用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
机械制造行业是我国经济的支柱性产业,机械制造行业对经济的发展具有巨大的推动作用,随着现代科技的不断发展,机械制造自动化技术也在不断的进步,并且逐渐的向自动化和精密化方向发展。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于机械制造与自动化论文参考范文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析机械制造与自动化技术
摘 要:机械制造是我国国民生产经济中的基础产业,该行业的发展对于其他行业的发展具有十分重要的影响。随着自动化技术的不断普及,机械制造与自动化技术的结合也将成为必然发展趋势。机械制造行业将在自动化技术的推动下,逐渐实现虚拟化、智能化的转变,从而帮助企业实现节能减排的生产目标,提高企业经济效益。
关键词:机械制造;自动化技术;虚拟化;智能化
1 概述
机械制造技术是我国国民生产经济中的重要基础产业之一,主要致力于机械产品的设计、加工制造、生产、维修等一系列流程的工程学科。随着经济的不断发展,社会各行业对机械制造技术的需求量不断增加,其规模及速度得到前所未有的发展,同时也给环境带来了极大的危害。为保障机械制造业的可持续发展,利用先进的自动化技术提高机械制造的生产效率,降低成本,减少排放成为各企业竞相追求的目标。
2 自动化技术
自动化技术是人类为解放劳动力而采用机械或者其他工具代替人类劳动的一项发明,通过机械或者工具能自主完成既定的工作任务,以达到减轻人类劳动负担的目的。随着科学技术的不断发展,尤其是计算机与互联网技术的大力发展及广泛普及,现代自动化的概念已经扩展至利用任何机械或者工具来取代人类劳动的范畴。现代自动化技术的涵义相对于传统自动化技术而言,已经有了更多的内容。从自动化技术的功能方面来看,自动化技术代替人类工作只是功能的一小部分,其最终目的是构建一个有机的体系,通过该体系的建立可以协调和优化人类与机器的关系,实现人类生活与工作智能化的目标;从表现形式上看,现代自动化技术可代替人类劳动,代替或者辅助人类的各项工作,协调或者管理生产系统中的部分工作或整个工作系统;从应用范围来看,现代自动化技术不仅应用于具体的生产行业,还可广泛应用于众多的中间产业,甚至是人类的生活。
3 机械制造与自动化技术的结合
机械制造业的发展需要自动化技术
①机械制造企业管理落后。
计算机及互联网技术的发展,使得发达国家的机械制造企业在管理方面也优于我国。发达国家企业将计算机运用到企业管理当中,改变了企业的生产模式和组织管理方式,为实现精益生产、准时生产、高效生产的全新的管理思想的实现提供了有力的制度保障;我国进入信息化时代较晚,计算机普及速度虽然较快,但利用计算机管理企业生产的应用情况并不理想。
②机械制造技术落后。
发达国家经历了蒸汽时代和电气时代的两次改革浪潮后,传统的机械制造工艺已经发展至较为成熟的阶段,且机械制造业的高速发展期也高于我国;目前,发达国家已经将纳米技术、复合型加工技术和微激光加工技术普及到机械制造技术当中,大大提高了机械制造的效率。相对于西方发达国家的机械制造技术,我国的制造工艺处于落后阶段,大部分制造企业仍采用农间作坊的生产模式;现代化水平低且应用范围十分有限,尖端技术尚处于不成熟的研发当中。
③机械制造自动化程度低。
发达国家机械制造企业已经将计算机集成技术、自动化数控技术和柔性制造系统广泛应用于机械制造业当中,实现了机械制造生产的自动化、集成化和智能化;而我国大部分私有企业的机械制造的自动化技术刚处于初步使用阶段,生产过程中仍以人工管理为主;柔性制造系统仅在少数大型企业中采用。
机械制造自动化技术未来发展趋势
①机械制造的虚拟化。
网络制造技术是利用计算机仿真模拟软件,在模拟的操作环境中对虚拟对象进行各项技术操作,通过对虚拟产品设计、制造过程的模拟,预测该产品的性能及生产成本,以实现企业生产系统中设定的高质量、高性能、低成本的目标。首先,网络技术为企业发展提供了强大的技术支持。企业可通过虚拟的网络软件对各种工程或者产品进行虚拟制造,减少不同部门人员之间交流限制,大大方便了后续的交流与合作。其次,网络虚拟软件能模拟销售过程,利用该功能和检验产品的销售状况。若模拟结果不理想,企业可通过修改实验参数数据来改变实验条件,重新对产品进行模拟销售,以完善实验结果。利用网络虚拟软件,不仅可以节约设计时间,还能有效降低实验成本,减少企业的成本支出。
②机械制造智能化。
人工智能是由人和机械组成的复杂性系统,通过人与机器设备的合作实现机械制造过程。人工劳动在一定程度上存在某种缺陷性或局限性,这就限制了机械制造业的发展。而随着科技的进步,机械制造与自动化技术的结合将使制造工作向人工智能方向转变。智能化制造系统在制造过程中,可以通过分析、判断、构思等一系列智能化活动,提高机械制造的适应性和友好性。该系统具有良好的柔性,减少了机械制造过程中对资源的消耗和浪费。随着社会各行业对机械制造需求的提升,仅靠人力劳动已经无法满足社会的需求,而人工劳动与机器制造的组合方式可大力提高生产效率,满足社会对机械制造的需求。人工智能的出现可降低人工的工作强度,从而为拓展人力在机械制造中的应用提供了可能;另外,人工智能的广泛应用有助于人类智能的延伸,使人将更多的精力用于创造性的活动当中,从而产生更多具有价值的成果;最后,人工智能能完成人工无法完成的部分危险性工作,改善了人工的工作环境。
③机械制造环保化。
机械制造业大力发展的同时,由于制造工艺的落后,不仅造成了极大的资源浪费,还给环境带来极为严重的危害,引起了社会的各界关注。机械制造与自动化技术的结合,将有效减少资源的浪费及污染物的排放,从而提高行业的环保程度,为制造业的健康发展提供必要保障。自动化技术在机械制造中的应用,能有效提高生产效率,减少资源浪费,提高企业的经济效益和社会效益。
4 总结
机械制造与自动化技术的结合是必然的发展趋势,利用自动化技术,机械制造企业可实现生产过程的虚拟化、智能化、环保化,从而降低企业的生产成本,提高企业经济效益,推动整个机械制造行业向更加健康的方向发展。
参考文献:
[1]刘武宾.新形势下机械制造与自动化技术分析[J].企业技术开发,2014,08:81+85.
[2]何建立.关于机械制造与自动化应用的研究[J].科技视界,2014,19:99.
[3]张西平.机械制造自动化技术特点与发展趋势[J].河南科技,2013,08:78+82.
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我c,你在这里就想要一篇7000字左右还要英文翻译的论文,你以为人家傻啊,给你写,疯了,自己写去吧,别说7000,,700都别想。自己学那专业的不管怎么说也该能写出点什么,自己都不对自己负责,那么懒,别人凭什么帮你。
机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程,其目标是“稳,准,快”。自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来,而且能扩展人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。因此,自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。Machine or device in the absence of intervention procedures or instructions required automatic operation or control of the process and its goal is \u0026quot;steady, accurate and fast.\u0026quot; Automation technology is widely used in industry, agriculture, military, scientific research, transportation, business, health, services, and family and so on. The use of automation technology not only to take people from the heavy manual labor, some mental and poor and dangerous working conditions of liberation, but also to expand people\u0026#39;s organ function, significantly raising labor productivity, enhance human understanding of the world and the ability to change the world . Therefore, the automation industry, agriculture, national defense and modernization of science and technology
正在做这个项目,不过没有英文。
Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile. In most automobile engines,the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons.The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn.Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine,known as the rotary valve,rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt.A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft,Which finally drives the rear wheels.In most automobiles.the engine is mounted at the front end of the car,with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it;the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system. The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system.Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear,as they move against each other.The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear. Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized.The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages.Finally,a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions.Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder,the temperature of the engine parts increases.This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts.The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature.Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling.Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load,speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle.The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation.Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely. The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power.In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose.The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure. Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories.The main components of the electrical system are a battery,an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater.Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape.The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations.Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks. The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs.This whole assembly is calledthe chassis. Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels.caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages.and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle.The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends.DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles.WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort.Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads.The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i.e.to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle.The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members.one rotating and the other stationary.There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact,thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are:brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe,brake shoes.brake packing plant and linkages.As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends.in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred.Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备.它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中.空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的,这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气,混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴,这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中,发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的,离台器和变速箱在它后面,发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后,电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件,因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环,以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动,因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后,气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧,从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何,发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料,并在汽车遇到的所有情况下,满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧,不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃,以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中,电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统,因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造,有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成,从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动,也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型:(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中,弹簧被系在刚性横梁上,这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮,把由发动机产生的转矩增强.推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时,把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮,这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时,它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴,通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车.并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的,在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制,同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构,通常认为是转向齿轮,在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力,这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易,驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向,在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95%都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件,一种是旋转零件,另一种是固定零件,有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分:制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大,目前制动系统的重要性也在增大,并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
