，但必须在我的其他科目的努力。他们都是非常重要的。我希望我可以享受第一年自己，并有好成绩！
What is Accounting? Accounting is an information science used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for organizations and individuals. Accounting is instrumental within organizations as a means of determining financial stability. Accountants are responsible for determining an organization’s overall wealth, profitability, and liquidity. Without accounting, organizations would have no basis or foundation upon which daily and long-term decisions could be made. The budgets for marketing activities, profit reinvestment, research and development, and company growth all stem from the work of accountants. Accounting is one of the oldest and most respected professions in the world, and accountants can be found in every industry from entertainment to medicine. The accounting program at Saunders College of Business prepares students for a variety of career paths. Saunders College of Business, as a college within RIT, places an emphasis on technology and innovation in every program we offer. Our accounting program graduates have more than just a deep rooted understanding of the numbers side of accounting, they are also involved in the implementation of new accounting technologies; as well as taking leadership positions within the field.我自己试翻一下 会计是什么 会计是一种为单位或个人用来收集，分类和操控金融数据的信息学。 会计是决定单位金融稳定的有效手段。会计从业者负责为一个单位的整体财富，盈利和流动资产作抉择。没有会计，单位将没有对日常或长线投资作决定的基础。对市场活动，利益再投资，研究，发展和公司扩展的预算都以会计从业者的工作为根据。会计是世界上最古老和最受人尊敬的职业之一。
At present, almost every school hundreds of colleges and universities in our country have a financial professional, especially in the accounting profession.There are tens of thousands of university graduates in accounting into the talentmarket every year, although accounting is a popular occupation, in this situationthe ordinary and primary financial personnel also apparent oversupply.International accounting professional talent demand gradually heat. According to statistics from related departments, as at present, lacking of 90000 with the international market international accounting talents in China, a huge gap talentsmeans that we are facing to broaden international vision and the ability to deal with new challenges, to the internationalization, specialization. Students can also be the development of.According to their own understanding and evaluation, found himself still exist in the learning problem, although able to constantly update their knowledge, canquickly accept new things; but learning is not careful enough, resulting ininefficient. Doing things are always hard. Careful, careless but do financial a taboo, so it must be in the future study, life and work in the continuous improvement.
