古筝论文的参考文献英文翻译

试论古筝的音色 摘要:古筝是一种极富表现力的乐器,其音色清悦、高洁、委婉动听并富有神韵。它丰富的表现力细致微妙地刻画人们的内在情感,无论是如泣如诉、还是高歌吟唱它都可以表现的淋漓尽致。古筝的音色的好坏直接关系到它整体的音响效果和乐曲的表现,鉴于此,通过多个角度对古筝音色的研究,使古筝的演奏日臻完美。 关键词:音色;影响因素 音乐,无论是声乐还是器乐,都是声音的艺术,因此必须讲究声音的美感,也就是良好的音响效果,而这很大程度是由音色的好坏所决定的。音乐的基本要素包括音的高低,音的长短,音的强弱和音色,音色是最抽象、最难把握的。音色,即音品,声音的属性之一,是声音的个性特色,有明亮、暗淡、清脆、沉闷、圆润、干涩、浑厚、单薄、柔和、刚劲之分。音色(timbre或tone color)是由发音物体所产生的谐波(harmonic wave)决定的,发音物体的性质、形状不同,所产生的谐波也不同,因而音色也不同。 影响古筝音色的客观因素主要有乐器形制、演奏中手指对触弦的控制;而影响音色的主观因素有作曲家音乐作品的一度创作与表演者的二度创作中的审美认知、内心听觉等。 一、客观因素 (一)乐器形制与义甲的选材对音色的影响 乐器本身的音色对古筝的演奏有一定的影响,所以先从乐器的选材制作对音色的影响谈起。“不同的乐器,由于材料与结构的不同,发音体的组织条件就不同,在发音时产生的自然泛音列的多少也就不同,音色也不相同,即使在演奏音高、强弱相同的音时,也会有不同的音色效果。而即使同是古筝,但用不同材料做成,也可细分出它们之间的不同音色效果。”专业演奏者对古筝的音色要求主要是:声音很集中,能够立起来,高音亮,有穿透力,声音清脆,余音要长;中音区过渡好,不能发散,音质集中,饱满;低音区浑厚,共鸣好,各个音区对比鲜明,不能像白开水一样。 1.古筝的选材对音色的影响 古筝的选材非常关键,直接影响到古筝的音色、音质。制作古筝的材料,主要是梧桐木、红木、花梨木、紫檀木、乌木和其它较硬的木料(一般称硬质木)等。梧桐木的材质松软、易于振动,一般用来制作面板。底板、琴首和筝尾多用硬质木制作,它们胶合的琴身,能产生良好共鸣、增大音量。红木等硬质木料,木纹顺直,色泽美观,质地坚实,是制作筝框表板、岳山利弦柱的良材。制作古筝的材料很讲究,木质的优劣,直接影响琴板的弹性和传声性能,古筝的面板是决定古筝音色的重要因素之一,制作古筝的面板,常用硬度适中、纹理细密均匀、无节疤、无斜纹和扭转纹的桐木板,而琴的镶板则用硬度较大,木质坚实的木料,加上精良的制作工艺技术,这是做音色优良的古筝应具备的基本条件。就古筝的发声原理而言,面板的传导效果与筝体的振动状态有直接的因果关系,从而也决定了古筝音色的优劣。 2.义甲的选材对音色的影响 古筝弹奏出美妙的声音是通过义甲触弦而得到的,弹筝用的义甲和拉弦乐器的弓子一样重要,做义甲的材料、规格、硬度、表面光滑程度等,都会影响古筝弹奏的音响效果,因此,义甲的制作材料和制作工艺都很讲究。 3.弦的选择对音色的影响 弦的种类也由很多,各种材料制成的弦,振动时都会产生不同的音色效果。 丝弦:音质纯朴,但音色较沉闷,不够清脆明亮,音量较小,余音较短。五十年代以前的筝常用丝弦,以后已被钢弦所取代。 钢弦:音色清脆明亮,音量较大,余音较长,适用于弹奏韵味细腻的乐曲,但由于其余音长,杂音较多,弹奏《战台风》之类的乐曲,音响较嘈杂,没有金属尼龙合成弦的效果好。 金属尼龙合成弦:低音浑厚、中音柔和、高音清脆明亮,音质比钢弦纯净,适合弹奏和声效果丰富,音响强烈的乐曲,但余音较短,弹奏韵味细腻的乐曲,效果不如钢弦佳。 (二)演奏方法对音色的影响 古筝属弹拨乐器类,它的基本的音色是手指在最好的触弦点弹奏,使筝弦达到最佳的振动状态,从而发出清晰、圆润、结实、富有弹性的声音。古筝的演奏,在同一根弦上,用不同的指法、不同的弦段、不同的触弦角度和速度,也会产生不同的音色。触弦时的力度,速度和弦段的选择,要根据乐曲的需要而定,不能一概而论,恰当的触弦方式是正确表现乐曲音色的关键环节。 1.