A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Hermia’s father wanted her daughter married Demetrius but not Lysander. But Hermis really love Lysander. Because she can’t refuse his father’s request, she decided to escape through the forest at night with her true love to another country. She told her plan to her friend, Helena who love Demetrius. But Demetrius didn’t love her at all. Helena told the Hermia’s plan to Demetrius who also love Helena so that she can follow him. They together went to the forest. Meanwhile in the forest there are Oberon & Titania ---The king and Queen of fairies, who are quarrel with each other, because the king wanted a child who belong Titania, the Queen. So he let Puck find a magic flower which can make person fall in love at the first sight after sleeping. He used the flower and make Titania fall in love with an ugly Ducky-Man and then successfully get the child. He also wanted use the flower to help Helena after hearing the dialog between Helena and Demetrius. Oberon wanted Demetrius also love Helena so that he let Puck put the flower into Demetrius’ eyes. But Puck made a mistake, which he put the flower into Lysander’s eyes so that Lysander also fell in love with Helena. Now both Lysander and Demetrius love Helena, so they had a fight. After realizing the mistake, Oberon let Puck do it again. After Oberon and Titania’s dancing they forgot all the things. Then Lysander loves Hermia again, and Demetrius love Helena. The ending of this story is really Caesar: Julius Caesa, Mark Antony and Brutus are friends. But at last they all died by killing by themselves. The tragedy is only caused the kingship.
不确定性的狂欢——《达芬奇密码》的后现代主义解读从文学文体学角度浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的反奴斗争接受美学视角下《暮光之城》字幕翻译的审美再现策略针对“00后”学生特点的初中英语个性化教学研究
关于中西文化差异的资料太多了,相信图书馆里就有很多,写的人也太多了,建议你换一个
中国女钢琴家陈洁 一袭蓝色长裙、精致的面容、如云的乌黑卷发,这是我国目前获得国际大奖最多的女钢琴家陈洁在接受新华社记者采访时给人的第一印象。 本月13日至15日,陈洁受邀与墨西哥州交响乐团合作在墨西哥州州府托卢卡以及墨西哥城进行三场演出,在彩排的空隙,这位年轻的女钢琴家接受了记者的专访。 23岁的陈洁是现在美国柯蒂斯音乐学院炙手可热的青年钢琴家,在近期美国权威音乐网站KDFC评选的2008年全球30岁以下30位最杰出的古典明星中,她与郎朗、李云迪同在其列,成为亚洲新一代女性钢琴家的代表。 “3岁那年因为喜欢邻居家传出的钢琴声,便嚷着叫父母也送我一架。后来母亲认为可以用钢琴开发智力,所以就答应了。我的第一架钢琴是我见过最独特的,也是我从小到大收到的最重要的礼物之一。”这位出生在广东韶关的南国红豆在3岁时就和钢琴结缘,从此开始了她的艺术人生。此后,陈洁凭着良好的音乐天赋、过人的接受能力和不断的坚持,于1994年考入上海音乐学院附小,1998年又以全额奖学金进入美国费城柯蒂斯音乐学院深造,成为郎朗的师妹。 “到费城求学时,我才12岁,因为文化、语言的障碍,头两年是我最难熬甚至感到恐惧的时光。但是我从小就相信坚持最重要的道理,也因为我母亲一直在我身边支持我,最后我终于跨过了这道难关。”陈洁回忆起那段时光,清澈的双眼透露出孩童般的骄傲。通过在美国柯蒂斯音乐学院不断对自己的音乐文化修养和琴技的提高,陈洁很快在国际大赛的舞台上展露其独特的艺术魅力。 2001年到2006年,陈洁摘取了众多国际钢琴的最高奖项,被人誉为“比赛达人”,其中包括2004年她在第二届美国明尼苏达州明那波利斯市E-国际钢琴比赛获得冠军,此项比赛是国际钢琴比赛中难度最大、竞争力最强、奖额最高的赛事。 陈洁说:“现在的我更愿意与世界各大乐团和各国音乐家合作演出,不断从这些大师身上汲取灵感,同时也把音乐的神妙和美丽带给各国的观众,尤其是把我们中国的音乐介绍给其他国家热爱音乐的人,把中国音乐带入世界钢琴主流曲目中。” 在2008年,陈洁为全球发行量最大的唱片公司纳考斯录制了《中国钢琴民曲集》,专辑中收录了建国后一批优秀的中国民族音乐改编曲,包括大家熟知的《浏阳河》、《百鸟朝凤》、《彩云追月》、《二泉映月》等。 自16岁应邀与美国五大交响乐团之一的费城交响乐团以及著名的指挥大师沃尔夫冈·萨瓦利什成功首演以来,陈洁的足迹遍及五大洲,在美国卡内基音乐厅、肯尼迪中心、慕尼赫克立思音乐厅、巴黎卢浮宫、西班牙马德里音乐厅等世界著名的音乐殿堂里举办了个人独奏音乐会。 “但最让我开心的是去年回国与首席指挥家余隆老师指挥的中国爱乐乐团,陈佐湟老师指挥的国家交响乐团,还有谭盾老师指挥的广州交响乐团合作,在北京、武汉、广州、珠海演出。这是我12岁以来在国内停留时间最长的一次,能在祖国演奏,让我感到既亲切又自豪。我想等我学成之后,一定要回国,把最好的音乐奉献给祖国的观众。”陈洁再一次用她的真诚和对祖国的牵挂表达了她的依依游子情。Chen Jie, the Chinese pianist's contribution to his lifeDressed in a blue dress, delicate face, like clouds of black curly hair, and this is the most current international awards female pianist Jie told Xinhua News Agency reporters Cai Fangshi and Ji Rende first impression. 13 to 15 this month, Chen's invitation and the State of Mexico Symphony Orchestra in Toluca and Mexico City, Mexico State Government to conduct three performances, the gap in the rehearsal, the young pianist received reporters interview. 23-year-old Chen Jie, Curtis Institute of Music is now the United States hot young pianist, recently named the United States the authority's website KDFC 2008 in 30 years of age 30 the most distinguished classical star, she and Lang Lang and Li Yundi, the same In his column, as Asia's new generation of female pianist representatives. "3 years old because I like the neighbor heard the piano, he exclaimed parents gave me a call. Later, the mother that the piano can develop intelligence, so I agreed. My first piano I've ever seen The most unique is that I have always received one of the most important gift. "Shaoguan in Guangdong who was born in southern red beans and piano at the