本毕业设计课题是属于教师拟定性课题,主要是研究基于单片机的对步进电机的有效控制。步进电机是一种能将数字输入脉冲转换成旋转或直线增量运动的电磁执行元件,每输入一个脉冲电机转轴步进一个步距角增量。电机总的回转角与输入脉冲数成正比例,相应的转速取决于输入脉冲频率。 步进电机是机电一体化产品中关键部件之一,通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步进电机惯量低、定位精度高、无累积误差、控制简单等特点。广泛应用于机电一体化产品中,如:数控机床、包装机械、计算机外围设备、复印机、传真机等。 Abstract This article mainly elaborated has been hanging the movement control system merit, introduced was hanging the movement control system function, the principle and the design process. Is hanging the movement control system is one of in control engineering domain important applications, its main target is to is controlled the object the movement condition, including path, speed and position implementation check. The movement control system compares with other control systems, has the system model simply, the check algorithm is unitary, also not complex characteristic and so on non-linearity and coupling situation. Also is precisely because the movement control system can implement to the path, the running rate, the pointing accuracy as well as the repetition precision accuracy control requirement, has the broad application foreground in each category of control engineering, therefore the movement control system has at present become in the check study application domain very much significant the research direction. Through the monolithic integrated circuit to stepping monitor check, implemented the motor-driven to cause the object at on the board which inclined the movement, The control section is the SST89E52 monolithic microcomputer which SST Corporation produces primarily, with when the 1602LCD liquid crystal screen and according to turned has implemented with the user interactive, through the keyboard entry different control command, the liquid-crystal display was allowed to display the setting value and the run the coordinates. The electrical machinery control section used LM324N four to transport puts and is connected the electronic primary device voluntarily to develop the 42BYG205 stepping monitor actuation electric circuit to implement the electrical machinery accuracy control. The algorithm partially for will suit the monolithic integrated circuit system to operate carries on optimizes many times, will reduce the microprocessor the operand. Has completed the object voluntarily the movement and according to the different setup path movement. Key words Magneto; 1602LCD; LM324N; Drive circuit 选择步进电机时,首先要保证步进电机的输出功率大于负载所需的功率。而在选用功率步进电机时,首先要计算机械系统的负载转矩,电机的矩频特性能满足机械负载并有一定的余量保证其运行可靠。在实际工作过程中,各种频率下的负载力矩必须在矩频特性曲线的范围内。一般地说最大静力矩Mjmax大的电机,负载力矩大[1 ]。 选择步进电机时,应使步距角和机械系统匹配,这样可以得到机床所需的脉冲当量。在机械传动过程中为了使得有更小的脉冲当量,一是可以改变丝杆的导程,二是可以通过步进电机的细分驱动来完成。但细分只能改变其分辨率,不改变其精度。精度是由电机的固有特性所决定。 选择功率步进电机时,应当估算机械负载的负载惯量和机床要求的启动频率,使之与步进电机的惯性频率特性相匹配还有一定的余量,使之最高速连续工作频率能满足机床快速移动的需要。 基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统,具有硬件电路结构简单,精确度高,抗干扰性强等优点。 课题目的 培养综合运用四年大学所学知识去分析问题和解决实际问题的能力。在实践中检验所学知识,从而加强理论与实践的相结合。 体验一个科研项目开发的全过程,学会单片机开发应用方法,锻炼应用能力,动手能力。本课题设计是具有一定难度的基于单片机的应用系统开发项目,培养学生创新精神和创新能力。通过这次毕业论文及设计,检验的综合素质和专业教育的培养效果,并且使学会阅读、利用英文文献资料,阅读并翻译外文资料的能力,学会设计报告和论文。 课题意义 随着社会的发展、科技的进步以及人们生活水平的逐步提高,各种方便于生活的自动控制系统开始进入了人们的生活,以单片机为核心的自动门系统就是其中之一。同时也标志了自动控制领域成为了数字化时代的一员[ 3]。它实用性强,功能齐全,技术先进,使人们相信这是科技进步的成果。它更让人类懂得,数字时代的发展将改变人类的生活,将加快科学技术的发展。 通过对“微机控制自动门系统”的研究和设计,精心撰写了微机控制自动门系统论文。本论文着重阐述了以单片机为主体,LED点阵显示芯片及步进电机为核心的系统。 本设计主要应用SST89E58作为控制核心,LED点阵显示芯片、步进电机、压力传感器、电位器相结合的系统。充分发挥了单片机的性能。其优点硬件电路简单,软件功能完善,控制系统可靠,性价比较高等特点,具有一定的使用和参考价值。 应解决的主要问题 在基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统中,主要分三个部分设计,一个是输入和键盘显示模块;另一个是步进电机驱动模块;第三个是最小系统和输出模块设计。主要解决的问题是: 1. 单片机最小系统硬件设计; 2. 步进电机驱动模块设计; 3. 输出部分的软硬件设计; 4. 主程序设计; 5. 绘图板的设计。 技术要求 设计一电机控制系统,控制物体在倾斜(仰角≤100度)的板上运动。 在一白色底板上固定两个滑轮,两只电机(固定在板上)通过穿过滑轮的吊绳控制一物体在板上运动,运动范围为80cm×100cm。物体的形状不限,质量大于100克。物体上固定有浅色画笔,以便运动时能在板上画出运动轨迹。板上标有间距为1cm的浅色坐标线(不同于画笔颜色),左下角为直角坐标原点。[看不到}
先利用google学术搜索到外文文献后,然后使用google翻译成中文。经过google翻译后,该外文文献的大致意思已经出来了,剩下的工作就是你自己还需要根据专业的知识进行调整使之连贯顺畅。完全自动化翻译成一篇完整流利的中文文献是不存在的。
这个不用全部翻译的,只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。
翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,外文原文后应附中文译文。
扩展资料:
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。
7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
参考资料:百度百科-毕业论文
如果你自己会翻译的话,而且翻译的比较好,就自己翻译吧,如果你自己觉得水平不够,就建议你去找北京译顶科技,那边都是人工给你翻译,质量有保证
翻译论文可以直接翻译,如果你的能力OK,自己翻译也没有问题。要有十足的把握才行。
英语是硬伤,还是找机构吧!和其他的对比看看还是editsprings强些。
Nature is a Transformative Journal;authors can publish using the traditional publishing route OR via immediate gold Open Access.
