黑人文化论文参考文献

美国黑人创造了爵士乐、布鲁斯和嘻哈。他们对美国的音乐发展做出了巨大贡献，影响美国音乐史的几位黑人先驱，詹姆斯.布朗是影响了摇滚、饶舌、布鲁斯、嘻哈、迪斯科等一切流行音乐的“灵魂乐教父”；吉米.亨德里克斯是被民众称为前无古人后无来者的吉他手；查克.贝里是摇滚乐和节奏布鲁斯的奠基人。

文化的积极、消极面？文化就两面？ 其实我是觉得审题本身也值得关注。

The importance of family education Family education on the issue since ancient times by people's concern, but as a subject to study in China in recent years is also the matter. This is the development of the times, the demand, the National necessary to improve the overall quality of the issues involved. Here with the parents of the importance of family education, the aim is to the family and society, the education sector to shoulder the common task of educating the next generation. The education is a system of education works here include a family education, social education, collective (Tuoyouyuansuo, school) education, the three interrelated and organic combination of mutual influence, interaction and mutual constraints The education project from which one can, but in this project, family education is the foundation of all education. The former Soviet Union educators famous Su Huomu Belinsky transferred to a child than marble, he said, to shape this into a marble statue of need six sculptor: 1 family, 2 schools, 3 children of the collective; 4 child; books; 6 occasional factor. From the order, the family was included in the first place, can see the family in shaping children in the course of a very important role in the hearts of the educators occupy a position. For this reason parents understand the importance of family education is very necessary. First, family education is the starting point for education and basic point Family education generally refers to the family of parents and adult children of minors education process. Their educational objectives should be: the child into the community to accept collective education (kindergarten, school education) prior to guarantee the physical and mental health development of children, to accept the kindergartens, schools of education to lay a solid foundation. The child for admission into the school, with kindergartens, schools to moral, intellectual, physical, the United States, the various aspects of comprehensive development. Education is the focus of moral education mainly among children good moral quality and develop good habits mainly habits include: living habits, labor practices, learning habits, the church children how to learn "life." As a result of family education in the family, and kindergartens, schools of education, social education, compared with the following characteristics of these features so that family education to become the starting point for education and basic point is by no other educational advantages. (A) family of early education The family is the cradle of life of children, who are receiving education after the birth of a venue that is the first class life; parents are children's first teachers, that is, the Enlightenment division. Therefore, parents of children by the application of early education the most. Generally speaking, after the birth of a child after three years of development, access to early childhood, from the 3-year-old…… 6-year-old is preschool, which is said in the early stages of education, this is the physical and mental development of an important period. China's Gu Yan: "Cang, with the Cang, with the yellow, yellow." Childhood is gradually nurture life with the beginning of many basic human capacity is a stage of this age, such as language, and some basic moves Living habits, and so on, the character is gradually taking shape. . psychologists Bloom, a person's intellectual development if his 17-year-old regarded as the level reached 100 percent, then 4 years old when it reached 50 percent. 4-8 years old and a 30% increase ,8-17-year-old also won 20 percent. This shows that children in the 5-year-old former intelligence is the fastest growing period, the early intellectual development is the best, if parents in this period by the implementation of good family education, early child will be the key to intellectual development. Since ancient times, many people with lofty ideals, celebrities in the early years of fruitful period by a good family education is their future become an important cause. For example, the German poet, playwright Goethe's become, effective early education in the family. Goethe 2-3 years old, his father hold on to the outskirts of the field visit to observe nature, culture Goethe's observation capability. 