age of 3, lasting bonds thus beginning her life in art. Since then, Chen Jie, with the solid musical talent and outstanding ability to accept and constant insistence, in 1994 admitted to the primary school attached to Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1998, You Yi full scholarship to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia studies, as Lang Long of no return. "To the Philadelphia school, I was 12 years old, because of culture, language barriers, the first two years that I fear even the most tough time. But I brought up to believe adhere to the most important reason, and because my mother has been by my side support me, I finally crossed this difficult period. "Jie recalled that period of time, clear eyes that betray childlike pride. Curtis Institute of Music in the . continue to cultivate their own musical culture and the Qin Ji improvement, Chen Jie soon on the stage in the international competition to expose its unique artistic charm. 2001 to 2006, Chen's removal of many international piano's highest award, was called "the game up", including her second term in 2004, Minnesota, USA E-next Indianapolis International Piano Competition in City won the championship, this game is the most difficult international piano competitions, most competitive, scholarships, the highest of the tournament. Jie said: "Now I am more willing to work with the world's major orchestras and national musicians perform continuously learn from the masters who inspired, but also to bring the music of the marvelous and beautiful countries in the audience, especially to our Chinese music to other people who love music to Chinese music into the mainstream of the world's piano repertoire. " In 2008, Chen Jie, the world's largest record company released Na kas recording of "Piano Man song sets of China", the album contains a number of outstanding after the founding of the Chinese folk music transcriptions, including well-known "Liuyang River "" Birds Pay Homage, "" Clouds Chasing the Moon "," Traditional "and so on. Since the 16-year-old was invited to the United States, one of five Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra and the famous Maestro Wolfgang Valis has been successful debut, Chen Jie, toured five continents, in Carnegie Hall, Kennedy Center Concert Hall Muniheke Cleese, Paris, Louvre, Madrid's world-famous concert hall and other halls in solo concert was held. "But my greatest joy that came back last year with the chief conductor Yu Long, conductor of the China Philharmonic Orchestra teacher, Chen Zuohuang teacher directed the National Symphony Orchestra, Tan Dun teachers have command of the Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra in Beijing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Zhuhai show. This is my 12-year-old stay at home since the longest time, playing in the motherland, so I feel warm and proud. I want to wait for me after your studies, we must return, to the best music dedicated to motherland's audience. "Jie again with her sincere and concerned about our motherland Yiyi wanderer expressed her feelings.
(基本代表目前文稿一般行情,若有变化以报纸规定为准) 《家庭》杂志: 重头稿8000-15000元/篇 一般稿千字600-1000元。 《知音》杂志: 特稿1000元/千字。一般稿300-500元/千字。 《爱人》杂志: 特别稿500元/千字。纪实稿300元/千字。 《深圳青年》杂志: 特别稿500元/千字。 人物稿300元/千字。 《家庭之友》杂志:纪实稿300-500元/千字 《恋爱·婚姻·家庭》: 特别稿300-500元/千字 《伴你同行》杂志:头条稿300元/千字普通稿150-200元/千字 《家家乐》杂志: 纪实稿300元/千字。 《八小时以外》杂志:纪实稿200元/千字。 《人之初》杂志:200元/千字。 广东工商报: 新闻投稿 新闻报料 头条稿100元/千字 天津日报 投稿信箱 70元/千字 天津青年报 纪实稿100元/千字 一般稿80元/千字 每日新报: 头条稿120元/千字 一般稿80元/千字 北京青年报 80-100元/千字 (投稿信箱) 粤港信息日报: 90元/千字 今晚报 80元/千字 中国青年报 纪实稿120元/千字 工人日报 100元/千字。 津老年时报: 70元/千字 《时代青年》杂志编辑郜艳 《深圳青年·国际》杂志编辑慧慧: 《女友》杂志编辑莎梨 《爱人》杂志编辑贾琼 《辽宁青年》杂志编辑宋凌燕 《青年心理》杂志编辑李明宇 《求职与打工》杂志编辑王学亮 《中国大学生》杂志编辑李东辉 《女报·记实》杂志编辑肖海生 《女报·时尚》杂志编辑小王 《花季·雨季》杂志编辑顿号 《新空间》杂志社 , 《中国青年》杂志社编辑徐风 《广西文学·情感真品》杂志编辑韦露 《女士》李晓洁编辑 , 《大学时代》荷洁编辑
是的人之初杂志停刊了。人之初杂志社,位于广东省广州市,宗旨和业务范围是“编辑出版《人之初》杂志及广告制作,宣传计划生育、向广大育龄人群普及婚、育、性科学知识”。该事业单位开办资金7274万人民币。统一社会信用代码:12440000MB2C395082经营范围:人之初杂志社,注册资本为7274万,法定代表人为董玉整,经营状态为证书废止。
人之初网站人之初杂志在线
都是真都是真的就没人看了
只能给你一些提示:(论文的分论点)1:什么样的文学作品适于改编? 与该导演的其他作品、美国这一流派的作品作比较。 2:怎样改编文学作品能获得成功?从语言风格?从思想深度?还是从不同视角? 与其他成功的改编作品作比较,如《阿甘正传》、《蝴蝶梦》……3:当下的电影拍摄环境需要什么样的改编的文学作品?从《革命之路》改编、演员选定、场景选择、台词转换等等角度进行分析。……其他还有很多,我只看过电影,没有看过原著,不敢多作评论。如果你真的非常需要帮忙,请到空间留言给我。另:谴责直接复制他人答案的人!!!