《自然》是一本变革性的杂志;作者可以使用传统的发布路线或通过即时金色开放获取发布。
Our Open Access option complies with funder and institutional requirements.
我们的开放获取选项符合出资人和机构要求。
注:金色开放获取:一种出版方式。
1Nature 自然 英国著名杂志《Nature》是世界上最早的国际性科技期刊,自从1869年创刊以来,始终如一地报道和评论全球科技领域里最重要的突破2还有另一种就是放句首或是专有名词 意思有自然界;天性,本性;生命力,生命机能等
《自然》是一份变革性的杂志,作者可以使用传统的出版方式或通过直接的黄金开放获取方式发表文章。我们的开放获取选项符合资金和机构的要求。
大写是因为句首或者特殊名词 可以指自然这门学科
电影字幕翻译是多媒体翻译的一个重要组成部分,在翻译领域中占有重要的位置。下文是我为大家蒐集整理的关于的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅析电影字幕翻译中的差额翻译
一、引言
电影自诞生之日起,就以它独具魅力的艺术表现力赢得了广大观众的青睐。在资讯全球化发展的今天,影视作品更是以直观与便捷的优势成为了解异域文化与学习外语的重要途径之一。影视翻译因此也得到了空前的发展。字幕翻译subtitling较之译制dubbing,以其制作成本低、周期短的特点成为影视翻译最为常用的方法之一。
然而,正如Birgit Nedergaard-Larsen所言,字幕翻译是一种特殊的语言转换,并非单一地从源语言到目标语言的转换过程,期间涉及诸多文字以外因素的处理,如声音、影象、画面的融合等因素[1]。由于受到时间和空间的限制,电影字幕翻译通常采用浓缩、删减、新增等方法来尽可能保持画面、声音与字幕的统一,超额与欠额翻译在所难免。同时,超额与欠额翻译一直以来是翻译学术界讨论的热点错误型别。因此,如何看待字幕翻译中的超额、欠额翻译便迫在眉睫且具有现实意义。
二、超额翻译与欠额翻译
彼得·纽马克在《翻译问题探讨》Approaches to Translation提出了交际翻译municative translation和语义翻译semantic translation的概念。交际翻译倾向于流畅、简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法,遵守某一特定的语域,是一种“欠额翻译”;语义翻译则倾向于细致、繁复、晦涩难懂的翻译方法,较之译者的意图,翻译更侧重思维过程的再现,因而是一种“超额翻译”[2]。超额翻译是对所译材料进行补充加工,进行超出翻译范围的改造,而欠额翻译则是在某些方面不符合翻译规范的语言中介型别,是缩写或节译。简言之,超额翻译是指译语文字承载了比源语文字更多的资讯量,表述方式相对具体;而欠额翻译是指译语文字承载的资讯量小于源语文字,译语文字更加概括[3]。超额与欠额翻译都是在翻译过程中的资讯增减,因此可以统称为差额翻译。
三、字幕翻译中的超额与欠额翻译
Georg-Michael Luyken在Overing Language Barriers in Television:Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience一书中提出,区别于文学翻译与口译,影视制作的特点使字幕翻译受到来自时间和空间的限制:字幕所占用的萤幕空间;字幕显示时间;字幕间切换的时间及字幕的显示与形式。同时,受文化因素的制约,文化预设cultural vacancy也经常是翻译过程中的拦路虎。译者为了避免以上限制而进行的浓缩、删减和新增等翻译方法,将不可避免地引起差额翻译。请看以下三则示例:
例 supervised 5 ’s 5 personalities,5 sets of could be number 6 if you act I ain’t holding no hand,you understand?I ain’t babysitting you.
我有五个手下,性格南辕北辙。你表现得好就是第六个。但我不会特别照顾你,懂吗?《训练日》
例 has e today and a friend writes this to me:...
