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《经济学人》（英文名：The Economist，中文名又叫：经济学家）于1843年在英国伦敦建刊，以独立和全球化的视角著称。《经济学人》每周四晚上在世界六个地方同步印刷，每周六全球同步出版，同时于当天晚些时候在网上更新最新一期的内容，4-5期/月。《经济学人》是一本完全国际化期刊，其中80%的发行量来自英国之外。 自建刊以来，《经济学人》一直秉承其创建者James Wilson的办刊原则。在创刊计划书中James Wilson写到：“我们真诚的相信，自由贸易和自由交往在全世界传播文明和道德的作用是其他任何现有的媒介无法比拟的” 。但杂志的第三任主编Walter Bagehot才是使《经济学人》杂志发扬光大的人。他使杂志的触角向政治问题延伸。现在，《经济学人》的文章不仅涉及时势、商业、金融和经济，还涉及到科学、技术和艺术。无论主题是什么，《经济学人》的独立、坦率、简练和尊重事实的品质使其与众不同。 《The Economist》字体底色鲜红，客观公正是《经济学家》杂志的的生命所在。公司的构成禁止任何组织或个人获得杂志半数以上的持股权。该杂志所有的文章都不署名，皆由集体创作，就象它的主编们认为的那样：写出什么样的东西，比出自谁的手笔更重要。 《经济学人》文章除了一些我们不熟悉的题材外，其中的大多数文章写得机智、幽默、有力度。这些优点是任何一家英文主流报刊所不能比拟的。只要你有4000左右的词汇量，读起来都不会有太多的不适应感。官方网址为：。另外，最重要的是历年考研英语阅读真题很多文章来自《经济学人》杂志，这点对要参加考研词友而言太关键了。点击下载：2007年07月21日《经济学人》The Economist原版英文杂志下载注意： 1、以上内容每周一定时更新，更多内容请到这里去下载。 2、以上文件都是PDF格式，需要Adobe Reader 以上版本才能打开，如果打不开说明你的版本太低，点击这里下载Adobe Reader 最新版本！
《每个人的经济学》百度网盘pdf最新全集下载:链接：
《经济学基础文献选读》（罗卫东(编选)）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读
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书名：经济学基础文献选读
作者：罗卫东(编选)
豆瓣评分：
出版社：浙江大学出版社
出版年份：2007-11
页数：391
内容简介：
在人文社会科学领域里，无论是那些历经周折、迷途知返者，还是那些得到过高人指点、不费吹灰之力即大踏步登堂入室者，都非常清楚找到门径的重要性。这个门径就是读经典文献，读最少但确实是最重要最有用的文献。
帮助读者以最短的时间、最少的阅读量、最可靠的方式，准确地掌握学科最重要的内容，这，就是我们选编这套“人文社会科学基础文献选读”的宗旨。
本书从经济学的性质与方法，经济运行的一般机理，知识、信息和经济行为，产权与激励，收益递增与经济变迁，经济学的边界及发展趋势展望等六个关系经济学演进命脉的方面出发，选取了经济学中20余篇必读的基础文献，以为读者提供通向经济学堂奥的台阶。
作者简介：
罗卫东，哲学博士，现为浙江大学经济学院教授，博士生导师。主要研究领域为经济思想史、经济伦理学和发展经济学。在《经济研究》《中国社会科学》《学术月刊》等国内著名学术刊物上发表论文100余篇，出版《情感、秩序、美德：亚当·斯密的伦理学世界》等学术著作多部。
这期的标题是 - Together, technology and teachers can revamp schools How the science of learning can get the best out of edtech 如若教师与科技牵手，学校将因此而改变 学习该如何运用最好的教育技术 IN 1953 . Skinner visited his daughter’s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few days later he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were being flogged by door-to-door salesmen. Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled out. 1953年，. Skinner去参观了他女儿的数学课。这位哈佛的心理学家发现，每个学生都在以相同的方式，相同的速度学习着相同的内容。几天之后，他就打造了他的第一个“教学机器”，它可以让孩子按照自己的步调来处理问题。到了60年代中期，这种类似的小发明很是受那种上门推销的销售人员追捧。但几年之后，这种热情就渐渐地消失了 Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the conservatism of teachers and their unions. But another is that the brain-stretching potential of edtech has remained unproven. 在那之后，即便是计算机几乎改变了我们生活里除教育之外所有的东西，教育科技也总是火一阵儿冷一阵儿。其中一个原因自然是教师以及教师公会的保守，但另一方面，教育科技对于大脑潜能开发至今也没有强力的证据。 Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new software to “personalise” learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around. 然而今天，Skinner的继承者们正在让那些持怀疑态度的人重新看待这个问题。 受到科技界亿万富豪比如马克扎克伯格和比尔盖茨等人的影响，全球有很多学校正在用软件来个性化学习。这可以帮助亿万处于困境的学生。只要教育科技的推动者们可以抵住那些对孩子学习不利想法的诱惑。要获得成功，教育科技必须服务于教学本身，而不是反过来。 Pencils down The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardised curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the world’s nearly schoolchildren. 放下铅笔 传统的教育模式始于18世纪的普鲁士，迄今为止在大批量教学效率方面被证明是最好的。教室，分年级，标准化的课程，固定的课程表仍旧是当今世界15亿学生的标准模式 Too many do not reach their potential. In poor countries only a quarter of secondary schoolchildren acquire at least a basic knowledge of maths, reading and science. Even in the mostly rich countries of the OECD about 30% of teenagers fail to reach proficiency in at least one of these subjects. 有太多的学生潜能没有被开发。在贫穷国家， 只有四分之一的中学生能学到基本的数学，阅读和科学知识。即便是在经合组织最发达的国家，也有30%的年轻人在刚才这几个项目中至少有一个是弱项 That share has remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, during which billions have been spent on IT in schools. By 2012 there was one computer for every two pupils in several rich countries. Australia had more computers than pupils. Handled poorly, devices can distract. A Portuguese study from 2010 found that schools with slow broadband and a ban on sites such as YouTube had better results than high-tech ones. 在过去十五年里，这种情况一直没有得到改变，哪怕是学校在IT上数十亿的投资也无济于事。在2012年以前，富裕国家的学生可以做到两个人用一台电脑。澳大利亚的电脑比学生都多。但使用不当的话，这些设备反而会让人分心。一项从2010年开始的葡萄牙的研究显示，网速慢或者是禁用类似youtube这种网站的学校，比那些条件更好的学校的教学效果反而要好 What matters is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through bespoke instruction. Ever since Philip II of Macedon hired Aristotle to prepare his son Alexander for Greatness, rich parents have paid for tutors. Reformers from São Paulo to Stockholm think that edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. American schools are embracing the model most readily. A third of pupils are in a school district that has pledged to introduce “personalised, digital learning”. The methods of groups like Summit Public Schools, whose software was written for nothing by Facebook engineers, are being copied by hundreds of schools. 真正重要的是教育科技如何被使用。他可以帮助定制教学。自从马其顿王国的菲利普二世雇佣了亚里士多德给他儿子当老师后，富人都开始雇佣家庭教师。圣保罗到斯德哥尔摩的维新派认为，教育科技可以有办法使每一个学生都被照顾到。美国是最快开始使用这个模式的。有三分之一的学生在学校里开始使用“个性的数字化学习”。使用这个项目有Summit公校等，这些软件由Facebook的工程师义务提供，并被分发到上百个学校。 