略谈外国文学评论 外国文学和外国文学评论有着密切的关系,没有,何来评论?是评论的依据。没有评论,便难于健康地发展,可能会长期存在"泥沙俱下,鱼龙混杂"的不良局面,因此,评论对外国文学起着一种净化和提高的作用。 我国老一辈作家、家,尤其是作家兼家,不仅给我们留下宝贵的文学遗产,而已在外国文学评论面,也为我们树立了永远值得学习的光辉榜样。首先让我们来看一着郑振铎是怎样实事求是客观公允地评论中国第一个外国文学大师林纾(琴南)的功过: 我们看了这个统计(指林纾所外国文学作品的统计),一面自然是非常的感谢林琴南凭外,因为他介绍了这许多重要的世界名着给我们,但一面却不免可惜他的劳力之大半归于虚耗,因为在他所的一百五十六种作品中,仅有这六七十种是着名的(其中尚杂有哈葛德及科南道尔二人的第二等的小说二十匕种,所以在一百五十六种中,重要的作品尚占不到三分之一),其他的书却都是第二、三流的作品,可以不必的,这大概不能十分归咎于林先生,因为他是个懂得任何外国文字的,选择原本之权全操了与他合作的口者之身上。 还有一件事,也是林先生为他的口者所误的:小说与戏剧,性质本大不同,但林先生却把许多极好的剧本、成了小说--添进了许多叙事,删减了许多对话,简直变成与原本完全不同的一部书了。如莎士比亚的剧本《亨利第四》、《雷差得纪》、《亨利第六》、《凯撒遗事》以及易卜生的《群鬼》(梅孽)都是被他得变成了另外一部书了--原文的美与风格及重要的对话完全消灭不见,这简直是在步武却尔斯·兰在做莎士乐府本事,又何必写上了"原着者莎士比亚"及"原着者易卜生"呢? 林先生的,还有一点不见得好,便是任意删节原文。如法 国雨果的《九三年》,林先生之为《双雄义死录》,拿原文来一对不知减少了多少。我们很惊异,为什么原文是很厚的一本,成了中文却变了一本薄薄的了。 然而无论如何,我们统计林先生的,其可以称得较完善者已有四十余种。在中国,恐怕了四十余种名着的,除了林先生外,到现在还不曾有过一个人呀。所以我们对于林先生这种劳苦的工作是应该十二分的感谢的。 在那些可以称得较完善的四十余种中,如西万提司的《魔侠传》,狄更司的《贼史》,《孝女耐儿传》等,史各德之《撒克奄后英雄略》等,都可以算得很好的本。沈雁冰先生曾对我说,《撒克奄后英雄略》,除了几个小错处外,颇能保存原文的情调,文中的人物也描写得与原文中的人物一模一样,并无什么变更。 离开他的的本身的价值不谈,林先生的工作在当时也有很大的影响与功绩,其最大的是: 中国近二十年作小说者之多,差不多可以说大都受林先生的感化与影响的。即创作小说者也十分的受林先生的影响。小说的旧体裁,由林先生而打破,欧洲作家史各德、狄更司、华盛顿·欧文、大仲马、小仲马诸人的姓名也因林先生而始为中国人所认识。① 其次,再让我们来看一看茅盾又是多么细致地分析、比较、评论《简爱》的两种本的。一本是伍光建的《孤女飘零记》,一本是李霁野的《简爱》。茅盾一开始便摘引了原文第一章的头两段来评比:There was no possibility of taking a walk that day. We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning; but since dinner(Mrs. Reed,when there was no company, dined early)the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so sombre,and rain so penetrating,that further outdoor exercise was out of the question。 (伍)那一天是不能出门散步的了。当天的早上,我们在那已经落叶的小丛树堆里溜过有一点钟了;不料饭后(李特太太,没得客人来,吃饭是早的,)刮起各大的寒风,满天都是乌云。又落雨,是绝不能出门运动的了。 (李)那一大是没有散步的可能了。不错,早晨我们已经在无叶的丛林中漫游过一点钟了,但是午饭之后--在没有客人的时候,里德夫人是早早吃饭的--寒冷的冬风刮来这样阴沉的云,和这样侵人的雨,再做户外运动是不可能的了。 茅盾指出,这两段文都是直,但有一同中之异,即李是尽可能地移了原文的句法的。如果细较量起来,我们应当说李更为"字对字";第二句中间的"indeed"一字,两个助词"so"以及"penetrating"一字,在伍是省过了。然而这是小节。如果我们将这两段文读着读着,回过去再读原文,我们就不能不承认李泽更近于原文那种柔美的情调。伍的第二句后半,"刮起冬天的寒风,满天都是乌云,又落雨,是绝不能出门运动了,"诚然明快,可是我们总觉得缺少了委婉。而所以然之故,我以为是和依照原文的句法与否有关。又原文中之"the cold winter wind had brought With it… "一段,李亦比伍更为"字对字",而且更为妥贴。除了'这样阴沉的云,和这样侵人的雨"在字面上也比"满天都是乌云,又落雨"更为切合原文而外,"寒冷的冬风刮来……"云云也比"刮起冬天的寒风"更合原文的意思;而这,也足因为伍要避去欧化句法,所以这半句就不能"组织"的恰好。否则,这半句并不怎样难,以伍先生的才一定能得很妥贴的。