今天收到一位朋友的来信,信上说:……《走出非洲》
在以上示例中,原文句子较长,如果逐字翻译,势必会影响画面、声音与字幕的融合。因此,译者对整句进行了改译,删减了斜体部分。
例 about your staying longer?
怎么回事?你还要再待几天吗?《爵士歌手》
例,petrified,stupefied...by you.
怕极了。怕得发抖,怕得发呆,怕得发神经!但不是怕你!《美丽心灵》
例3中,原文语速很慢,因此译者加入“怎么回事?”配合声音的行进。例4中,原文是肯定语气,使用了尾韵“ied”。译者将尾韵“ied”翻译为头韵“怕”,并且直接将否定语气译出。
从以上示例不难看出,资讯在翻译的过程中有所增加或删减。例1的翻译虽然保证了画面与字幕的一致,也基本保留了原文的资讯,但将主角试图 *** 的气势削弱了。例4中译者对尾韵的处理可谓是绞尽脑汁,但是如果将原文中隐含的否定语气直接翻译出来,观众也无法体会到源语文字的精妙之处,那么观众对字幕片的反应与源语观众对源语影片的反应也会略显不同。
字幕翻译时常受到画面、声音等非文学因素的影响,如果说文学翻译是“戴着脚镣跳舞”,那么字幕翻译就是“戴着手镣与脚镣跳舞”。译者只能在不影响画面、声音与字幕呼应的前提下,尽可能保留影片所要传达的资讯和思想,翻译的超额与欠额也就在所难免。
四、如何看待字幕翻译中的差额翻译
由于不同的语言结构和文化差异,翻译始终无法做到绝对的等值。字幕翻译既是文学翻译,又是多媒体翻译:一方面要处理台词文字中所涉及的文化因素,另一方面还要兼顾技术层面的限制因素,资讯的增加和删减已是必然,等值也就无从谈起。我国著名翻译家傅雷指出:“即使最优秀的译文,其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离,过则求其勿太过,不及则求其勿过于不及。”傅雷所说的“过”与“不及”就是本文所探讨的超额与欠额翻译。然而,超额与欠额虽是翻译中不可避免地普遍存在,但是只要将“过”与“不及”的度降至最低,尽可能地将原文的韵味贴切地表达出来,字幕翻译又何尝不是对“一箭双雕”之美差?我提出以下两点看法,旨在字幕翻译过程中帮助译者从新的角度看待超额与欠额翻译。
1.无论是文学翻译,还是字幕翻译,超额与欠额翻译都无可避免。译语文字与源语文字的鸿沟自译事产生之时已然存在,加之字幕翻译又时常受到技术等非文学因素的影响,因此我认为,在不影响正常欣赏影片的前提下,适当的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。许崇信教授有过这样一个比喻:在列车行进的过程中,几乎无法避免车体的上下抖动和左右摇摆,但这种摇摆和抖动只要在一定的范围内都不会影响列车的顺利执行,超出了一定的范围才会发生事故。翻译就是列车的执行,“抖动”和“摇摆”不可避免。如在《成长的烦恼》中的这段对话:
例:ahhhh you explain for us the significance of the sea,in Moby Dick?
Mike:Ah,sure,’s the letter between the I and the K.
这段对话的幽默之处在于“sea”和“c”这对同音异义的双关语,但是中文中没有与之对应的双关语,因此译者必须使用变通的差额译法,保证“列车”的顺利“执行”。以下为可行的中文译本: 老师:啊……迈克,你能否给我们解释一下,《白鲸》这本书里的大海有什么意义。
迈克:哦,当然,当然,就是大海不同于大河。
译者将原文中的双关语转换成中 文的头韵实属无奈之举,但原文的幽默感却保留了下来。如果要忠实地将原文译出,注释和加注必不可少,非但幽默尽失,字幕的空间和时间因素也不容许。相对于注释和加注,同类属性之间,如修辞手法的转换可能更为有效地降低“抖动”和“摇摆”的度。
例5的译本对所译材料进行补充加工,进行超出翻译范围的改造,属于超额翻译。但正是这样的处理达到了源语影片的预期目的,因此,此处的超额翻译是可以接受且行之有效的处理方式。例1中由于受到时间和空间的限制不得不进行缩译,源语文字所传达的资讯量减少在所难免。但如果将例1的资讯完整译出,势必会影响字幕的可读性与连贯性。所以,由于受到 文学因素和非文学因素的影响时而进行的适度的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。
2.字幕翻译中度的掌握应以电影型别为依据。电影型别不同,目的观众不同,预期效果也不同。便于本文的分析,我将电影分为严肃型和娱乐型两种。严肃型电影包括纪录片、科教片等用于提供和传达专业知识资讯的电影;娱乐型电影供观众娱乐消遣,陶冶情操,诸如喜剧片、惊悚片、动作片、文艺片等。针对不同电影型别而进行的字幕翻译,所采取的翻译方法也不同。比如上述例5中,《成长的烦恼》是一部喜剧,它的目的就是使观众发笑,双关语就是笑料之一,如果采取直译的方法,观众反倒不知其所然,喜剧效果大打折扣。又如惊悚片和恐怖片,观众会将重点放在画面、声音和剧情的 发展上,如果采取意译的方法,将台词翻译的颇具文采,那么观众也会因为与剧情的格格不入而哭笑不得。