In India, where about half of children leave primary school unable to read a simple text, the curriculum goes over many pupils’ heads. “Adaptive” software such as Mindspark can work out what a child knows and pose questions accordingly. A recent paper found that Indian children using Mindspark after school made some of the largest gains in maths and reading of any education study in poor countries. 在印度，这个一半的孩子小学毕业之后做不到阅读简单课文的国家，这种课程正在开始被广泛使用。自适应软件比如Mindspark能够识别出一个孩子知道多少，从而提出相应的问题。一篇最近的论文指出，在所有贫穷国家的教育研究中，课后使用Mindspark软件的印度学生在数学和阅读方面取得了最大的进步。 The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools are using software to overhaul the conventional model. Instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and giving them insight on their pupils. Saved teachers’ time is allocated to other tasks, such as fostering pupils’ social skills or one-on-one tuition. A study in 2015 suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools. 教育科技带来的另一个好处是可以让学校更有效率。加利福尼亚的学校正在使用软件来打破传统模式。学生们不再用课本，而是用播放列表来代替。他们可以访问在线课程并且参加测验。软件会评估孩子的进度，减轻教师批改作业的负担，让他们更全面的了解学生。教师节省下来的时间可以去做其他的工作，例如培养学生的社交技能或者对他们进行一对一辅导。2015年的一项研究显示，很早开始用这种模式学习的学生比其他学校的同龄人测试成绩要好 Pay attention at the back Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalised learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. Such nonsense leads to schemes like Brain Gym, an “educational kinesiology” programme once backed by the British government, which claimed that some pupils should stretch, bend and emit an “energy yawn” while doing their sums. 小心身后 这种创新当然是好的。但是最大化教育科技的优势意味着要做对很多事情。首先，个性化的学习必须符合学生学习的实际情况。他不能变成为了复兴类似“学习风格”这种伪科学的借口。这种理论认为每个孩子都有他们独特的接受讯息的方式。这种毫无意义的说法导致类似“健脑操"之类的诞生，这个运动技能学的项目居然还得到了英国政府的支持。认为有些学生做算术的应该做做拉伸，弯曲，打个哈欠之类会有帮助 A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity and critical thinking. The opposite is true. A memory crammed with knowledge enables these talents. William Shakespeare was drilled in Latin phrases and grammatical rules and yet he penned a few decent plays. In 2015 a vast study of 1,200 education meta-analyses found that, of the 20 most effective ways of boosting learning, nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher. 有个不太重要的瞎话是说，孩子们根本不需要从事实或是老师那儿学习，他们只需要google就可以了。一些教育学家甚至宣称，事实对于类似创造性或批判性思维这样的技能反而是起到妨碍作用的。但事情恰恰相反。记忆与知识的结合才能够激发那些天赋。莎士比亚受过拉丁语和文法的训练，才写出了那样的戏剧。2015年，一项广泛的针对1200例教育数据的分析发现，20个对推动教育最有效的方式，都离不开老师在其中的精彩发挥 The second imperative is to make sure that edtech narrows, rather than widens, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, such as Rocketship and Achievement First—or Summit, where 99% of graduating pupils go on to university and laggards make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America. In studies of edtech in India by J-PAL, a research group, the biggest beneficiaries are children using software to receive remedial education. 还有一件事势在必行，那就是确保教育科技会缩小，而不是放大教育的不平等现象。对此有些人持乐观态度。硅谷一些私校在这方面走在了前面。但更多的是一些教授贫困学生的特许学校，比如Rocketship and Achievement First或是 Summit。这些学校99%的毕业生都会去读大学。取得最大进步反而是那些平常落后的学生。我们可以在美国之外的地方也发现类似的事。J-PAL在印度的一项关于教育科技的研究发现，最大的受益者其实是那些用软件来进行矫正教育的孩子们 Third, the potential for edtech will be realised only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But scepticism should not turn into Luddism. A good model is São Paulo, where teachers have welcomed Geekie, an adaptive-software company, into public schools. 最后，只有当老师们真正开始使用教育科技时，这项技术的潜能才会被发挥出来。他们完全有理由怀疑这东西是不是真的有用。但怀疑不应该演化成对抗。一个很好的范例就是在圣保罗州，老师们都非常欢迎一家叫做Geekie的自适应软件公司在公校推广。 In 1984 Skinner called opposition to technology the “shame” of education. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom. 1984年，Skinner把那些反对科技的人称作是教育的耻辱。考虑到教育科技今天的成就，固化的思想在教室这种地方，是没有立足之地的
As fuels, oil and electricity have meaningfully different characteristics OIL shaped the 20th century. In war, the French leader Georges Clemenceau said, petroleum was “as vital as blood”. In peace the oil business dominated stock markets, bankrolled despots and propped up the economies of entire countries. But the 21st century will see oil’s influence wane. Cheap natural gas, renewable energy, electric vehicles and coordinated efforts to tackle global warming together mean that the power source of choice will be electricity. That is welcome. The electricity era will diminish the clout of the $2trn oil trade, reduce the choke points that have made oil a source of global tension, put energy production into local hands and make power more accessible to the poor. It will also make the world cleaner and safer—reassuringly dull, even. The trouble is getting from here to there. Not just oil producers, but everyone else, too, may find the transition perilous . bankroll: to supply money for ( a business, project, person, etc.) despot: a ruler who has total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways perilous: full of danger: dangerous 石油早就了20世纪，在战争年代，石油就像血液一样重要；在和平年代，它掌控着经济命脉... Oil