② 再来比较原书第一章的第二段:I was glad of it: I never liked long walks, especially on chilly afternoons,dreadful to me was the coming home In the raw twilight,with nipped fingers and toes,and a heart saddened by the chidings of Bessie, the nurse, and humbled by consciousness of my physical inferiority to liza, John, and Georgiana Reed. (伍)这我却很欢喜:我不愿意走远路,尤其是遇着跟冷的下午,薄暮寒光中,散步归来,手脚的冰冷,奶奶贝西的臭骂,已经够我害怕,而我的身体的孱弱,比不上伊里西,左珍纳,约翰他们三个,更使我自惭形秽了。 (李)这是我高兴的:我从来不喜欢长的散步,尤其在冷的下午:手指和足趾都冻坏,怀着被保姆毕西骂得忧伤的心,觉得身体不如以利沙,约翰,和乔治安那里德而受着委曲,在湿冷的黄昏回家,在我看来是可怕的。 这一段一长句,因为原文的句法的关系,颇难得好。原文的"dreadful to me"直贯句尾,李移装在句本,好是好的,但文字稍觉累赘。伍移在句中("已经够我害怕"),我以为比较明快。自然,倘使我们逐字对照起来,伍是省去了若干字的;"我不愿意走远路"中间略去了"从来"(never),"手指和足趾"简略为"手脚","被保姆毕西骂得忧伤的心"简略为"奶妈贝西的臭骂",--这都是。 但是通读全句,我还是喜欢伍。我以为伍此句的神韵很好。"薄暮寒光中散步归来"似乎比"在湿冷的黄昏回家"多些韵味,而"humbled by the consciousness of my physical inferiority to…"伍的比较自由的成语(把humbled by the consciousness of为“自惭形秽”,我亦觉得比李的"觉得身体不如……而受着委曲"似乎更见熨贴。 比较这一段的两种文,颇有意思。第一,此句的伍实在比第一段更为切近直,这证明了直法的不容怀疑;第二,这又证明了直法如果太拘泥于"字对字",便容易流为死板,使文缺少了神韵;太拘泥于"字对字",往往会变成死,--这跟直有相当的距离。久历此句加添了些意义。"已经够我害怕"的一个"够"字,和"更使我自惭形秽"的"更"字,--这两字在文中是互相呼应的,然而把原文的语气太加重了;我以为"更"字可以换为"也"字。 看,茅盾对两种本的评论是多么公.毫无成见,是则是之,非则非之,动机是与人为善,措词是委婉中肯,绝无哗众取宠之意,更无损人利己之心。评论的目的,乃是总结的宝贵经验,从而促进我国事业的个断发展。 前辈在外国文学评论面,早已给我们树立了光辉的榜样。 接受批评,毫无疑问,是更加困难的一个面,前辈中也不难找到永久值得效法的楷模。他就足中国现代文学史上伟人旗手鲁迅,他虚心接受批评意见的事实,大量存在于他同翟秋白关于问题的通讯中。例如鲁秋白先生对于地重的法捷耶夫《毁灭》,根据俄文提出九点商榷,他都欣然同意,回信说:"如来信所举的例,我都可以承认比我得更'达',也可以推定并且更'信',对于读者和者,都有很大的益处"。③ 在外国文学评论面,甚至在接受批评面,都有前辈树立了卓越的榜样和楷模。但统观半个世纪以上的外国文学评论,似乎还同外国文学的发展不相适应,没有做到相辅相成,同步前进。不仅没有形成一个健康发展的为文学事业服务的面军,而且还出现或"左'或右的现象。所谓"左",典型的表现见五十年代出版的《通报》。北京《通报》编辑委员会..一..出版了《通报》第一卷~期;..--..出版了第二卷~期;..--..出版了~期(期为特大号);..出版了一月号;二月号因故休刊。直到此刻为止,《通报吨理论研究和外国文学介绍与评论面做出了自己应有的贡献。经过年月的作刊整顿,三月号便以配合三反运动的严峻面目出现,例如三月号首篇文章,便是题为《展开界的三反运动》的动员报告.紧接着就是检举和斗争,并在批评栏中开始点名批判已经相当有名气的一些家。到了四月号,旗帜就更加鲜明了,大字通栏标题则三反运动中界的批评与自我批评特辑》,接着分《自我批评之部》和《批评之部》。一些名家在《自我》部和《批》部相继被点名批判和作检查。五、六两月号仍为特辑,检讨和批判仍在继续进行,不过其火药味已开始有所减弱,好端端的《通报》他就跟着三反运动的结束而停刊。 不容讳言,当时界少数人确实存在着抢、滥、剽窃,甚至作"中间把头"等等恶劣现象,严重的可作三反对象清查处理。但绝大多数家,虽然工作中存在着这样那样的缺点,仍然见有所不为的,在专辑中所发表的"批判"和"检讨",究竟有多少符合真学术意义上的"批评"与"自我批评",自己信服也让人信服,恐怕需做进一步的研讨和商榷,很难盖棺论定。 所谓"右",表现在前几年对于黄色或接近黄色的书刊的放之任之,无人过问、那几年,学术着作和严肃的文学市场,已被蚕食殆尽,但外国文学批评界则然若寒蝉,无敢挺身而出者致使黄色泛滥,臭气熏天。 如何健康地开展常的外国文学的评论工作呢? 我认为,第一,评论有两个任务:一是奖善,一是罚恶,而前者应为其主要任务。所谓奖善,是向读者介绍推荐善佳,使他们有所欣赏和借鉴。所谓罚恶,是分析批判那些诲淫诲盗或错误百出的品,使读者知所警惕,免得继续受害。 第二,评论法应当是宏观和微观的结合。如是善佳,首先应从宏观的即文学的观点评论~下者是否重现或者切合或者接近了原文的风格,其次应从微观即语言学的观点,研究文是怎样利用语言特点来体现原文的风格的。为了使读者容易理解,自然免不掉要举些实例、同例、句例以及段例,如是劣、坏,亦应宏微结合,首先评论一本原着本身的文学价值如何,社会效益如何,其次应毫不留情地指出者的粗制滥造错误百出的实例。 第三,要想常地开展评论工作,还必须有个调节机构。