触弦方式变化对音色的影响 音色亦称音品,是发声体在振动时,由于声波的波形及泛音数量的结构,相对强度不同而形成的音的一种特质,它主要是由基音和音的比例关系来决定的。我们在演奏时,选择不同的激发点,不仅可以因泛音数量的不同而改变音色,而且也可以因对各泛音振幅人小的影响来改变音色。需要强烈的音响效果时触弦的力度要大,触弦的速度要快,弹奏的位置在距前岳山2厘米左右的弦段上;需要柔和而丰满的音响时,用中强的力度和中等速度触弦,弹奏的位置在距前岳上3厘米至4厘米的弦段上;需要轻柔、空旷、朦胧的音响效果时,用中弱的力度,较慢的触弦速度,在中、低音区弹奏的位置在距琴码约3厘米左右的弦段上。2.义甲触弦深浅变化对音色的影响 A.基木触弦点是甲尖至胶布的三分之一处,音色柔和、饱满。 B.触弦较深,义甲与琴弦接触的面积人,音色较为深沉、厚重。 C. 触弦较浅,义甲与琴弦接触面积小,音色轻快,颗粒性强,适用于快速轻盈的快板。 实际演奏中,音色的产生与变化所需要的条件是多元素的,演奏者获取理想音色的手法也是综合的,而非单一的一种。只有当触弦角度、而积与触弦位置、过弦速度、力度等相结合,才能有效地获得我们所想要的音色。 3、手指用力部位的变化 古筝演奏的基本发力点在于手指尖,但由于乐曲风格不同,情绪不同,演奏时就相应的需要变化用力部位。例如演奏河南筝曲,要求音色刚健、硬朗,就应把手指用力部位放在手指的根部关节,以增加力度,这样发出的音便刚劲有力:演奏浙江筝曲,要求音色柔和、委婉、灵巧。这时就不能把发力部位放在手指根部关节,而应放在手指第一关节。力度相应减小,发出的音则柔和,轻巧。 二、主观因素 对音色感知的经验基础上联想成像的音色标准与内心听觉一样,是鉴别客观实践音色的无形尺度。在长期的音乐时间活动中,人对某种乐器发出的声音,在频率、幅度、波形、高低、强弱及明亮、暗淡、净润等方面获得的感性认识到,这种感性认识不是一次或几次就能获得的,而是经过无数次地重复,是在音响对感官的一再刺激,经过数个感受器官联合工作,并使接收到的音色信息传入中枢神经的信息库加以分析、综合、编码、形成固定的音色感知表象,古筝作为一门音乐艺术,归根到底是审美的艺术。 任何一首古筝作品都会表达自身独特的思想与情感,这就需要演奏者灵活运用各种技巧去进行表演的二度创作来再现作品。因此在表演的二度创作中,就要根据作品的内容、情绪、风格等需要,性地设计不同的触弦方式,以求获得不同的音色来表现作品的内涵与意境。内心听觉存在于演奏者心灵之中,无影无形,但却能主宰演奏者按照一定的目的支创造相应的音色。它对音色的选择是积极主动并且有创造性的,是实践音色美的先导,只有具备了美的内心听觉才会有优美的实际演奏音色。所以演奏者不但要在演奏技巧上下功夫,更应在艺术修养上下功夫。演奏者对音乐作品的内涵体验越深越细腻,就越能调动诸如音色、节奏、力度等因素,塑造出栩栩如生的音乐形象;越能通过美的音色去感染人。总之,要想使演奏水平日臻完善,在提高演奏技巧水平的同时也应在音色的把握上不间断地、细致入微地去体会和研究。 参考文献: [1]李军:《古筝演奏与心理音色》,《中国戏曲学院学报》,07年2月第28卷第一期 [2]林玲:《论筝演奏中的音乐表现》,《怎样提高古筝的演奏水品》华乐出版社 [3]佘艳:《如何把握古筝演奏的音色》,《襄樊艺术职业技术学院学报》,09年5月第3期 [4]邱大成:《古筝基础训练中的几个问题》 [5]焦力:《论古筝的演奏音色》 [6]葛雪婷:《古筝演奏音色的“色彩性布局”》,《音乐时空》 [7]陈去非:《古筝演奏,音色是灵魂》,《福建艺术》

“古筝”的英文为：Chinese Zither

读音：英[ˌtʃaɪˈniːz ˈzɪðə(r)]、美[ˌtʃaɪˈniːz ˈzɪðər]

固定搭配：Chinese ancient zither 古筝、Chinese Zither Music 古筝曲

例句：Chinese Zither is a string musical instrument with over 2500 years of history.