and electricity are a study in contrasts (see our special report). Oil is a wonder fuel, packed with more energy by weight than coal and by volume than natural gas (both still the main sources of electricity). It is easy to ship, store and turn into myriad refined products, from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals. But it is found only in specific places favoured by geology. Its production is concentrated in a few hands, and its oligopolistic suppliers—from the Seven Sisters to OPEC and Russia—have consistently attempted to drip-feed it on to the market to keep prices and cartelisation make oil prone to crises and the governments of oil-rich states prone to corruption and abuse. 石油有很多的优点，很容易运输，储存和合成其他产品... from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals 记住这个表达 但石油只产在某几个国家与地区，就让这些国家形成了垄断... Different kettles of fuel Electricity is less user-friendly than oil. It is hard to store, it loses its oomph when shipped over long distances, and its transmission and distribution require hands-on regulation. But in every other way, it promises a more peaceful world. Electricity is hard to monopolise because it can be produced from numerous sources of fuel, from natural gas and nuclear to wind, solar, hydro and biomass . The more these replace coal and oil as fuel for generation, the cleaner it promises to be. Given the right weather conditions, it is abundant geographically, too. Anyone can produce electricity—fromgreener-than-thou Germans to energy-poor Kenyans. oomph: power or energy ( his argument lacks oomph; the truck doesn't have the oomph to haul the boat) 电力能源虽然不如石油方便，但是却不会被某几个国家垄断，很多方法可以产生电力能源：风力，太阳能，氢能等 True, the technologies used to produce electricity from renewable resources, and the rare earths and minerals that some, including solar panels and wind turbines, rely on, could be subject to protectionism and trade wars. China, which produces 85% of the world’s rare earths, sharply tightened export quotas in 2010 with OPEC-like zeal. America and the European Union have slapped tariffs on Chinese solar-panel imports. Yet the vital substances involved in generating and storing electricity are not burned up like oil. Once a stock of them exists it can for the most part be recycled. And, even if today’s output is concentrated, for most materials the planet has undeveloped deposits or substitutes that can thwart a would-be monopolist. Rare earths, for example, are not rare—one of them, cerium , is almost as common as zinc. Electricity also rewards renewables are intermittent , regional grids are needed to ship electricity from where it is plentiful to where it is not. This could replicate the pipeline politics that Russia engages in with its natural-gas shipments to Europe. More likely, as grids are interconnected so as to diversify supply, more interdependent countries will conclude that manipulating the market is self-defeating. After all, unlike gas, you cannot keep electricity in the ground. thwart: to prevent someone from doing something or to stop something from happening intermittent: starting, stopping, and starting again: not constant or steady An electric world is therefore getting there will be hard, for two reasons. First, as rents dry up, authoritarian oil-dependent governments could collapse. Few will miss them, but their passing could cause social unrest and strife. Oil producers had a taste of what is to come when the price plunged in 2014-16, which led to deep, and unpopular, austerity measures. Saudi Arabia and Russia have temporarily stopped the rot by curtailing production and pushing oil prices higher, as part of an“OPEC+” agreement. They need high prices to buy time to wean their economies off oil. But the higher the oil price, the greater the incentive for energy-thirsty behemoths like China and India to invest in renewable-powered electrification to give themselves cheaper and more secure supplies. Should the producers’ alliance crumble in the face of a long-term decline in demand for oil, prices could once again tumble, this time for good. wean: to start feeding ( a child or young animal) food other than its mother's milk 从石油能源时代转换到电力能源时代是一个艰难的过程，第一个难点就是石油价格下降的话，这些产油国就会产生动荡和冲突... That will lead to the second danger: the fallout for investors in oil assets. America’s frackers need only look at the country’s woebegone coalminers to catch a glimpse of their fate in a distant post-oil future. The International Energy Agency, a forecaster, reckons that, if action to limit global warming to below 2°C accelerates in coming years,$1trn of oil assets could be stranded, ie, rendered obsolete. If the transition is unexpectedly sudden, stockmarkets will be dangerously exposed. The tension is the one hand government policy should press forward with the transition as fast as it can. On the other, a rapid transition will cause upheaval. Expect the big consumers, especially India and China, to force the pace. woebegone: looking or feeling very sad 点评：矛盾是无法避免的，一方面各国政府希望尽快转变到可持续的能源（产油国除外），另一方面这个转变过程速度太快的话会造成动乱。