建议由《中国》编辑部和人民文学出版社编辑部为"外国文学评论联合调节部",一则两部都有强大的编辑力量,二是舆论反应出版信息比较灵通,除掉本身有力量及时撰写发表有分量的评论,还可组约与自己有联系的者动笔撰写。此外,文学出版社还有能力肩负以优代劣的任务,那就是,一发现一部值得的作品被得不堪入目,除及时撰文予以严厉批评外,文学社有义务也有能力马上组织胜任者重出版。只有采取这种双管齐下的补求办法,才能使坏劣逐步退出市场。 第四、批评者应有象郑振铎、茅盾前辈等那种实事求是的科学态度,切忌意气用事,攻其一点,不及其余;而受批评者应有鲁迅那样的虚怀若谷的精神,对的就应该接受,不断地提高自己。如果自以为了不起,"老子天下第一",老虎屁股摸不得,其结果只能是自己受害。 ①参着郑振铎《林琴南先生》,《中国文学研究》下册,作家出版社,年版。 ②参看茅盾《简爱的两个本》,《文》年新卷第期。 ③李季《鲁迅对于工作的贡献人《通报}年月。
呵呵,如果实在找不到就用电子翻译软件翻译已有的中文版啊,有道 桌面词典好用啊,一段一段的翻译 然后自己改改就可以的啊,呵呵。。。
人要勤奋,要坚持,要乐观,要坚强 读勃朗特三姐妹作品有感-《简爱》《呼啸山庄》 第一次接触勃朗特三姐妹的作品,是中学时阅读大姐夏洛蒂·勃朗特的经典著作《简爱》。 正值青春年少的自己,一捧起这本书便沉溺进去。整晚熬夜把它读完,也觉得意犹未尽。此后就一而再,再而三的反复阅读,甚至把它偷带去学校。当我们可尊敬的语文老师对着篇乏味的文章,大谈其中心思想扬漾着革命主义精神的时候,我就把头埋在桌洞里,沉浸在故事当中。我为幼年的简爱所受到的虐待而悲愤,感同身受般的体会着简爱那幼小敏感的心灵所受的伤害。多么不公平啊!我在心里和简爱一起呐喊。我也为成年的简爱而倾倒。喜欢她在地位比她高的所谓上流社会人士面前表现出的那种不卑不亢的态度,喜欢她在面对爱时表现出的的那种自尊自强的精神,心中不禁感叹在距离她所处的年代进步了二百年的现代,又有几个女人有勇气为了自己的尊严而对一个心爱又富有的男人说不呢?简爱就可以!总之,那一段时间的我,完全被小说俘虏了。在阅读中随着情节的发展,为她所遭受的伤害而泣,为她在待人和谈吐中流露出的自信和少许的俏皮而会心微笑。不过因为在上课时间我所表现出的这种时而眼角挂泪,时而嘴角留笑的疯癫表情,倒着实让我当时的同桌担心了好一段时间。 我因为喜欢《简爱》这本小说,就想要进一步了解它的作者。从而知道了她是一个贫穷牧师的女儿,有一个荒唐的拖累家庭的兄弟,还有两个同样会写书的妹妹。她和她的妹妹们在人生中的大多数时间里都生活在英国北部荒凉的乡村。在旷野里散步,似乎就是她们最好的运动和娱乐。封闭的环境、糟糕的家庭、平淡的生活,这一切同我心目中的那个充满热情的女作家是多么不相称啊!就像沙漠里开出玫瑰一样让人意想不到。 我试图通过阅读她妹妹的作品来更好的了解她。抱着这种心理我先是在书店里找到了夏洛蒂的小妹安妮·勃朗特所写的小说。小说的内容是讲一个因生活所迫而从事家庭教师工作的女孩子,在经历了几个难管教的坏孩子和不讲道理的父母后,顺利结识了令自己倾心的富有绅士,并最终缔结良缘的故事。总体上来说算是琼瑶小说的19世纪古典英国版。这是一本让人沮丧的书。她的大姐夏洛蒂书中优美的细节描写和高尚的思想情操在这里都是找不到的。因为只勉强看了一遍,索性我把书名也忘了,只记得好像是女主人公自己那长长的啰哩啰嗦的名字。 一位文采平庸的妹妹并没能让我退缩,我又找到了夏洛蒂的大妹艾米莉·勃朗特所写的《呼啸山庄》。 那是怎样的一本书啊!我第一遍读它的时候只觉得像是有乌云在头上笼罩。沉重和压抑的感觉渗透在字里行间,弥漫在整本书中。我虽然强忍着把书看完 ,却留下了后遗症——此后的整个星期看到的天空都是灰色的。虽然如此,我仍要公平的说,这本书振撼了我的灵魂。 首先它是特立独行的。所描写的男女主人公希克厉和凯瑟琳既邪恶又自私,人类美德的光辉绝照不到他们身上。但他们彼此之间的爱情却又是可以超越一切的。凯瑟琳口中的“我就是希克厉,希克厉就是我。”和“我不知道灵魂是什么料子的,但我和希克厉的一定是一种料子。”像这种炙热的情感表达,完全有别于同时期的英国作品。其次它是离经叛道的。当其它作品中的人物追求自己的灵魂能在天堂里得到安宁的时候,凯瑟琳却作了个可怕的恶梦——她梦见自己到了天堂,她痛苦的大哭,尖叫,她要回家,回那个在读者眼中像是地狱的家。在我看来,这本书更可能出自一个起义天使之手,而不是一位牧师女儿的作品。总之,它颠覆了世俗的德道观,要把人们心上那道狭窄的感情之门完全撕开,跟随它的主人公一起去体会那像火一样 奔放的灵魂和燃烧的激情。读过它才让我发觉,看书的过程有时候就像是一种爱情。《大话西游》里的至尊宝原以为他用‘月光宝盒’回到500年前,是要找他的娘子白晶晶,结果却找到了一生的至爱紫霞仙子。 我因为想了解《简·爱》的作者而找到《呼啸山庄》,才发现后者在思想深度和情感表达方面远超过前者。如同月亮无法在太阳面前争辉。那一刻,我完全能体会至尊宝的心情。 直到现在,我也无法了解在英国北部那样保守、闭塞的环境下何以会孕育出像勃朗特姐妹那种情感丰富的,只用一部作品便可划亮文坛的天才女作家。我只能说,可以让人感动的作品,往往来自于作者自己的内心,而不是来自于外界的浮华。 勃朗特三姐妹的女性独立意识
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
题目是论文内容的高度概括,它对读者具有影响力,可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022,希望能帮助到大家!
↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓
★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★
★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★
翻译硕士论文题目选题参考
1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理
2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略
3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究
4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题
5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译
6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨
7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译
8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究
9、有道词典在翻译中的应用
10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告
11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理
12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究
13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译
14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例
15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用
16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》
17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究
18、新闻发布会口译项目报告
19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略
20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告
21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告
22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告
23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告
24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例
25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告
26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握
27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究
28、商务合同英汉互译技巧
29、英文品牌汉译
30、知识对于翻译的重要性
31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
36、跨文化交际与商标翻译
37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译
38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
39、英文电影片名的翻译策略
40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
46、中英服饰广告的翻译
47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
48、论译者的风格与译风
49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
51、翻译中的文化因素
52、影视字幕翻译的原则
53、影响长句翻译的因素
54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目
1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究
2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究
3、 《围城》英译研究
4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究
5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究
6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究
7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译
8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究
9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究
10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究
11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究
12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译
13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理
14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究
15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究
16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究
17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译
18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译
19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究
20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究
21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析
22、 英文传记汉译实践报告
23、 生态翻译视角下:《尘埃落定》英译本的研究
24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现
25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析
26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究
27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法
28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析
29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究
30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究
31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译
32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本
33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究
34、 性别与翻译:从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本
35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略
36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译
37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究
翻译理论与实践论文题目
1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示
2、翻译美学的文化考量
3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析
4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性
5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究
6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究
8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构
9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究
10、口译研究的生态学途径
11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究
13、文学文本中的视觉翻译
14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索
15、异化翻译思想探究
16、翻译的修辞学研究
17、新月派文学观念研究
18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究
19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究
20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示
21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)
22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究
23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究
24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究
25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究
26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究
27、俄语本科翻译教材研究
28、情境翻译与翻译情境
29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译
30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论
31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究
32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译
34、证券翻译理论与实践
35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究
翻译方向论文题目选题参考相关文章:
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毕业论文的写作要求、流程与写作技巧广义来说,凡属论述科学技术内容的作品,都称作科学著述,如原始论著(论文)、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。但其中只有原始论著及其简报是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到创造发明等知识产权的。其它的当然也很重要,但都是加工的、发展的、为特定应用目的和对象而撰写的。下面仅就论文的撰写谈一些体会。在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验,是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。一、论文写作的要求下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目,不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合,尽量不设副题,不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气,不用惊叹号或问号,也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人,应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上,那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者,也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言,很重要,要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格,写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等,写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳,精心分析,合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精,去伪存真,但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍,更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因,不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃,不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题,删繁就简,有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文,可留作它用,不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图,可以不用图表的最好不要用图表,以免多占篇幅,增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代,不要随意丢弃。(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要,也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局,抓住主要的有争议问题,从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理,而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论,表明自己的观点,尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设,提出本题的发展设想,但分寸应该恰当,不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果,写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁,可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉,便于查找,同时也是尊重前人劳动,对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题,也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法;在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料;在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。一切粗心大意,不查文献;故意不引,自鸣创新;贬低别人,抬高自己;避重就轻,故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的,这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中,不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽,如将该引在引言中的,把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导,放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的,你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是,某年某人对本题做出了什么结果,某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果,现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度,这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述,而是说,某年某人做过本题没有做成,某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成,现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人,但只需内行人一戳,纸老虎就破,结果弄巧成拙,丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的,不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意,不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)论文——摘要或提要:以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写,有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影,或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外,还应给出几个关键词,关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇,不要硬凑一般性用词。