3-4 years old, his father taught him to sing, the songs back, said a fairy tale, and we intend to let him in the face of public lectures, training his speaking ability. These are awareness education so that young Goethe optimistic, progressive, happy to think, be good at learning. Goethe-8-year-old can use, Germany, Britain, Italy, Latin, Greek reading books, 14-year-old wrote the script, the 25-year-old with a month's time wrote a famous poem in Europe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther . " Another example of ancient "and his son calligrapher," Wang Xizhi's known for, Wang Xianzhi, there have been a number of 1350 Edison invented the great inventors, the generation of literary star Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and other celebrities of the growth process that the family education in the early intellectual development is very important . Instead, the period of childhood are not good family education and intellectual impact on the normal development of many of the examples is. Such as India, "Langhai" Ka Mala, who was Diao to the wolf, when 8-year-old was found, but their living habits with the same people, their living habits and almost like a wolf, limbs, crawling, eating raw meat, day V Night, Later, a man-made training, two years before standing, after six years can be like walking Xiangren, four years learned to six words, in his 17-year-old, the intellectual level reached only 3-year-old child's level. According to "China Women" revealed that China's Nanjing City Xingma one of the workers suffering from mental and psychological diseases, Shenpa children persecuted by the people, will own three children from small lock at home, people so that they contacts with the outside world, has a long Up to 10 years, resulting in the children mental retardation, speech delay, compared with their peers, intellectual capacity and very different life, near idiots, so the family can not be neglected the role of early education, (B) family education continuity of family education second characteristic is the continuity. After the birth of a child, from small to large, almost 2 / 3 of time living in the family, Zhaochaomumu, all the parents in the education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously, are carried out, no matter what, in what time education, parents are in their own words and deeds at any time affect their children's education . Such education of children living habits, moral conduct and behaviour and so on in the style of conversation kept to influence and demonstrations, the subtle influence of the considerable role, accompanied by a person's life can be said to live to old to learn the old, some Parent educator again called for life teachers. This life of the education often reflects a family's Family Style, Family Style is good or bad often have to continue for several generations, or even a dozen, dozens generation, and this Family Style often with family members engaged in the employment-related . Such as: Xinglin family "," Pear Orchard House, "" family education ", etc. At the same time Family Style also reflects a family's style of study, study, good or bad is often the continuation of many generations, a dozen people, several dozens of generations . As in modern China, Wuxi people Yan Gong added-not "countries selected in the Museum", statistics from 2003-Shunzhi Branch to Guangxu 30 years Bing Xu Jia Chen Branch, the champion of 114 people, including his son by the first brothers Shuzhileishi Absolutely not, such as Suzhou Miao, Wu and Pan Sanxing, Changshu Weng, both surnamed Jiang, Chen Haining, Zhejiang, check the two surnames. See, family education is often the continuity of personnel groups have an important impact on the rise. This Situation. Ancient and modern times quite prominent in the contemporary with the development of science, and social needs of the unemployed increased, the broad people's careers, a family member can not have all engaged in the same work, but many see this situation That some family