一言以蔽之，就是钱惹的祸 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 853 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 是经济学人里普通难度的文章~ 使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下： 佳句篇： Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析： Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫） The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语） 每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句，注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句，如何解析？ Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。 下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。 作何解？ That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗？ 还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达： 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ） 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译： Natural genius? 天生我才？ The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学，先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。
As fuels, oil and electricity have meaningfully different characteristics OIL shaped the 20th century. In war, the French leader Georges Clemenceau said, petroleum was “as vital as blood”. In peace the oil business dominated stock markets, bankrolled despots and propped up the economies of entire countries. But the 21st century will see oil’s influence wane. Cheap natural gas, renewable energy, electric vehicles and coordinated efforts to tackle global warming together mean that the power source of choice will be electricity. That is welcome. The electricity era will diminish the clout of the $2trn oil trade, reduce the choke points that have made oil a source of global tension, put energy production into local hands and make power more accessible to the poor. It will also make the world cleaner and safer—reassuringly dull, even. The trouble is getting from here to there. Not just oil producers, but everyone else, too, may find the transition perilous . bankroll: to supply money for ( a business, project, person, etc.) despot: a ruler who has total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways perilous: full of danger: dangerous 石油早就了20世纪，在战争年代，石油就像血液一样重要；在和平年代，它掌控着经济命脉... Oil and electricity are a study in contrasts (see our special report). Oil is a wonder fuel, packed with more energy by weight than coal and by volume than natural gas (both still the main sources of electricity). It is easy to ship, store and turn into myriad refined products, from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals. But it is found only in specific places favoured by geology. Its production is concentrated in a few hands, and its oligopolistic suppliers—from the Seven Sisters to OPEC and Russia—have consistently attempted to drip-feed it on to the market to keep prices and cartelisation make oil prone to crises and the governments of oil-rich states prone to corruption and abuse. 石油有很多的优点，很容易运输，储存和合成其他产品... from petrol to plastics to pharmaceuticals 记住这个表达 但石油只产在某几个国家与地区，就让这些国家形成了垄断... Different kettles of fuel Electricity is less user-friendly than oil. It is hard to store, it loses its oomph when shipped over long distances, and its transmission and distribution require hands-on regulation. But in every other way, it promises a more peaceful world. Electricity is hard to monopolise because it can be produced from numerous sources of fuel, from natural gas and nuclear to wind, solar, hydro and biomass . The more these replace coal and oil as fuel for generation, the cleaner it promises to be. Given the right weather conditions, it is abundant geographically, too. Anyone can produce electricity—fromgreener-than-thou Germans to energy-poor Kenyans. oomph: power or energy ( his argument lacks oomph; the truck doesn't have the oomph to haul the boat) 电力能源虽然不如石油方便，但是却不会被某几个国家垄断，很多方法可以产生电力能源：风力，太阳能，氢能等 True, the technologies used to produce electricity from renewable resources, and the rare earths and minerals that some, including solar panels and wind turbines, rely on, could be subject to protectionism and trade wars. China, which produces 85% of the world’s rare earths, sharply tightened export quotas in 2010 with OPEC-like zeal. America and the European Union have slapped tariffs on Chinese solar-panel imports. Yet the vital substances involved in generating and storing electricity are not burned up like oil. Once a stock of them exists it can for the most part be recycled. And, even if today’s output is concentrated, for most materials the planet has undeveloped deposits or substitutes that can thwart