《少年维特之烦恼》此文短小又精悍,又关暗恋的事,是每个人都应该会有的经历,很适合,作者也非常有名滴。
Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity—thatpeople work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for theirfamilies—but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream isbeyond the reach of the working poor who must work two jobs for their family's survival. Yet others look toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and moreemphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life.有人说,美国梦已经演变成对物质繁荣的追求——为了买更高级的车,住更豪华的住宅,改善家庭经济状况,人们工作时间增长——却没有足够时间来享受他们的劳动成果。也有人说是美国梦是那些努力工作,为了养家一人兼两职,但是报酬却很低的穷人无法实现的。然而,还有一部分人开始追求新的美国梦,即注重简单而充实的生活,更少地关注经济利益。
What is the American Dream? The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." ()In the United States’ Declaration of Independence, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Might this sentiment be considered the foundation of the American Dream? Were homesteaders who left the big cities of the east to find happiness and their piece of land in the unknown wilderness pursuing these inalienable Rights? Were the immigrants who came to the United States looking for their bit of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, their Dream? And what did the desire of the veteran of World War II - to settle down, to have a home, a car and a family - tell us about this evolving Dream? Is the American Dream attainable by all Americans? Would Martin Luther King feel his Dream was attained? Did Malcolm X realize his Dream?Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity - that people work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for their families - but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream is beyond the grasp of the working poor who must work two jobs to insure their family’s survival. Yet others look toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and more emphasis on living a simple, fulfilling Wolfe said, "…to every man, regardless of his birth, his shining, golden opportunity ….the right to live, to work, to be himself, and to become whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him.", Americans have sought to realise the American dream of success, fame and wealth through thrift and hard work. However, the industrialisation of the 19th and 20th centuries began to erode the dream, replacing it with a philosophy of "get rich quick". A variety of seductive but elusive strategies have evolved, and today the three leading ways to instant wealth are large-prize television game shows, big-jackpot state lotteries and compensation lawsuits. In this article, Matthew Warshauer, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, examines why so many Americans are persuaded to seek these easy ways to their dream. How does one achieve the American Dream? The answer undoubtedly depends upon one’s definition of the Dream, and there are many from which to choose. John Winthrop envisioned a religious paradise in a "City upon a Hill." Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of racial equality. [1] Both men yearned for what they perceived as perfection. Scholars have recognized widely varying conceptions of these quests for American excellence.[2] One component of the American Dream seems, however, to be fairly consistent: the quest for money. Few will deny that Americans are intently focused on the “almighty dollar.” In a society dedicated to capitalism and the maxim that, “the one who dies with the most toys wins,” the ability to purchase a big house and a nice car separates those who are considered successful from those who are not.[3] Yet the question remains, how does one achieve this success? How is the Dream realized? For many Americans the formula is one of instant, albeit elusive, gratification. Rather than adhering to a traditional work ethic, far too many Americans are pinning their hopes on what they perceive as “easy” money. This article focuses on three phenomena in contemporary American society that have successfully captured the quest for the American Dream. Savvy marketers have convinced their audiences that a new wave of television game shows, lottery luck, and lucrative lawsuits are the way to wealth. Instant wealth has not always been a major component of the Dream. Americans have traditionally centered their efforts on thrift and hard work. During the Colonial Period, Benjamin Franklin counseled people on the "The Way to Wealth." Poor Richard's Almanac advised that "Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise." The key to wealth was industry: "Industry pays debts," insisted Poor Richard.[4] Americans of the Early Republic expanded Franklin's notion of industry into a labor ideology. For many the goal was not extravagant wealth, but, rather, economic independence and the opportunity for social advancement through financial gain. Abraham Lincoln insisted that the greatness of the American North was that industry allowed all men to prosper: "The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land, for himself; then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This…is free labor--the just and generous, and prosperous system, which opens the way for all."[5] In the midst of industrialization following the Civil War, many Americans experienced profound hardship in the changing economic landscape. They found solace in the tales of Horatio Alger, whose characters overcame adversity through industry, perseverance, self-reliance, and self-discipline. The ubiquitous "rags to riches" legend became a cornerstone of American society; anyone could succeed and achieve wealth if they worked hard.[6] The commitment to industry illustrated by Alger's characters, Lincoln's ideals of free labor, and Franklin's practical maxims were further solidified in the American mind by the addition of a religiously based, Protestant "work ethic."[7] Many believed that hard work allowed one to not only achieve financial success, but, through that success, revealed God's grace. Numerous scholars note that the shift away from the traditional American work ethic corresponded directly with the rise of industry. Work values changed dramatically when the assembly line production and machine driven atmosphere of industrial America swallowed up skilled workers.[8] The aftermath of World War II exacerbated the ethical shift as a consumer culture blossomed and Americans became preoccupied with material goods. As one critic noted, “consumed by desires for status, material goods, and acceptance, Americans apparently had lost the sense of individuality, thrift, hard work, and craftsmanship that had characterized the nation.”[9]The result of this shift in work ethic has actually spurred rather than lessened the people’s desire to achieve the American Dream. Yet the real difference is that the Dream has become more of an entitlement than something to work towards. Many Americans no longer entertain a vision for the future that includes time, sweat, and ultimate success. Rather, they covet the shortcut to wealth. Many who are engaged in work view it more as a necessary evil until striking it rich. This idea has been perpetuated by a massive marketing effort that legitimizes the message that wealth can be obtained quickly and easily. Whether through the television entertainment industry, state-based lottery marketing drives, or legal advertisements, Americans are told again and again that the road to the financial success of the American Dream is more a matter of luck than hard