严肃型电影既然是以资讯传递为目的,清晰明了才是关键,因此也就倾向于简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法,倾向于欠额翻译;娱乐型电影可以根据上下文进行适当的“加工”和“改造”,即超额翻译。但是,两种翻译不是以差额为出发点,试图不忠实于源语文字。在不与技术限制相冲突的情况下,依然尽可能与源语文字保持“零度”差额。
五、结语
综上所述,字幕翻译是一项繁复的 工作,受到来自文学因素与技术因素两方面的限制,超额与欠额翻译不可避免。翻译学术界一直将超额与欠额翻译认定为典型的错误型别而争论不休。我认为,在与时间、空间等技术因素相冲突的情况下,适度的超额或是欠额翻译不失为一种折中的处理方法。针对不同的电影型别而采取的适度超额或欠额翻译不仅摆脱了来自技术层面的限制,而且达到了影片的预期目的。
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论文翻译格式为:中文部分【摘要】(小五号黑体,加粗)摘要内容采用小五号楷体,加粗;英文部分英abstract: 内容五号“times new roman”,加粗。key words: 内容五号“times new roman”,加粗,关键词间隔,请使用分号“;”。
论文翻译是把一种语言的论文翻译成制定语言的版本论文的行为。翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。翻译可以有自己固定的模式,但是一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条,分别是忠实和通顺。
忠实是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整而准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。通顺是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象,能够使得译入读者能够立即理解。
论文翻译的分类:
1、根据翻译者翻译时所采取的文化姿态,分为归化翻译和异化翻译。归化翻译是指把在原语文化语境中自然适宜的成分翻译成为在译入语言文化语境中自然适宜的成分,使得译入读者能够立即理解,即意译。而异化翻译是直接按照原语文化语境的适宜性翻译,即直译。
2、根据翻译作品在译入语言文化中所预期的作用,分为工具性翻译和文献性的翻译。
3、根据翻译所涉及的语言的形式与意义。分为语义翻译和交际翻译。语义翻译在译入语语义和句法结构允许的条件下,尽可能准确再现原作上下文的意义,交际翻译追求译文读者产生的效果尽量等同于原作对原文读者产生的效果。
4、根据译者对原文和译文进行比较与观察的角度,分为文学翻译和语言学翻译。文学翻译寻求译文与原文之间文学功能的对等,理论往往主张在不可能复制原文文学表现手法的情况下,译文只能更美而不能逊色,缺点是不重视语言结构之间的比较和关系问题。语言学翻译寻求两者之间的系统转换规律,主张把语言学研究的成果用于翻译,通过翻译实践促进语言学的发展。
5、根据翻译目的与原语在语言形式上的关系,分为直译与意译。
6、根据翻译媒介分为口译、笔译、视译、同声传译、机器翻译和人机协作翻译。
语言文化与翻译的论文
论文摘要: 语言和文化是密不可分的,语言有丰富的文化内涵,不具备文化内涵的语言是不存在的。跨文化的语言交际往往会受到文化差异的干扰。文化差异的存在常常成为翻译的障碍,译者必须处理好语言文化间的差异问题,使翻译真正成为传播文化的媒介。
论文关键词: 语言;文化;文化意识;翻译
翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化,还要深入了解自己民族的文化,并要不断地把两种文化加以比较,对各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等有正确的理解,以避免因文化差异而产生歧义,落入翻译陷阱。
一、语言、文化与翻译
文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、思维方式、价值观念等的总和。语言和文化是密不可分的,语言有丰富的文化内涵,不具备文化内涵的语言是不存在的。不同国家有着不同的语言、文化习俗,每种语言都反映着产生它的一种文化,因而任何形式的语言都具有某种文化的内涵。跨文化的语言交际往往会受到文化差异的干扰。因为语言对社会文化的发展十分敏感,任何变化都会在语言中有所反映。对社会文化的发展和变化不清楚,便不能透彻理解反映它的语言。从语言学角度看,语言作为一种符号系统,往往同一个特定的文化系统紧密地联系着。语言是文化的载体,文化又深深地植根于语言。语言既是文化的反映,又是掌握一种文化的直接有效的工具。如果对一特定的文化系统没有相应的认识和了解,将会影响对其语言的深入理解和恰当运用。