a would-be monopolist. Rare earths, for example, are not rare—one of them, cerium , is almost as common as zinc. Electricity also rewards renewables are intermittent , regional grids are needed to ship electricity from where it is plentiful to where it is not. This could replicate the pipeline politics that Russia engages in with its natural-gas shipments to Europe. More likely, as grids are interconnected so as to diversify supply, more interdependent countries will conclude that manipulating the market is self-defeating. After all, unlike gas, you cannot keep electricity in the ground. thwart: to prevent someone from doing something or to stop something from happening intermittent: starting, stopping, and starting again: not constant or steady An electric world is therefore getting there will be hard, for two reasons. First, as rents dry up, authoritarian oil-dependent governments could collapse. Few will miss them, but their passing could cause social unrest and strife. Oil producers had a taste of what is to come when the price plunged in 2014-16, which led to deep, and unpopular, austerity measures. Saudi Arabia and Russia have temporarily stopped the rot by curtailing production and pushing oil prices higher, as part of an“OPEC+” agreement. They need high prices to buy time to wean their economies off oil. But the higher the oil price, the greater the incentive for energy-thirsty behemoths like China and India to invest in renewable-powered electrification to give themselves cheaper and more secure supplies. Should the producers’ alliance crumble in the face of a long-term decline in demand for oil, prices could once again tumble, this time for good. wean: to start feeding ( a child or young animal) food other than its mother's milk 从石油能源时代转换到电力能源时代是一个艰难的过程，第一个难点就是石油价格下降的话，这些产油国就会产生动荡和冲突... That will lead to the second danger: the fallout for investors in oil assets. America’s frackers need only look at the country’s woebegone coalminers to catch a glimpse of their fate in a distant post-oil future. The International Energy Agency, a forecaster, reckons that, if action to limit global warming to below 2°C accelerates in coming years,$1trn of oil assets could be stranded, ie, rendered obsolete. If the transition is unexpectedly sudden, stockmarkets will be dangerously exposed. The tension is the one hand government policy should press forward with the transition as fast as it can. On the other, a rapid transition will cause upheaval. Expect the big consumers, especially India and China, to force the pace. woebegone: looking or feeling very sad 点评：矛盾是无法避免的，一方面各国政府希望尽快转变到可持续的能源（产油国除外），另一方面这个转变过程速度太快的话会造成动乱。一言以蔽之，就是钱惹的祸 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 853 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 是经济学人里普通难度的文章~ 使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
本文节选自《经济学人》期Business版块的一篇文章《China’s YouTube》，简单介绍了bilibili营收及发展情况 本文总共6段，建议大家先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。 文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。 会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习 1 The mission statement of Bilibili, often dubbed “China’s YouTube”, stands out for its modesty. Instead of promising to change the world, the firm aspires merely to “enrich the everyday life of young generations in China”. If user figures are a guide, the Chinese young feel enriched. In the last quarter of 2020 the number of people who used the service at least once a month shot up by half from a year earlier , to 202m. Nearly nine in ten were under the age of 35. Videos on the platform, which range from sports highlights to selfhelp lectures and everything in between, attract an average of daily views . mission statement ： 宗旨说明，英文：an official statement of the aims of a company or an organization，即一家公司或组织的目标 【词汇积累】 dubbed ： dub，称作，起绰号，A is dubbed被动形式表示……被称作 【词汇积累】 stand out for sth ： 以……脱颖而出，引人注目 【词组积累】 aspire to do or sth ： 立志于做某事 【词组积累】 user figures ： 用户数据 【词汇积累】 shot up by half from a year earlier ： shot up表示激增，猛涨，by half表示增长的量，表示比一年前猛增了一半 【词组积累】 selfhelp lectures ： self-help表示自助的，可以表示自主学习课程 【地道表达】 bn daily views ： 12亿每日观看次数 【地道表达】 Bilibili，常被称作中国的YouTube，以其谦虚的公司宗旨而引人注目，他并非承诺改变世界，而只是希望“丰富中国年轻一代的日常生活”。如果以用户数据为依据，中国年轻人确实感受到了充实感。在2020年的最后一个季度，每月至少使用这项服务一次的人数比一年前猛增了一半，达到了亿，将近十分之九的人年龄在35岁以下。该平台上的视频，从体育高光时刻到自主学习，以及介于两者之间的一切，平均每天吸引12亿人次观看。 2 Launched in 2009 as a website for fans of Japanese anime, Bilibili has evolved into a diversified entertainment group. In recent months even Western musicians (such as Jessie J and Charlie Puth) and Hollywood stars (including Dwayne Johnson) have rushed to set up Bilibili accounts . Investors, too, have taken notice. Between March 2018, when the firm listed in New York, and February this year its market capitalization rose more than tenfold, to $41bn. On March 23rd it raised $ in a secondary listing in Hong Kong. Launch ： 上市。