members work frequently appears in the results, be commended, but some family members one after another crime. This is a continuous education and family have great relations. (C) family education authority Family Education is the authority of parents in their children on their elders reflected by the power and power. The existence of the family, parents and children identified the blood relationship, upbringing, emotional, moral and ethical children in the living needs of the elderly parents have great dependence, family members and the fundamental interests of consistency, have decided The father of each of their children a greater role in the constraints. Parent education was easier to accept and submit to the children, parents and reasonable use of this feature, the children good moral character and habits formed the usefulness, for child care, in particular, is the case. Child care and other children in playing the game, when disputes arise when parents are often invoked to confirm their own speech act is right, if they like to say: "My father is saying this." Or "My mother is So do. "And so on. Children of parents in the eyes of the authority decided to accept the child how to treat the nursery schools and community education. The relationship between children and parents, the child is the first to face an important social relations. In this relationship, almost embodies the moral social ethics in all aspects, if such a relationship in the formation of cracks and defects, the children then to the community, in a variety of relationships will be reflected. Therefore stressed the importance of parental authority, but also because the children of parents in childhood has always played a dual role: the safety of children is not only the survival of protected persons, but also a life of the Wizard of Enlightenment. The effects of parental education, depends on the extent to establish the authority of parents, foster parents must be authoritative Built on respect for children on the basis of personality, rather than the feudal patriarchal system, parents are wise to understand the importance of establishing authority, but also know how to establish the authority does not rely on repression and force, subjective assumptions, but the method used Gangrouxiangji. Both parents in the education of their children's attitude on the first concerted and coordinate with each other, should be wide, wide, it should be strict martial law, in front of their children establish a kind of dignity and image, so that parents accept their children's education. (D) of the infected family education Parents with children between the blood relationship and kinship between the natural and close, making the parents of the children have strong feelings on the role of infection. Children on the demeanour of the parents can often Xinlingshenkuai to intelligence-intelligence. In dealing with in and around the side of the relationship between matter and the issue of children on the attitude of parents is very easy to resonate. In the happy parents, the children will take part in joy, the parents showed irritability and Menmenbuyue, the child's emotions can easily be affected, even young children as well. If the parents lack of rational and emotional, hot temper, will enable blind children to absorb its weaknesses. Some parents in dealing with unexpected incidents, show panic anxiety, surprise, the impact on children is not good if the frightened parents the same, steady firm and children in distress will also calm the situation calmly, so the quality of child psychology training Play a positive role. (5) timeliness of family education Family education process, parents are parents of children in the family of the individual acts of education than kindergarten, school education should promptly. As the saying goes:知子莫若父, that women Morrow home. Overnight between parents and children, their situation can be said to be well known to the children was slightly changed, even a look, a smile can make parents Xinlingshenhui, so as parents through their children's every move, his every word and deed can make the best of At this very moment of their psychological state, found the child on the existing problems, timely education, timely