人类自有文化就有文化交流。交流又促进发展,一个国家、一个民族,只要不是由于主观或客观的种种原因,长期处于孤立、闭塞的状态之中,或多或少都可以从交流中得到好处。现代国际间的文化交流,更是以空前的规模、内容、形式和手段,在直接或间接地进行着。因此,可以说,在现代国家中,绝对不受外来影响的固有文化是不存在的。
跨文化的交流又必须通过翻译。没有翻译,就没有跨文化交流。各国、各民族之间的文化交流,既促进了各国、各民族自身文化的繁荣,也丰富了世界文化,促进了世界文明的发展。可见,语言、文化、翻译之间息息相关,密不可分。
二、文化差异——翻译的障碍
翻译作为一种语际间的交际,它不仅是语言的转换过程,同时也是文化的移植过程。译者,作为这个过程的主体,不仅应该精通原语和译人语这两种语言,而且应该通晓这两种语言所反映的文化。任何两个社会都有文化重叠现象。但是除了相似点以外,各种文化都有自己的特点。英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言,两者之间的文化差异构成了交际的障碍。在跨文化翻译中,译者面对不同于他们母语的一种异族语言和文化,常常碰到一些用自己的语言、文化和社会价值标准无法理解或者无法解释的事、物或者观念,这种跨文化的困惑在翻译实践中是屡见不鲜的。如:英文电视台新剧集《高校风云》(bos—tonpublic)中有句对白“no,youdidn’tdisturbus.wewerejustchewingthefat.”chewtheaft不指嚼肥肉,真正的意思是“闲聊”。所以,此句应译为“不,你没有打扰我们。我们只是在闲扯。”又如:刚刚才发薪水,有人提议周末大家一起上馆子打牙祭。一位中国女士想要减肥,好穿新近买的一条短裙,推辞说:“no,idon’tthinkicanmakeit.1wanttotightenmybeh.”后来,朋友悄悄地问她:“如果你最近手头不方便的话,我能帮你什么忙么?”该女士被问得一头雾水,解释半天才弄明白。原来,“tightenmybelt”是经济拮据,必须节衣缩食度日。例如:“theharvestwasbadlastyear,weallhadtotightenourbelts.”(去年收成很差,我们必须节衣缩食度日。)
看来文化差异引起的麻烦还真不少,值得我们进一步分析研究。
1.文化差异影响听话人获得信息的原因,往往是说话人越过了话语字面意义,传递一种带有文化因素的暗含意图。例如:thatguy’sgotamidastouch.作为听话人,我们首先要懂得midastouch是什么。
尽管我们知道它来源于希腊故事,midastouch指的是希腊国王midas的点金术(thegoldentouch),但仍不足以完全领会这句话的文化内涵,无法获得说话人要传达的信息。我们还需要结合社交语境(如商务活动),最终推断出这句话的意图是说那人很会做生意,他无需花费太多气力,就会像点石成金那样轻松赚钱。
2.汉英两个民族在各自文化熏陶下衍生出不同的思辨方式和推理模式,这种差异会导致他们在语言中产生不同的联想。交际双方如不注意这种文化差异,就会使交际发生障碍,造成相互间的信息传递不畅。例如:英语中的adultbooks一词语,从字面上看,这个是“成年人”,一个是“书”,放在一起自然就意为“成年人用书”了。然而这样推理出来的答案只是它的字面意义。从文化内涵上讲,它实际上是“色情书籍(刊)”的代名词。原来在西方社会,淫秽书刊充斥市场,为了遮人耳目,这个委婉词便应运而生。再比如seniorcitizens一词,许多学生不假思索地说它所指的是“有社会地位的公民”。而实际上,这里的senior与社会地位并无任何直接联系。中国人有尊老的传统,人们也常常倚老卖老。而西方人谁也不愿意别人说自己老,更不想变老,老年意味着孤独,所以,就在“公民”前面冠以senior这一听起来堂而皇之的字眼。
对诸如此类的词汇,我们如果只注意字面意义,忽视其内涵或社会文化意义,就很难真正理解、正确运用。在跨文化的言语交际中,不了解语言所负载的这种“文化信息”,有效交际势必受阻。如有人将字面意义对等和文化对等之间随意划等号,把“milkyway”理解为“牛奶路”,那更是不懂天文学而贻笑大方。
3.东西方文化差异造成了词语的文化内涵不对应,形成了语言之间的文化空缺现象,出现了大量的“文化空缺词”。
例句:随着经济改革的日益深化,这座昔日被誉为远东金融、经济和贸易中心的城市正在促进长江流域的经济中发展起着龙头作用。
译文:withitsdeepeningeconomicreform,hiscity,formallycrownedasthefinancial,economicandradehubofthefareast.isplayingadragonheadroleinboostingeconomicdevelopmentintheyangtzeriverval—ley.