除了发射（火箭）外，还有上市的意思，launched in 2009 于2009年上市。下文中的 list in New York中的list也有上市的意思 【词汇积累】 evolved into ： 进化成为 【词组积累】 rush to set up Bilibili accounts ： rush to do争先箜篌地做某事，set up …… accounts则表示开设创建……的账号 【词组积累】 Between …… and ……： 表示在……和……之间，可以为两个时间段之间 【词组积累】 Bilibili于2009年上市，是一家面向日本动漫迷的网站，现已发展成为一家多元化的娱乐集团。近几个月来，甚至连西方音乐家（Jessie J和Charlie Puth）和好莱坞明星（包括Dwayne Johnson）都争先恐后地开设了Bilibili账户。投资者也注意到了这一点。从2018年3月该公司在纽约上市到今年2月，其市值增长了10倍多，达到410亿美元。3月23日，在香港二次上市中筹集了26亿美元。 3 Unlike YouTube, Bilibili refuses to clutter usergenerated videos with adverts. That way, the thinking goes, it can attract new users put off by such interruptions, and convince them to spend more time on the platform. The central aim, as described by executives, is to “convert” this “sticky community” into “paying users”. Bilibili does so in two main ways: by offering games where players purchase virtual items to advance to the next level , and access to original and licensed firms and series. This Netflixlike business, launched in 2018, now has paying subscribers. clutter ： ~ sth (up) (with sth/sb) 凌乱地塞满；乱堆放to fill a place with too many things, so that it is untidy。文中指的是bilibili不会在用户上传的视频中，随意添加广告：clutter user-generated videos with adverts 【词汇积累】 put off by ： 被……推迟，这里指的是bilibili运用不放广告的理念吸引那些被广告阻碍看视频的用户 【词组积累】 by offering games where players purchase virtual items to advance to the next level ： 这里的定语从句where后面句子是完整的，不缺成分，where表示玩家在游戏中发生购买行为时的场所，也可以理解为in which 与YouTube不同，Bilibili拒绝在用户自制的视频中添加广告，这样做可以吸引新用户推迟这种中断，并说服他们花更多的时间在平台上。正如高管们所描述的，核心目标是将这个“粘性社区”转化为“付费用户”。Bilibili主要通过两种方式实现这一点：提供玩家购买虚拟物品以提升到下一个级别的游戏，以及访问原始和许可的公司和系列产品。这种类似Netflix的业务于2018年推出，目前拥有1450万付费用户。 4 The share of users who pay for things like ingame accessories and subscriptions has risen from in 2018 to in 2020. Receipts from these sources helped Bilibili nearly to double its revenues in each of the past three years , to 12bn yuan ($) in 2020. It also sells adverts on parts of its platform, but they made up less than fifth of its sales. accessory ： 配件、附属品，文中指游戏中的付费物品，in-game accessories 【词汇积累】 double its revenues in each of the past three years ：： 在过去的三年中收入每年都翻了一番 【地道表达】 支付游戏内附属品和订阅费的用户比例从2018年的上升到2020年的。这些来源的收入帮助Bilibili在过去三年中每年的收入翻了一番，到2020年达到120亿元人民币（合17亿美元）。它也在部分平台上销售广告，但这些广告所占的份额还不到其销售额的四分之一。 5 All this has yet to make any money . Last year Bilibili reported an operating loss of 3bn yuan, double the shortfall in 2019. Profits may remain elusive; the company must invest to maintain a pipeline of addictive games and pays top dollar to outbid big streamers like iQiyi for the rights to popular movies and shows its nascent subscription business needs. All this has yet to make any money ： 然而这还没有赚到一分钱 Shortfall ： 亏空，缺口 【词汇积累】 pays top dollar ： 付高价 【词汇积累】 outbid sb for sth ： 出价高于某人 【词组积累】 nascent ： 新生的，萌芽的 【词汇积累】 然而所有这些都还没有赚到钱。去年，Bilibili公布了30亿元的经营亏损，是2019年亏损额的两倍。利润可能仍然难以捉摸；该公司必须通过投资维持游戏渠道，并支付高价，以超过爱奇艺等大型流媒体，获得热门电影的版权，并展示其新生的订阅业务需求。 6 Bilibili’s executives are sanguine . “As our net revenues continue to grow, we do not expect our total content costs as a percentage of total revenue to substantially increase,” they wrote in the prospectus for the firm’s Hong Kong listing. Its share price, down by a third since its February peak, suggests investors want finally to see some proof. Sanguine ： 充满信心的，乐观的 【词汇积累】 Substantially ： 除了基本上，总体来说，还有大大地，大幅地 【熟词僻义】 Prospectus ： 招股书 Bilibili的高管们很乐观。“随着我们的净收入继续增长，我们不希望我们的总内容成本占总收入的百分比大幅增加，”他们写道，在该公司的香港上市的招股书。该公司股价自2月份高点以来下跌了三分之一，这表明投资者终于希望看到一些证据。 总结 mission statement ： 宗旨说明，英文：an official statement of the aims of a company or an organization，即一家公司或组织的目标 【词汇积累】 dubbed ： dub，称作，起绰号，A is dubbed被动形式表示……被称作 【词汇积累】 user figures ： 用户数据 【词汇积累】 Launch ： 上市。除了发射（火箭）外，还有上市的意思，launched in 2009 于2009年上市。下文中的 list in New York中的list也有上市的意思 【词汇积累】 clutter ： ~ sth (up) (with sth/sb) 凌乱地塞满；乱堆放to fill a place with too many things, so that it is untidy。文中指的是bilibili不会在用户上传的视频中，随意添加广告：clutter user-generated videos with adverts 【词汇积累】 accessory ： 配件、附属品，文中指游戏中的付费物品，in-game accessories 【词汇积累】 Shortfall ： 亏空，缺口 【词汇积累】 pays top dollar ： 付高价 【词汇积累】 nascent ： 新生的，萌芽的 【词汇积累】 Sanguine ： 充满信心的，乐观的 【词汇积累】 stand out for sth ： 以……脱颖而出，引人注目 【词组积累】 aspire to do or sth ： 立志于做某事 【词组积累】 shot up by half from a year earlier ： shot up表示激增，猛涨，by half表示增长的量，表示比一年前猛增了一半 【词组积累】 evolved into ： 进化成为 【词组积累】 rush to set up Bilibili accounts ： rush to do争先箜篌地做某事，set up …… accounts 则表示开设创建……的账号 【词组积累】 Between …… and ……： 表示在……和……之间，可以为两个时间段之间 【词组积累】 outbid sb for sth ： 出价高于某人 【词组积累】 put off by ： 被……推迟，这里指的是bilibili运用不放广告的理念吸引那些被广告阻碍看视频的用户 【词组积累】 Substantially ： 除了基本上，总体来说，还有大大地，大幅地 【熟词僻义】 selfhelp lectures ： self-help表示自助的，可以表示自主学习课程 【地道表达】 bn daily views ： 12亿每日观看次数 【地道表达】 double its revenues in each of the past three years ：： 在过去的三年中收入每年都翻了一番 【地道表达】