The output is the last step in computer operation. It changes thecomputer’s results from binary machine language into a form that people can understand. There are several kinds of output devices.输出是计算机处理的最后一步。其结果用二进制转换成人们能够理解的形式。有许多种输出设备。比如一个鞋店老板想知道哪种鞋卖得最好，他使用打印机。可以打印鞋的数目在一长串纸上。输出结果可以让他选择他应该卖哪种鞋。 在同一时间，高速打印机可以打印多至每分钟二万条线．但是一个城市规划师，可以用另一种方式使用电脑．她想规划出一条新的汽车路线以满足最大的人流量．使用一个计划作为输出，他可以得到图纸，实际是一张地图，通过电脑选择展现路线．查询电话号码的电话接线员也使用电脑．但她不需要打印和电话薄．因此，她有一个CTR电脑终端,瞬间可以显示出电话号码然后立即消失了准备下一次需求．在许多学校的学生也是用电脑授课．有些课还用外语．为了学习一门语言，你必须听得很准确．这些电脑有一个自动输出．他们实际上制造了语言正确标准的读音．现代电脑确实是一种令人惊奇的机器．但是它没有思想．只有当人给它准备了程序后才会变得聪明起来．一台电脑不会正确计算除非给它正确的数据．许多人有一点害怕电脑．他们认为电脑是一种有思想的机器．记住一点，电脑只是人类的一种工具而已．它们加强了我们的能力．电脑为你解决问题就像你用一个锤子把一颗螺丝钉敲进墙里一样．电脑是我们的仆人，而不是主人．
规画为了要解决一个计算的问题，它的解决一定根据计算步骤的 sequcnce 被指定, 每个可能有效地是一个人类的代理人或一部数传计算机的 perrormed。为计算步骤的如此序列的规格有系统的记号法被称为规画语言。 计算步骤的序列一件规格以一种特别的规画语言被称为一个计画。 为计算问题的解决发展中计画的工作被称为规画。 动人的在规画的活动中的一个人被称为一个程序师。 规画有时与编码一起对比。 通常编码对那个写而且 proguams 的除错对于给予的计画规格提到而规画包括准备写计画的计画规格和那的工作。 计画的本文被有时称为密码，而且计画本文的线被称为密码的线, 尤其在机械语言计画的情况。 期限成码器被用,有时轻蔑地, 描述一个被在实现被 orthers 准备的计画规格方面独家地预订的人。 为最早的数传计画计算机以一个机械语言是 wrtten 。 必需的 jprogrammer 写出二进位的或十进位数字的序列纯粹的 maching- 语言的 protramming 被哪一每个指导在计算机记忆被表现。 在一般了解的 1950 年代中期之前程序师可以叙述象征记忆术的指导密码和记忆位置, 这可能被一个翻译计画转变为内在机械语言叫做了一个组合器。 在 1950 年代后期和 1960 年代中，程序- 导向的语言被发展允许程序师叙述对被解决的问题在一个记号法肉色的运算法则。 以一种程序- 导向的语言被指定的计画被一个翻译计画是进入特别计算机的内在语言之内 tuanslated 呼叫了一个编辑者。 普遍使用过的规画语言在 1960 年代和 1970 年代中包括了互传式译， ALGOL60 ， COBOL ， PL/1, 和 APL。 问题 spccification 通常根据在输入和叙述什么是被计算的输出之间的一个被需要的关系有。 为一个给定的问题一个运算法则或计画叙述在输入和输出之间的给定关系如何即将被达成。 资讯科技是对 convert@static@ 输入/ 输出规格的程序师的工作什么是进入叙述计算是如何被运行的动态规格之内被计算
很多人有点怕电脑。他们觉得电脑像是有思想的机器。但是记住这一点，电脑只是人类的工具，它延伸了我们的能力。如同用锤子把钉子砸到墙里，而用电脑也只是为了解决问题。电脑是我们的仆人，不是主人。
程序开发 软件设计者创建新的程序使用特殊应用程序，通常被称为实用程序或发展项目。程序员使用另一种类型的节目文字编辑器撰写新的计划在一个特殊符号称为一种编程语言。随着文字编辑器，程序员创建一个文本文件，这是一个命令清单的指示，也被称为程序源文件。个别的指示，提出了程序源文件被称为源代码。在这一点上，一个特殊的应用程序转换的源代码到机器语言，或对象代码的格式的操作系统将认识到作为一个适当的程序，并能执行。 三种类型的应用程序翻译从源代码对象代码：汇编，翻译，及装配。这三个不同的操作和不同类型的编程语言，但是他们服务于同一目的是把从一种编程语言到机器语言。 编译器翻译文本文件写的一个高级别的编程语言，如Fortran ， C ，或帕斯卡尔从源代码的对象代码一次。这有别于所采取的做法的解释语言，如基本的，其中一个程序化为目标代码的声明的声明，因为每个指令的执行方式。的优势，语言的解释是，他们就可以开始执行该计划立即而不是等待所有的源代码进行汇编。变化也可以给程序相当快，而不必等待它再次编译。不利的解释语言是他们缓慢的执行，因为整个计划必须转变一个指令的时间，每次程序运行。另一方面，汇编语言的编译只有一次，从而可以执行的电脑更快地比解释语言 英语 » 中文(简体) 翻译
我是在VIP英语论文找他们帮忙的，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，之后导师要什么参考文献，数据演示和截图，他们都给我搞好了，觉得服务挺周到的，呵呵wqtedlmapz
用accounting supervision搜到的,全英,无中~PDF 1.The Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation, Budgetary Participation, and Organizational Effectiveness 2.The uses of role hierarchies in access control3.International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision 更多accounting supervision是关于banking的,我弄错没?