该句中把“龙头作用”译为“dragonheadrole”是不恰当的。因为在英文中,dragon一词的意思是:amvthicalmonster(thatresemblesalargefire—breezinglizard”柯林斯最新英语),中国人把“龙”视为吉祥的神物,有不可思议的伟大力量,因而成为至尊无上的帝王的象征,甚至把它看做是光明的未来,而望子成龙”。可是英美却把“龙”视为喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。而这里所谓的“龙头作用”意指“引导、领头、先锋作用”。不了解这种文化差异就会造成误译。
应改译为:withitsdeepeningeconomicreform,thiscity,formerlycrownedastheifnancial,economicandtradehubofthefareastisplayingaleadingroleinboostingeconomicdevelopmentintheyangtzeriv—ervalley.
可见,文化差异会给理解和翻译带来诸多障碍和困难。有些东西在一种文化里是不言而喻的,而在另一种文化里却是很难理解的;同一个词或成语在不同国家人民中含义往往不同。如不了解其文化内涵,很难正确理解、正确翻译。因此,翻译决不能只着眼于语言转换,而应透过语言表层了解其深层内涵和文化含义。译者必须深谙所要交流的民族语言与文化。至于文化差异的可译性多高,则取决于译者的文化素养和语言的`功底,取决于译者的智慧和主观能动性。
三、提高文化意识,跨越文化鸿沟
文化意识即译者认识到翻译是跨越语言文字、跨越文化的信息交流,而文化的差异跟语言文字的差异一样,可能成为交流的障碍,译者在进行语言文字转换的同时,还要注意克服文化差异造成的障碍,以保证信息交流的顺利实现。为此,译者不仅要精通译出和译人语言,还要了解研究诸多语言背后的文化,不断地把两种文化加以比较,而且要在正确翻译观的指导下知道在每一具体情况下如何处理文化差异、文化障碍。缺乏文化意识的译者,可能只顾到字面上的转换而忽略背后的文化问题,或者用母语传授的文化经验去曲解信息。这就会导致误译。所以,我们说,翻译不仅仅是个语言活动,它更是一种文化活动。英国译学理论家苏珊·巴思内特曾把语言比喻为文化有机体中的心脏。因此,语言的翻译不仅是意义的转换,更是两种不同文化的相互沟通和移植,翻译既涉及两种语言,更涉及两种文化。
翻译者在处理文化因素时必须牢牢记住两点:一是如何正确地理解原作的意思;二是如何让译文的读者在其自身的文化框架中去正确地理解译文的意思,并尽可能多地吸收原语的文化养分。译者作为文化传播者,应尽力加强和增进不同文化在读者心目中的可理解性,尽量缩短两种语言文化问的距离,清除由于缺乏理解甚至误解而造成的障碍。有了这种态度,译者才能让翻译真正成为传播文化的媒介。
译者在翻译过程中,不仅要注意语言文化的差异性,还要善于发现语言的共通性。如:speakofthedevil,andheappears.(说到曹操,曹操就到)。不难发现,中英文在这一成语上有着惊人的异曲同工之处。汉文化中,曹操素有“奸雄”的称号,而英语中就使用了“devil”这个词。中英文用法上有惊人相似之处的还有:hethathasbeenbittenbyaserpentisafraidofarope.(一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳)。towamasnakeinone’sbosom讲述的正是我们汉文化中的“农夫和蛇的故事”。
翻译,无论是作为文化现象、思想运动,还是作为一种职业、一种知识技能,总与所处的时代背景密不可分。翻译的观念、方法、样式、标准、风格等特征无不与时俱进。观察一下世界范围和中国国内的翻译实践活动和理论研究,不难得出结论:翻译确实是人类精神文明中最富活力、最敏锐的领域之一。
由于文化具有独特的民族特点,是不同民族在特殊历史地理环境里的独特创造。因此,不同民族的文化间存在着众多差异,文化差异的存在决定了不同文化的读者对同一作品的反应不可能相同。不同文化中的读者对于自己所处的社会与文化有着独特的敏感性。读者的这一独特的文化敏感性正是作者在创作语言作品时的语用前提。因此,用某一种语言创作的作品只有生活在这种语言文化环境中的人才能做出作者所期待的反应,而且这种反应也只能是大致相同。俗话说得好,读《哈姆雷特》,一千个读者,就有一千个哈姆雷特。
可见,翻译者对文化因素的处理是一个十分复杂的问题。翻译既是语言之间的转换,更是文化之间的交流。从跨文化交流的角度看,原作和译作都是文化的产物。因此,文化交流中翻译不仅要克服语言的障碍,更要克服文化的障碍。只有充分地了解东西方文化差异,弄清词语的真实含义,把握好翻译的原因和尺度,既要考虑词语中的文化因素怎样在译文中得以体现,同时还要注意避免由于文化因素而产生误译,才能使得译文最切近而又最自然。
总之,译者只有提高文化意识,才能跨越文化的鸿沟。