A revolution in healthcare is coming Welcome to Doctor You Feb 1st 2018NO WONDER they are called “patients”.When people enter the health-care systems of rich countries today, they know what they will get: prodding doctors, endless tests, baffling jargon, rising costs and, above all, long waits. Some stoicism will always be needed, because health care is complex and diligence matters. But frustration is boiling week three of the biggest names in American business—Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase—announced a new venture to provide better, cheaper health care for their employees. A fundamental problem with today’s system is that patients lack knowledge and control. Access to data can bestow both. The internet already enables patients to seek online consultations when and where it suits them. You can take over-the-counter tests to analyse your blood, sequence your genome and check on the bacteria in your gut. Yet radical change demands a shift in emphasis, from providers to patients and from doctors to data. That shift is happening. Technologies such as the smartphone allow people to monitor their own health. The possibilities multiply when you add the crucial missing ingredients—access to your own medical records and the ability easily to share information with those you trust. That allows you to reduce inefficiencies in your own treatment and also to provide data to help train medical algorithms. You can enhance your own care and everyone else’s, too. jargon: the language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people stoicism: the quality or behavior of a person who accepts what happens without complaining or showing emotion 现在病人走进一家医院，都能预料到会是什么样的：仓促的医生，数不清的检测，看不懂的病例，涨不停的费用和无尽的等待... 病人的问题就是他们不清楚状况和缺乏对自己病情的控制 所以亚马逊和JPMorgan还有Berkshire Hathaway 成立了一个新的公司，为他们的员工提供更好更廉价的医疗 The doctor will be you now Medical data may not seem like the type of kindling to spark a revolution. But the flow of information is likely to bear fruit in several ways. One is better diagnosis. Someone worried about their heart can now buy a watch strap containing a medical-grade monitor that will detect arrhythmias. Apps are vying to see if they can diagnose everything from skin cancer and concussion to Parkinson’s disease. Research is under way to see whether sweat can be analysed for molecular biomarkers without the need for an invasive blood test. Some think that changes in how quickly a person swipes a phone’s touchscreen might signal the onset of cognitive problems. A second benefit lies in the management of complex diseases. Diabetes apps can change the way patients cope, by monitoring blood-glucose levels and food intake, potentially reducing long-run harm such as blindness and gangrene. Akili Interactive, a startup, plans to seek regulatory approval for a video game designed to stimulate an area of the brain implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (see article). 医疗数据可能不会带来一个伟大的变革，但是会有非常多的好处，这四段分别讲了四个有用的地方，看经济学人重要的是看清楚文章的逻辑！ 第一个好处是：更好地诊断 第二个好处是：管理复杂的疾病 Patients can also improve the efficiency of their care. Although health records are increasingly electronic, they are often still trapped in silos. Many contain data that machines cannot read. This can lead to delays in treatment, or worse. Many of the 250,000 deaths in America attributable to medical error each year can be traced to poorly co-ordinated care. With data at their fingertips, common standards to enable sharing and a strong incentive to get things right, patients are more likely to spot errors. On January 24th Apple laid out its plans to ask organisations to let patients use their smartphones to download their own medical records (see article). A final benefit of putting patients in charge stems from the generation and aggregation of their data. Artificial intelligence (AI) is already being trained by a unit of Alphabet, Google’s parent company, to identify cancerous tissues and retinal damage. As patients’data stream from smartphones and “wearables”, they will teach AIs to do ever more. Future AIs could, for instance, provide automated medical diagnosis from a description of your symptoms, spot behavioural traits that suggest you are depressed or identify if you are at special risk of cardiac disease. The aggregation of data will also make it easier for you to find other people with similar diseases and to see how they responded to various treatments. 