你用EI检索啊（要钱）。
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展） Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告） The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展） Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告） The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
B的第八小组表明,对我们所有的样品,均无显著性差异的强、弱银行的国家的发病率广为接受的公司。如果有什么区别的话,几乎没有证据表明是具有强烈的银行有更多国家广为接受的公司。小组的表第八表明更多的银行金融方面有更大的发病率,在广泛持有公司的直接对比”bank-centered“金融体系的假设。这个结果是一致的,然而,找到了洛杉矶胆囊等。那个国家(1997)和成功的股市也有成功的债务市场。总之,在某种程度上,我们已经测试”银行-以“成功,我们的结果似乎没有受到区别bank-centered”和“market-centered”的公司治理结构。 第三个关心的是,我们的结果被差异税收规则。毫无疑问,我们已经在不同国家的税收规则的所有权结构的影响。我们有了更多的困难理解为什么税收规则与规定保护中小股东,除非税收规则本身是内生(例如,浓缩的所有者可能游说税收规则,阻碍所有权分散)。虽然如此,我们认为两种类型的税收规则可能影响广泛持有公司的发生率。首先,如果intercorporate股息纳税,因为他们是在一些国家,它可能是有利于企业或合并完全分离完全不是自己的股票在对方。这可能会有效果,增加了企业的广泛发病率。第二,如果税收规则允许使用合并会计为了避税,它可能更有利于公司的其他公司的部分股权,因为他们将能够用一个公司的亏损抵消了利润。我们会因此希望看到更广泛的国家里,公司合并会计是被禁止的。D、E目前面板除国家的结果针对这两方面的税法。我们还没有找到证据表明这些特别的规则影响广泛持有公司的发生率。
我是在VIP英语论文找他们帮忙的，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，之后导师要什么参考文献，数据演示和截图，他们都给我搞好了，觉得服务挺周到的，呵呵wqtedlmapz
CONCLUSION The Committee believes that calls for separate private company GAAP should be framed within the legal and institutional environment of each country. If public and private companies are subject to the same financial reporting requirements, as in many IASB countries, then the need for separate private company GAAP might be justified within an appropriate cost-benefit framework. In contrast, private companies in the U.S. are not required to comply with public company GAAP. Given this difference in the institutional environment, calls for private company GAAP in the U.S. must consider the demand for and supply of financial reporting information in the current private company marketplace. Survey research in the U.S. indicates that private company users find public company GAAP financial statements to have significant decision usefulness, and to be cost-benefit effective. In addition, evidence suggests that when the cost-benefit calculus is not favorable, market forces lead to deviations from GAAP. While some assert that the needs of private company financial statement users differ from those of public company stakeholders, the Committee does not find clear evidence of differential user needs or a clear articulation of how differential needs would lead to a framework for GAAP that differs from the current public company financial reporting requirements in the U.S. Overall, if there is demand for separate private company GAAP, then market forces, rather than standard setters, may be better at meeting the differential information needs of variousprivatecompanystakeholders. The Committee does not see a persuasive argument for standard setters to create a separate private company GAAP in the U.S.结论 该委员会认为要求独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则应裱在法律和制度环境的。如果公共和私人公司有相同的财务报告的要求,在许多国家,并在此基础上,需要IASB进行为独立的私人公司公认会计准则的称义在适当的财政框架。相比之下,私营企业在美国也不需要符合上市公司一般公认会计原则。鉴于此,分别在制度环境呼吁私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国必须考虑需求和供给的财务报告信息在当前的私人公司的市场。 调查研究表明,在美国上市公司,用户找到私人公司财务报表有显著的公认会计准则决策有用性、利益有效。此外,有证据表明,在财政微积分并非有利,市场力量导致偏离公认会计准则的前提下。虽然有些断言的需要,民营企业财务报表使用者不同利益相关者的上市公司,委员会不会发现明显的证据表明微分用户需求或一个清晰的清晰度的需求导致了差,不同于一般公认会计原则框架当前上市公司财务报告的要求,在美国的整体,如果有需求,独立的私人公司公认会计准则的前提下,市场力量,而非标准者,可以更好地满足需求. variousprivatecompanystakeholders微分信息该委员会也不觉得有说服力的论据为准则制定者去创造一个独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国
成本管理会计是新形势下管理会计和成本会计结合的新领域，其中风险成本管理会计又是其领域中的一个研究难点，本文有浅入深，从一个新的视角出发，对风险成本管理会计的研究认识进行一个新的探索。以下是我为大家整理的关于成本控制会计论文的范文，大家一起来看看吧!