corrective, not the problem overnight, so that bad habits in the embryonic stage of the eradication. And kindergartens, schools, teachers faced with dozens of children, only for the children of this age stage for general education, that is, education groups, because of time and energy constraints, it is impossible to take care of each child's characteristics, Prone to the phenomenon of loss, or even to take care of the children of teachers and the poor do not have a sense of trust, and parents could guide their children promptly correct understanding. So parents of children to the correct family education so that children can enter kindergarten before forming a good habit, to accept collective education has laid a good foundation, can make up for the lack of mass education. Second, a good family education is the 21st century created the necessary conditions for personnel "China's 1990s development program for children" in the specified: "Today's children are the masters of the 21st century, child protection and the bottom-up development is to improve the quality of the population base, which is a prerequisite for development. The healthy growth of children Related to the future and destiny of the motherland. Improve the quality of the entire nation, from the start with children. "And:" In 2000 to make 90 percent of children (under the age of 14) of the parents to varying degrees, master conservation, education of children of knowledge. "This Top targeted the parents shoulders for the state created the heavy responsibility of the 21st century talents. Can this generation of children training to become Dezhitimei the all-round development of people, this country is Houjiyouren relationship to the Bainiantaiji. Fu-Lu Bell also said: "The country's fate is not so much lies in the hands of those in power, we might as well have said to be in the hands of his mother." This sentence is very philosophical, it profoundly understand the parents pick in the education of their children in The role played by. Parents should first clear direction of education and national interests, the people's request in line with the principle, the child can not be regarded as private property, it is necessary to establish the idea of the country, correct educational purposes. China's 21st century is what the situation, with the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, to make our country in the middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries, per capita income reached 4,000 . dollars, in gross national product amounted to 6 trillion . dollars. The 21st century should be a good ideologies and noble moral character, and improve the psychological quality, positive spirit of cooperation with others, strong adaptability, Chikunailao the comprehensive development of the new generation. If the 21st century do not have such a group of high-quality builders is very difficult to complete this great, with such a quality is not overnight can do, and a good family education training is a prerequisite for high-quality people. Third, a good family education is a catalyst to optimize the children hearts Children from infancy into childhood, with age, from the family environment will eventually enter the small community, contact with the crowd outside the home, things. Lee Jia Choue those in society from time to time to enter the child's perspective, adults take isolation tactics will not work, because in the family video from different angles will continue to reflect the reality in today's society, issues both positive and negative have The. Children, especially young children lack a rational ability to distinguish right from wrong, but sensitive than adults have the feeling of capacity. They occurred around the kind of terrible things, sensitive, and this sensitivity training is the ability to rationally distinguish between a good basis, as parents should take advantage of this extension, help the children feel in this capacity on the basis of , The development of the social life of the ability to identify and psychological capacity, social filter information, optimize the hearts of young children. If parents in their daily life can be for young children is not strong capacity to accept the characteristics specific to