第三个好处是提高医疗效率 第四个好处是病人掌控自己的数据整合等 讲完了好处接下来讲坏处... An Apple a day As with all new technologies, pitfalls accompany the promise. Hucksters will launch apps that do not work. But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients, users will harm only their wallets. Not everyone will want to take active control of their own health care; plenty will want the professionals to manage . Data can be pored over by those who are interested, while those who are not can opt to share data automatically with trusted providers. The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich. Those fears are mitigated by the incentives that employers, governments and insurers have to invest in cost-efficient preventive care for all. Alphabet has recently launched a firm called Cityblock Health, for example, which plans to trawl through patients’ data to provide better care for low-income city dwellers, many of them covered by Medicaid, an insurance programme for poorer Americans. pitfall: a danger or problem that is hidden or not obvious at first pore over: to read or study something very carefully trawl: to search through something in order to find someone or something 很多先进的技术都是益了富人，因此这需要纳税人，政府和保险公司一起想出保障到所有人的医疗制度 Google在这方面有做出了努力，成立了一各公司Cityblock Health，为低收入人群提供更好的医疗！（真心觉得googlers 是为了人类进步而发展的公司...) Other risks are harder to deal transparency may encourage the hale and hearty not to take out health insurance. They may even make it harder for the unwell to find cover. Regulations can slow that process—by requiring insurers to ignore genetic data, for example—but not stop it. Security is another worry. The more patient data are analysed in the cloud or shared with different firms, the greater the potential threat of hacking or misuse. Almost a quarter of all data breaches in America happen in health care. Health firms should face stringent penalties if they are slapdash about security, but it is naive to expect that breaches will never happen. Will the benefits of making data more widely available outweigh such risks? The signs are that they will. Plenty of countries are now opening up their medical records, but few have gone as far as Sweden. It aims to give all its citizens electronic access to their medical records by 2020; over a third of Swedes have already set up accounts. Studies show that patients with such access have a better understanding of their illnesses, and that their treatment is more successful. Trials in America and Canada have produced not just happier patients but lower costs, as clinicians fielded fewer inquiries. That should be no surprise. No one has a greater interest in your health than you do. Trust in Doctor You. hale: healthy and strong, usually used in the phrase hale and hearty 一个坏处就是让那些身体情况良好的人不会再买保险，而让那些身体不好的人很难买到保险；还有分享的数据越多，就越有可能发生数据泄露和被黑客黑的可能 stringent: very strict or severe slapdash: quick and careless 那分享这些医疗数据到底是不是利大于弊还是弊大于利？种种迹象标明是 利大于弊的！ 总结：科技改变生活，本文是这期经济学人杂志的封面文章 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Results Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L Mean Sentence Length: Mean Log Word Frequency: Word Count: 1030 这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 适合英语专业大二的水平学习，是经济学人里比较简单的使用kindle断断续续地读《经济学人》三年，发现从一开始磕磕碰碰到现在比较顺畅地读完，进步很大，推荐购买！ 点击这里可以去亚马逊官网购买~
很多外刊杂志其实在国内可以买到，去一些比较大的书店，外刊杂志种类很全。北京王府井外文书店就能买到很多种外刊，像是《The Economist 》，《Times》等等。最推荐买The Economist (经济学人)，Newsweek (新闻周刊)， News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道)，Times (时代周刊)这四本，考研英语80%的外刊都是出自这里。
而在新开辟的专栏内，安排了六篇关于中国政治、经济、社会等方面的文章，包括云南的烟草与咖啡种植业、政府在经济生活中的角色、房地产行业等等。
考研英语答题顺序：
作答顺序上各有差异，可以按顺序依次作答，可以先完成作文再从头答。时间安排上，阅读和作文占大头，一般来说作文控制在50分钟，阅读控制在60分钟为佳，其实也是看各人，我考试时作文的时间超了，但是阅读做得快，大概45分钟做完。
最好在规划时所有题做完还能剩下15分钟，因为真正考试的时候永远有突发情况，时间抵住了会极其影响发挥。另外，做真题的时候要留一两套卷子来模拟，考前一定一定要全套卷子计时模拟一遍。
以上内容参考百度百科——考研英语
考研阅读基本都是国外杂志挑出来的文章，题源是经济学人、科学等杂志，所以看这些杂志比较合适。文章复习方法：
（1）第一、新题型主要是考察考生对考点空格前后句子关联的把握。因此要很好地把握文章里单句之间的关系，因为这种关系很重要，以方便考察两种题。一是七选五，二是段落排序。
（2）第二、新题型主要是从全局角度考察大家对文章逻辑的把握，要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析和理解长难句的能力。和阅读的Part A部分不一样，新题型可以多做点模拟题目，因为这种题目模拟题与真题的偏差相对会比较小。
（3）第三、要提升考生概括和提炼段落大意的能力。一段文章，总体上讲的是什么？怎么样用简单、简洁的语言把这一段文章的总体意思概括起来，这是段落标题类。在一个段落里面，我们如何把握总体上讲了什么东西，这是我们考生平常阅读里欠缺的一个能力。建议大家多多练习提炼段落大意的能力，可以尝试每次看完一个段落就用简短汉语或者英文把段落主旨写在段落旁边。
做题技巧：
1、浏览选项。浏览选项说的直白些，就是找选项的第一句话，抓关键句中的主题词。这些主题词的词性多以名词、动词为特点。尤其要注意其中的专属名词和标志词。如人名、地名、连接词、数字等。通过这些词我们往往能反推出文章里应该有的内容，如果能找到这样的内容，答案就会十分清楚。因此我们建议大家在浏览选项时，将主题词和信号词找出并划记下来，然后再向下做题。
2、重点排查。有些题目，在看第一遍时，就可以凭知识、阅历选出答案。然后在接下来的题目当中，我们就可以按顺序做题了。你需要重点注意剩下的空格前后都有什么：如果是补充段落，则可能前后都要看;如果要补充的是段首句或小标题，则重点看空格后面;如果补充段尾句或小标题下面的内容，则重点看空格前面。那些有词汇复现的选项要么就是正确答案，要么就是干扰选项。
3、找突破口。一般的选项都会有主题词，但不一定有信号词，所以有信号词的选项往往就是突破口。
4、核实答案。在做完后，要进一步阅读整篇文章。以便检查文章的完整性和逻辑性。完整性和逻辑性较好，则说明答案正确率较高，反之则较低。总言之，整体阅读也是一种重要的解题技巧。
以上内容参考：百度百科-考研英语
考研英语阅读来自经济学人，自然杂志等外刊。百分之80的考研英语阅读来源于经济学人，卫报自然杂志和新闻周刊和科学美国等，考研阅读理解的文章大多为说明文或议论文，其中社会科学是考研英语阅读的主要和重点选材，人文科学的重要性出现上升趋势。
考研英语阅读的技巧
发现考研的题目基本都围绕在文章的各层次主干上，细枝末节上基本没有涉题，于是就会发现，原文几百字的文章，真正需要了解的只有主干的几十字而已，其余的东西都可省，当划去冗余，就会发现几十字的文章骨架基本覆盖所有的问题。
可见对于考研阅读，若要高效正确的征服，必须学会快速分析文章的主干，这就是基于逻辑的阅读，上升到理论层面的阅读模式，用在本科毕业设计中看论文很受用效率很高，速度也很快，再不像以往看文章从头到尾还是云里雾里。
考研英语阅读来源主要有经济学人，时代周刊，科学，华盛顿新闻，福克斯新闻，纽约评论，主要是英美两国核心期刊文章为主。app的话推荐使用可可英语。