谈会计工作者如何做好成本控制
企业经济管理欲求长远发展、最大利润。所应采取的根本方法就是采用更加高效、严格规范并且更加制度化的成本控制策略。在目前来看，成本会计的策略包括标准成本会计、责任成本会计和精益成本会计三种。每种会计策略在内容、特点、与作用上比较而言都有自己的优缺点，所以，对于一个合格的企业的负责人，应当根据自家企业的实际情况，选择合适的会计策略，使用不同的方法体系，降低企业成本。所以说，企业领导在企业成本管理实务要加深自我认识，以实现企业成本良好控制。笔者从事多年企业经济管理工作，结合自己在企业中从事经营管理工作的实践经验，对会计工作者者如何做好成本的多个方面进行分析与讨论。
一、存在于成本控制中的几点问题
成本控制是一个公司、企业的运营过程中最为重要的环节之一，因此应该引起公司的管理阶层和会计工作人员的高度重视。在传统的模式上，会计工作者的工作形式和工作对象比较单一，而且，对本公司、企业的经济方面并不具有明确的引导作用。而且部分会计工作者不具备过硬的专业水平和良好的专业素养。所以各企业应该合理调节，完善自我成本控制模式。用多种方式在最大程度上提高会计工作人员的综合素质、工作认真程度，督促做好企业成本分析。
(一)某些会计工作人员应的综合素质较低
会计人员的综合素质很大程度上影响着成本控制等工作的顺利进行和发展程度，对企业的成本种类、经济利益的都有决定性的影响。因此要求会计工作人员有良好的专业素养,过硬的职业技能，高尚的职业情操。但是目前来看,很多会计人员并不具备以上水平和能力。会计人员的素质对企业的经济利益有着直接的关系，会计工作人员的工作能力，管理水平低下，势必会对工程项目的顺利进行有极其不良的影响。
(二)部分会计工作人员对资金管理不利、监督不严
但目前来看,很多会计人员要不能做到合理的使用资金,主要应存在以下几个方面:第一,使公司、企业的资金与财务所承担着极大的风险。第二,不能完全合理的调配使用资金。很大程度上不根据企业已拟定的计划,完成项目的成本管理与控制，对企业造成很多不必要的损失。甚至有些会计工作人员对于加强经营管理,降低成本费用等等方面的常识都知之甚少以致出现等级投产紊乱等不良现象;此外，很多企业中的会计工作人员不能结合企业自身的实际状况加快工程结算,无法使投入的资金及早回收。并且没有对成本项目的成本执行进行全过程的监控，无法确保资金的合理运用。
二、成本控制专业会计信息的效益构成及问题的解决方案
成本控制方面广泛，它涉及企业的方方面面，所以传统模式上的统筹工作的拘泥于某一方面，而是一个具有主次关系的系统工程。要在大力宣传成本管理好坏是直接住在企业生存发展大局的同时，充分认识到成本控制在企业所开展工作各个项目中极其重要的位置，使广大员充分理解到成本控制的深意，并自觉地为企业谋福利、创发展。对资金的良好管理是实现财务管理的重要组成部分,是整个公司、企业全部工作质量的综合指标，也是作为一个合格的会计工作人员应具备的职业素养。工作人员应该合理地把计划，财务，物资邮寄的结合起来，并加以创新，使这三方面工作构成一个具有极高确定性的管理模式。要分工细化，严格的按照既定规则考核企业运营时各个项目的成本投入量。在源头上降低成本，解决问题。
(一)降低操作成本
经验证，在其他因素不变的特定的情况下，降低成本始终是影响利润变化的第一因素。而且，降低成本可以通过各种手段方式实现。在现有的经济体制、企业规模、技术水平、质量标准等各个因素的制约下，通过降低企业产品生产、减少办公消耗、提高生产效率、合理的控制管理等方式在最大程度上降低成本。通常来说，这种意义上的成本降低属于公司企业日常成本管理控制的范畴。不能让使公司、企业的资金与财务承担风险,要合理的调配使用资金。在最大程度上根据企业已拟定的计划,完成项目的成本管理与控制，避免对企业造成很多不必要的损失。
(二)增加企业的利润