seize the day-to-day chores, help children understand the community in identifying the Shishifeifei, specifically so that they feel Lee's bright side, Experience to the ugly despicable, can help children enhance the Yangshan Chuxie sense of justice, thus resist the dark side of the ugly soul of the child erosion. For example, today's video into the urban residents in almost every family, the children almost every day to deal with them, it can be said is not out of their homes, Bianzhi the world. Which can be received from all over the world all kinds of information. There are political situation, scientific and technological progress, ordinary people of Sushi, from which you can learn a lot of knowledge and understanding of major domestic and international events, both within and outside small home. It is inevitable that some homicide violence, obscene absurdity of the lens Yingru child's eyelid. Parents should address these issues timely guidance, to improve their children's ability to identify, we need to keep their own perceptions of behaviour, for their children establish a positive image, optimizing the hearts of children, the prevention of child make mistakes, and even violations of law and discipline. Family to work in this area, help small and stability of the environment. The family is society's cells, with healthy cells, can we have a sound body, the sick cells, the body will cause disease. As an ancient saying goes: "body repair and then home-and-then-State governance, rule of the then-world", "Qijia, the country, the world-the" point of view is that this truth. For this reason parents do a good job in optimizing the work of children's mental stability and social, stability and national power in ages. In short, as parents to the importance of family education fully and conscientiously do a good job in their children's education, make good parents responsibilities and obligations for the country to train qualified personnel in the building.

美国黑人文化是在在对主流文化的被迫吸收和对非洲传统文明继承的基础上形成的，而且直接影响了主流文化，形成了一种新的形式，并从美国传向了欧洲和世界。美国黑人文化以南北战争为界，可以划分为两个阶段，即美国黑人奴隶文化和美国黑人文化。

首先，强烈的节奏感是非洲黑人舞蹈音乐的突出特征之一。他们对节奏的敏感度是任何国家的舞蹈艺术所不能相比的，这种节奏可以说是舞蹈动作的声乐化，“任何一个基本音乐的思想基础都是动作和音动机的一致，首先是节拍、节奏动机的一致”。这种音乐节奏异常复杂。最典型的节奏是高度发达的节拍交替和节奏交替形式。在非洲各个民族的舞蹈中，大家都可看到节奏与动作的紧密联系性。如加纳北部南多姆族的“塞克佩雷”舞中，音乐由木琴演奏，节奏部分用鼓、铃和铁制响板，并由舞者自己演奏。但各组舞蹈之间的过渡信号则由负责的节奏线结合起来。在伊卓人的“埃塞尼”舞中，动作按照一首歌曲的节奏线而定，而不按照伴奏的打击乐器而定，并随歌曲的重复而重复。加纳安洛——埃维人的阿格贝阔舞，它包括多种舞蹈步型，每种都由领鼓击出恰当的节奏音型引出，并用那种音型继续下去。每种音型都不间断地重复多次，并用另一组动作同下一种音型联系起来，使舞者达到一个新的起点，可准备跳下一步型。以上这几种舞蹈都是需要演员在公演之前的排练中掌握好的；还有一些舞蹈有更多的即兴表演，舞者可以对基本动作作出不同的加工处理，但要和舞蹈的领鼓手或其他器乐家演奏的节奏线相一致，因为整个舞蹈受这种节奏线的支配。由此可见，鼓在非洲黑人舞蹈音乐中起着引领舞曲节奏的重要作用。它决定舞蹈的韵律，也决定着舞蹈的风格特点。非洲黑人舞蹈表演用的鼓有上百种：木鼓、水鼓、战鼓、葫芦鼓等等。表演时(['wkcommon:widget/ui/lib/sio/'], function(sio) { var url = ''; ( url, function () { BAIDU_CLB_fillSlotAsync('u2845605','cpro_u2845605'); } ); }); 用的小鼓可用手握，大的鼓要使人站在凳子上敲打。鼓的周围常装饰有铃铛等饰物，更增强了舞蹈音乐的节奏感。 律动性强是非洲黑人舞蹈音乐的又一特点。他们的动作粗犷有力，感情炽烈，善于以夸张的形体动作抒发自己的感情，舞者常常剧烈地甩动头部、起伏胸部、屈伸腰部、摆动胯部、扭动臀部、晃动手脚、跺脚等。南部非洲祖鲁族的“跺脚舞”，就是以强烈的腿部的律动来表达情感的；加纳弗拉人的“迪阿“舞，每个舞蹈者右踝上戴一串蜂音器，右手还握一把剑。当演唱时，演唱者在音乐的强拍上用右脚跺地，在弱拍上用左脚快速地轻踏一下。当右脚跺地时，身体稍向右倾侧，然后弱拍是摆向左边。以腿部动作表现节奏的舞蹈还有“踢踏舞”“大跨步舞”（索托族）等。在加纳的达戈姆巴人的“恩英多古”舞中，主要用腹肌，而加纳的洛比人则强调上半身的动作，可以有旋转或肩的上下运动，或用某些手臂动作和肩胛的收紧放松动作来伸展前胸。还有像尼日利亚的卡拉巴利人的舞蹈，臀部有各种细微的动作。因此，这种大幅度的身体动作造成的强烈的律动感成为非洲黑人舞蹈音乐的又一特色。 群体性和模仿性是非洲黑人舞蹈的常用形式，体现了非洲黑人舞蹈音乐具有乡土气息的特点。在他们的舞蹈中，很少看到独舞的形式，舞蹈反映的内容与人民的生活密切相关。舞者往往是围成一个半圆、圆圈或排列成行表演，动作主要模仿农事、狩猎、战争等活动。一位探险家对刚果的战争舞这样描述：“一千个脑袋仿佛是一个脑袋似的，起初他们同时仰起来，显出昂扬的气魄，然后同时低垂下去，var cpro_psid ="u2572954"; var cpro_pswidth =966; var cpro_psheight =120;发出凄切的哼叫声„„” 非洲黑人的舞蹈音乐中舞者有着重要的地位，他们有时可以决定舞曲时间的长短。音乐中还有一个重要环节是为了让舞蹈者培养感情。序歌就起到这样一个作用。音乐家常常在演出开始时用序歌或一组 这类歌曲来达到培养感情的目的。序歌可以用自由节奏演唱，并可以用一两件乐器伴奏而无需全体合奏，也可以不用声乐引子，而用器乐的前奏曲。在加纳西北部用木琴为舞蹈伴奏的地方，在跳主要舞蹈之前常用木琴演奏一小段前奏曲。同样，乔比人组成大型的木琴乐队，以乐队的引子开始“恩戈多”舞蹈。也可用声乐和器乐结合的引子，如在阿肯人的“凯泰”舞中，序歌可由一两个独唱者演唱，并交替加进笛子重奏，这种人声和笛子的交替一直持续到领唱者引进合唱为止。 总之，在非洲黑人的舞蹈音乐中，音乐和舞蹈有着密不可分的关系。音乐为舞蹈营造适当的气氛或情绪，能激发起舞蹈者以富于表情的动作来表现表演者的强烈欲望。而舞蹈将音乐的内容表达出来，两者相辅相成，相得益彰，最终让人深刻感受到非洲黑人舞蹈音乐的独特魅力！

你的选题不错，素材网上有，这里写不下，黑人文化呢，是个历史社会问题，美国的黑人文化占了美国一半的文化，为什么呢，因为白人和黑人一样都是移民，只不过方式不同，所以美国黑人的文化其实就是美国文化。论文吗，如果你想写流行的观点，那么积极的是美国梦。消极的是黑人今天的实际地位和社会态度。如果你想写点惊世骇俗的，那么积极的观点就是美国的成功对于落后民族的启示。消极的观点就是民族的发展和民族的情绪不能协调。

美国的黑人一度受到种族歧视，但是他们却又创造了布鲁斯，嘻哈等流行音乐，并且嘻哈音乐逐渐成为主流，这也使得美国黑人在美国的地位有大大的提升。总之，美国的黑人文化在美国文化中是不可或缺的一部分。