What is the American Dream? The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." () In the United States’ Declaration of Independence, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Might this sentiment be considered the foundation of the American Dream? Were homesteaders who left the big cities of the east to find happiness and their piece of land in the unknown wilderness pursuing these inalienable Rights? Were the immigrants who came to the United States looking for their bit of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, their Dream? And what did the desire of the veteran of World War II - to settle down, to have a home, a car and a family - tell us about this evolving Dream? Is the American Dream attainable by all Americans? Would Martin Luther King feel his Dream was attained? Did Malcolm X realize his Dream? Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity - that people work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for their families - but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream is beyond the grasp of the working poor who must work two jobs to insure their family’s survival. Yet others look toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and more emphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life. Thomas Wolfe said, "…to every man, regardless of his birth, his shining, golden opportunity ….the right to live, to work, to be himself, and to become whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him." Traditionally, Americans have sought to realise the American dream of success, fame and wealth through thrift and hard work. However, the industrialisation of the 19th and 20th centuries began to erode the dream, replacing it with a philosophy of "get rich quick". A variety of seductive but elusive strategies have evolved, and today the three leading ways to instant wealth are large-prize television game shows, big-jackpot state lotteries and compensation lawsuits. In this article, Matthew Warshauer, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, examines why so many Americans are persuaded to seek these easy ways to their dream. How does one achieve the American Dream? The answer undoubtedly depends upon one’s definition of the Dream, and there are many from which to choose. John Winthrop envisioned a religious paradise in a "City upon a Hill." Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of racial equality. [1] Both men yearned for what they perceived as perfection. Scholars have recognized widely varying conceptions of these quests for American excellence.[2] One component of the American Dream seems, however, to be fairly consistent: the quest for money. Few will deny that Americans are intently focused on the “almighty dollar.” In a society dedicated to capitalism and the maxim that, “the one who dies with the most toys wins,” the ability to purchase a big house and a nice car separates those who are considered successful from those who are not.[3] Yet the question remains, how does one achieve this success? How is the Dream realized? For many Americans the formula is one of instant, albeit elusive, gratification. Rather than adhering to a traditional work ethic, far too many Americans are pinning their hopes on what they perceive as “easy” money. This article focuses on three phenomena in contemporary American society that have successfully captured the quest for the American Dream. Savvy marketers have convinced their audiences that a new wave of television game shows, lottery luck, and lucrative lawsuits are the way to wealth. Instant wealth has not always been a major component of the Dream. Americans have traditionally centered their efforts on thrift and hard work. During the Colonial Period, Benjamin Franklin counseled people on the "The Way to Wealth." Poor Richard's Almanac advised that "Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise." The key to wealth was industry: "Industry pays debts," insisted Poor Richard.[4] Americans of the Early Republic expanded Franklin's notion of industry into a labor ideology. For many the goal was not extravagant wealth, but, rather, economic independence and the opportunity for social advancement through financial gain. Abraham Lincoln insisted that the greatness of the American North was that industry allowed all men to prosper: "The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land, for himself; then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This…is free labor--the just and generous, and prosperous system, which opens the way for all."[5] In the midst of industrialization following the Civil War, many Americans experienced profound hardship in the changing economic landscape. They found solace in the tales of Horatio Alger, whose characters overcame adversity through industry, perseverance, self-reliance, and self-discipline. The ubiquitous "rags to riches" legend became a cornerstone of American society; anyone could succeed and achieve wealth if they worked hard.[6] The commitment to industry illustrated by Alger's characters, Lincoln's ideals of free labor, and Franklin's practical maxims were further solidified in the American mind by the addition of a religiously based, Protestant "work ethic."[7] Many believed that hard work allowed one to not only achieve financial success, but, through that success, revealed God's grace. Numerous scholars note that the shift away from the traditional American work ethic corresponded directly with the rise of industry. Work values changed dramatically when the assembly line production and machine driven atmosphere of industrial America swallowed up skilled workers.[8] The aftermath of World War II exacerbated the ethical shift as a consumer culture blossomed and Americans became preoccupied with material goods. As one critic noted, “consumed by desires for status, material goods, and acceptance, Americans apparently had lost the sense of individuality, thrift, hard work, and craftsmanship that had characterized the nation.”[9] The result of this shift in work ethic has actually spurred rather than lessened the people’s desire to achieve the American Dream. Yet the real difference is that the Dream has become more of an entitlement than something to work towards. Many Americans no longer entertain a vision for the future that includes time, sweat, and ultimate success. Rather, they covet the shortcut to wealth. Many who are engaged in work view it more as a necessary evil until striking it rich. This idea has been perpetuated by a massive marketing effort that legitimizes the message that wealth can be obtained quickly and easily. Whether through the television entertainment industry, state-based lottery marketing drives, or legal advertisements, Americans are told again and again that the road to the financial success of the American Dream is more a matter of luck than hard work. 什么是美国梦? 詹姆斯・首先使用The用语Truslow亚当斯在他的书在1931年被写美国的史诗。 他陈述: “美国梦是“生活应该是好和富有和充分为大家土地的那个梦想,以其中每一的机会根据能力或成就。 它是欧洲上层阶级的一个困难的梦想能充分地解释,并且太多我们我们自己增长疲倦和不信任它。 它不仅仅是汽车和高薪水梦想,但是每个男人和每名妇女能获得到最充分的身材他们是固有地可胜任的和由其他认出社会秩序的梦想什么的他们是,不管诞生或位置偶然性情况”。 () In美国’独立声明,我们的创立人: “是…held某些的真相不言而喻的,那人生而平等,那他们由他们的有某些不能疏远的权利的创作者资助,在这些之中是生活、自由和对幸福的追求”。 这种情绪也许被认为美国梦的基础? Were自耕农谁在追求这些不可分割的权利的未知的原野离开东部大城市发现幸福和他们的一块土地? 来到美国寻找他们的位生活、自由和对幸福的追求的移民,他们的梦想? 并且第二次世界大战的退伍军人的欲望-安定,有家、汽车和家庭-告诉什么我们关于这个演变的梦想? 由所有美国人美国梦是否是可达到的? Martin Luther King是否会感觉他的梦想被获得了? 是否马尔科姆X实现了他的梦想? Some说,美国梦成为了对原料丰富的追求的那-那人民工作更多小时上更大的汽车,更加花梢的家,繁荣果子他们的家庭的-,但是有较少时间享受他们的繁荣。 其他说美国梦是在必须工作二个工作保险他们的family’s生存工作贫寒的掌握之外。 其他看往与较少焦点在经济获益和更多重点的新的美国梦对居住简单,履行的生活。 Thomas沃尔夫说, “…to每个人,不管他的诞生,他发光的,良机….the居住,工作,是他自己和成为任何事他的成年和他的视觉可能结合做他”。 Traditionally,美国人寻求通过节俭和坚苦工作实现成功、名望和财富美国梦。 然而,第19和20世纪的工业化开始腐蚀梦想,替换它用哲学“得到富有快”。 各种各样诱人,但是逃避战略演变了,并且今天对立即财富的三个主导的方式是大奖电视电视知识竞赛、大困境状态抽奖和报偿诉讼。 在这篇文章上,马修Warshauer,历史学教授在中央康涅狄格州立大学的,审查许多美国人为什么被说服寻找这些容易的方法到他们的梦想。 How一个是否达到美国梦? 答复无疑地取决于梦想的one’s定义,并且有选择的许多。 约翰Winthrop在小山的一个“城市构想了一个宗教天堂”。 Martin Luther King, Jr.作梦种族平等。 [1]两个人盼望了什么他们察觉作为完美。 学者认可了这些搜寻的广泛变化的构想对美国优秀的。[2]美国梦的一个组分似乎,然而,是相当一致的: 对金钱的搜寻。 少数否认美国人专心地集中于在社会的“almighty dollar.”致力资本主义和, “the人死与多数玩具胜利, ”能力购买一个大房子和一辆精密汽车分离那些人被认为成功从那些人不是的格言。[3],问题怎么保持,一个达到这成功? 梦想怎么实现? 对于许多美国人惯例是一个瞬时,虽然逃避,称心。 而不是遵守传统工作概念,许多美国人他们的把希望寄托在什么的他们察觉当“easy”金钱。 这篇文章集中于顺利地夺取了对美国梦的搜寻在当代美国社会的三种现象。 精明的去市场的人说服了他们的观众电视电视知识竞赛一个新一轮,抽奖运气和赚钱的诉讼是方式对财富。 Instant财富总是不是梦想的一个主要元件。 美国人传统上集中了他们的在节俭和坚苦工作的努力。 在殖民地期间, Benjamin Franklin建议了在“途中的人对财富”。 可怜的理查的年历劝告“及早对床和及早上升,使一个人健康,富裕和明智”。 财富的钥匙是产业: “产业支付债务”,被坚持的可怜的理查。[4]早期的共和国的美国人扩展了产业的富兰克林的概念入一个辛苦思想体系。 对于许多目标,宁可,是没有侈奢的财富,而是经济独立和社会推进的机会通过经济获益。 Abraham Lincoln坚持,美国北部的伟大是产业允许所有人繁荣: “慎密,身无分文的初学者在世界上,薪水的劳方一会儿,保存买工具或土地,他自己的节余; 然后独自地劳动帐户别的,当和充分雇用另一个新的初学者帮助他时。 This…is自由劳力--正义和慷慨和兴旺的系统,开辟所有的道路。” [5] 在跟随内战的工业化中间的,许多美国人体验了在改变的经济风景的深刻困难。 他们发现了在Horatio Alger的传说的安慰,字符通过产业、坚持不懈、自力和自我训练克服患难。 普遍存在的“对财宝的旧布”传奇成为了美国社会基石; 如果他们努力,工作任何人可能成功和达到财富。[6]对Alger的字符说明的产业,自由劳力林肯的理想和富兰克林的实用格言的承诺在由一个宗教上基于,新教徒“工作概念的加法的美国头脑里进一步变硬了。” [7]许多通过那成功相信坚苦工作允许一不仅达到财政成功,但是,显露了上帝的雍容。 Numerous学者注意到,远离传统美国工作概念的转移对应了直接地与产业的上升。 当装配线生产和机器被驾驶的大气工业美国吞下熟练工,工作显著被改变的价值。[8]第二次世界大战后果使道德转移恶化,当消费者文化进展,并且美国人变得对物质物品出神。 因为状态的欲望注意的, “consumed一位评论家,物质物品和采纳,美国人显然地丢失了描绘了nation.”的自立性、节俭、坚苦工作和技巧[9] 这转移的The结果在工作概念中实际上激励了而不是变小people’s欲望达到美国梦。 真正的区别是梦想比某事成为了更多权利工作往。 许多美国人不再愿意考虑展望为包括时间、汗水和最后成功的将来。 相反,他们垂涎捷径对财富。 参与工作视图它更多作为直到触击它的一种必要的罪恶富有的许多。 这个想法由使消息合法的大销售永存财富可以得到迅速和容易地。 通过电视娱乐业,基于状态的抽奖营销是否驾驶或者法律广告,美国人再次被告诉向美国梦的财政成功的路比坚苦工作是更多运气问题。
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