适当的降低成本可以在很大程度上降低企业的利润，但是在有些条件下，最有效地策略是通过增加少量单方面成本获取较多的企业利益。当成本存在某些方面的变动时，其他因素与成本相互关联也必将发生改变。在成本降低需求与生产经营模式之间做出权衡这一取舍是目前来说成本管理极其难以回避的困难选择问题。而简单的以成本价格的高低来衡量容易造成某些方面的问题,所以只有把成本、价格、销量质量等决定因素良好的结合起来，相互联系，支持企业为保证质量，合理价格，扩大市场份额各方面对成本的需要，才能让企业在最大程度上获得利润,也便于进一步提高公司企业成本控制各项工作中的策略选择。
(三)从长远角度为企业发展提供战略支持
企业的长远发展需要从各方面为其提供战略支持，信息爆炸的当今很多的战略支持工作需要大量的成本信息与其形成良好的配合。公司、企业可采取较为进步的成本领先战略，要能自我控制强化控制管理，从最大程度上降低成本。想要增加企业的根本利益，关键点即是战略的合理选择与良好执行。要结合企业为实施战略对成本管理和成本自身管理的需要，在企业能够承受、企业战略许可的前提下，引导企业走向成本最低化。
三、结论
由于成本控制是一个企业根据一定时期预算先建立的成本管理目标，并在生产耗费发生以前和成本控制过程中对于各种影响成本的因素和条件采取的一系列预防和调节措施，所以对于一个企业发展的常远角度来说，会计工作者如何做好企业的成本控制是一项很重要的工作，本文中提到了成本控制之中存在的问题和解决办法，首先必须要求会计工作者本身的素质要很高其次要降低操作成本从而从常远角度为了企业发展做一些选择，那么只有做到这些，一个会计工作者才能做好成本控制。
会计成本控制中的定额管理分析
摘要：实现利润最大化是企业的经营目标，企业的利润是总产值和成本的差，要使企业的利润最大，不仅需要增加企业的营收，还需要控制企业的成本。企业的会计成本控制是企业重要的内控内容，定额管理是进行成本控制的主要手段，和现代企业成本控制的发展方向相符。本文分析了定理管理的内涵进行了分析，在此基础上阐述了定额管理的组成，并具体说明了定额管理对企业发展的意义，以期加深人们对会计成本控制中定额管理的理解，更好地加强企业会计成本控制的发展。
关键词：会计成本控制;定额管理;内涵;组成;意义
定额管理是为了增加成本的可控水平，充分调动成本支出的合理性和科学性，调动员工的积极性和创造性，更好地开源节流，使企业的成本控制目标能够更好地达成。以往的会计成本控制大多是根据预算来进行，成本超支的部分再进行补足，这样实际上就存在制度、人员上的妥协，难以进行有效地控制。定额管理采取定额的方式，确定一定的成本标准来完成相应的任务、工作，这样就使得成本控制的目标更加明确，对于企业的会计成本控制效果更佳显著。
1.定额管理的内涵分析
定额，是指企业依据一定的技术组织条件，在自身的生产经营过程中，规定人力、财力、物力等来完成目标产品的生产的标准额度。其客观地反映了产品生产所需要的材料的数量，其主要的目的就是为了盈利，从节流的角度来对企业的会计成本进行控制，减少企业在生产经营上各个方面的消耗，以更好地实现企业的利润最大化。定额管理就是利用定额指标来合理配置企业的人力、物力等资源，以最小的代价换取最大的经济效益，在当前的企业成本控制管理中，定额管理是其重要的基础。
2.定额管理的组成
通过对定额管理内涵的分析，我们对其有了进一步了解，具体来说，定理管理主要由如下几个方面的工作组成：
2.1考察经济活动
企业的经济活动周期往往很难进行把握，为此，预算的执行状况是管理者需要定期考察的内容，只有了解具体的执行情况，才能更好地了解预算和实际执行之间的差距，进而找到存在的问题，并对问题进行修复，使其按照既定的定额标准来执行，从而提升企业的成本管理水平。定期的经济考察活动，能够使企业的定额体系更加完善，使企业会计成本中的定额标准更加科学。
2.2明确定额标准
定额标准是进行定额管理的基础，企业的定额管理包括诸多的对象，不但包括企业的预算定额、资金费用定额，还包括企业的劳动定额、物资消耗定额等，要确保定额管理的效果，就需要科学地执行定额标准。企业的成本控制是一个动态的过程，随着企业的发展、项目的推进，定额标准往往也会发生变化，为此，定额标准需要满足时效性，这样才能更好地对企业的成本支出进行控制。此外，我们还需要注意到，企业的类型差异导致企业的定额标准制定的差异，不同类型的企业要在把握自身实际情况的基础上，对其自身的定额标准予以确定，以保证其定额管理工作的正常进行。统计分析、经验评估等方法是企业进行定额标准确定时常使用的方法。
2.3管理企业预算
企业会计成本控制的一个重要步骤就是资金预算，其在企业经营管理的全过程都发挥着重要的作用，成本本身就是资源预算，要对企业的成本进行有效地控制，就需要对企业的资金预算进行良好地控制。为此，项目立项阶段的严格审查是必不可少的，这可以有效地规避那些可行性小的项目，避免造成资源浪费和损失。为了更好地运行资金预算，就需要充分利用定额管理，以求将目标成本落实，加强企业的成本控制力度。
3.定额管理对会计成本控制的意义
3.1成本经营透明度增加
在企业的成本控制中，定额管理占据着重要的地位，定额管理的各项业务与工作往往需要专门的人员来处理。规模比较大的企业，涉及的行业比较多，组织管理复杂程度高，需要设置专门的定额管理部门对企业进行成本控制。其不但负责定额管理制度的制定、具体工作的开展，还负责实施环节的协调和组织、事后经验的整理和总结，通过定额管理机构的设立，使企业的定额管理更加科学。当相应的定额标准制定之后，在企业成本控制实际工作中，各个具体部门就会按照标准工作。定额标准的制定是建立在企业实际、行业发展、市场走势等大量数据基础之上的，制定过程公开，各个部门的业绩情况都能从中得到很好地体现，这就使得部门之间的竞争加剧，竞争更加公平，管理更加透明。
3.2事前成本控制得以完善
事后核算是财会部门工作的重要特点，当相应的支出确定之后，再对其进行分析、总结、评价，这样往往很难达到事前监督的目的，很难避免损失的发生。而定额标准的制定能够很好地改善这一状况，使财务部门成为一个具有事前、事中参与的综合管理部门，这样就能更好地进行成本控制。从企业的管理角度来看，事后管理和事前控制存在很大的差别，其发挥的职能也有所差异，事前控制是通过相应定额指标的设计，系统地对成本支出进行监控，对具体工作的开展有效地指导，增强成本控制效果。
3.3工作协同配合水平提升
确定各个部门的职责范围是定额管理工作的核心工作，只有使各个部门对自己的职责范围进行明确，才能使其进行更加专业化、高效地管理。物资供应部门、人力资源部门、财务部门、运输部门等部门的作用不同，但是却组成了一个有机的整体，每个员工的工作看似不相干，实则是整体工作的重要组成部分。将这些具体的工作落实到具体的个人，建立工作人员定额管理网络，能够使企业的员工更好地达到定额标准。
企业定额管理水平的提升将使企业的经营目标更好地达到，实现企业利润最大化，不同部门往往存在不同的定额标准，各个部门需要将定额管理分级执行，并在考核中反映执行的情况，每个部门需要对不同的下级管理机构分配差异化的定额标准，这样才能从整体上完善成本控制体系，确保每个标准的执行人员都能充分发挥自己的能力，实现资源的最优配置，加强成本控制水平。当每个人都有任务，完成任务就成为员工的共同目的，员工的主动性和创造性就能得到更好地发挥，进而提升管理工作的质量，使企业获得持续发展的能力，控制了企业的成本，焕发了企业的生机。
4.总结
定额管理是为了增加成本的可控水平，充分调动成本支出的合理性和科学性，调动员工的积极性和创造性，更好地开源节流，使企业的成本控制目标能够更好地达成。本文分析了定理管理的内涵进行了分析，在此基础上阐述了定额管理的组成，并具体说明了定额管理对企业发展的意义，以期加深人们对会计成本控制中定额管理的理解，更好地加强企业会计成本控制的发展。(作者单位：张家口供电公司)
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