中国古筝是一个有著2500年悠久历史的古典弦乐器。

Chinese Zither的发展情况介绍：

随着时代的发展，20世纪又在南北筝的基础上分别衍生出其他几大整派，即“潮州、山东、河南和浙江”四大流派，到当代流派的区别已经很小了，几乎每个流派都兼具各家之长。现一般分为九派，正如曹正所言“茫茫九派流中国”，各派的筝曲及演奏方法各具特色。

心中有旋律 但谱不出曲子..

就是拼音guzheng 英文称呼就是这个参考资料：

The guzheng, or gu zheng (Chinese: 古筝; pinyin: gǔzhēng) or zheng (筝) (gu- means "ancient") is a traditional Chinese musical instrument. It belongs to the zither family of string guzheng is the parent instrument of the Japanese koto, the Korean gayageum, and the Vietnamese đàn modern guzhengThe guzheng should not to be confused with the guqin, another ancient Chinese zither but without modern-day guzheng is a plucked, half-tube zither with movable bridges and 21 strings, although it can have anywhere from 15 to 25 strings (a customized version exists with more than 34 strings). The guzheng's strings were formerly made of twisted silk, though by the 20th century most players used metal strings (generally steel for the high strings and copper-wound steel for the bass strings). Since the mid-20th century most performers use steel strings flatwound with guzheng has a large resonant cavity made from wu tong wood (Paulownia tomentosa). Other components may be made from other woods, usually for structural and decorative guzheng has existed since the Warring States Period and became especially popular during the Qin dynasty. The ancient guzheng had 12 strings, which gradually evolved into it current 1961, the common guzheng had 18 strings. In 1961 Xu Zhengao together with Wang Xunzhi introduced the first 21-string guzheng after two years of research and development. In 1961, they also invented the "S-shaped" left string rest, which was quickly adopted by all guzheng makers and is still used today, whether in the shape of the letter "S", "C", etc. The 21-string zheng is the most commonly used, but some traditional musicians still use the 16-string, especially along the southeastern coastal provinces of China and in guzheng is tuned to a pentatonic scale, the 16-string zheng is tuned to give three complete octaves, while the 21-string zheng has four complete styles and performersThere are many techniques used in the playing of the guzheng, including basic plucking actions (right or both hands) at the right portion and pressing actions at the left portion (by the left hand to produce pitch ornamentations and vibrato) as well as tremolo (right hand). These techniques of playing the guzheng can create sounds that can evoke the sense of a cascading waterfall, thunder and even the scenic countryside. Plucking is done mainly by the right hand with four plectra (picks) attached to the fingers. Advanced players may use picks attached to the fingers of both hands. Ancient picks were made of ivory and later also from tortoise guzheng's pentatonic scale is tuned to Do, Re, Mi, So and La, but Fa and Ti can also be produced by pressing the strings to the left of the bridges. Well known pieces for the instrument include Yu Zhou Chang Wan (Singing at night on fishing boat), Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Han palace autumn moon).Two broad playing styles (schools) can be identified as Northern and Southern, although many traditional regional styles still exist. The Northern styles is associated with Henan and Shandong while the Southern style is with the Chaozhou and Hakka regions of eastern Guangdong. Both Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Han palace autumn moon) are from the Shandong school, while Han ya xi shui (Winter Crows Playing in the Water) and Chu shui lian (Lotus Blossoms Emerging from the Water) are major pieces of the Chaozhou and Hakka repertories players and teachers in the 20th century include; Wang Xunzhi (1899–1972) who popularized the Wulin zheng school centred in Hangzhou in Zhejiang, Lou Shuhua rearranged a traditional guzheng piece and named it Yu zhou chang wan, Liang Tsai-Ping (1911-2000) edited the first guzheng teaching manual Nizheng pu in 1938, Cao Dongfu (1898–1970) from Henan, Gao Zicheng (1918- ) and Zhao Yuzhai (1924- ) from Shandong; Su Wenxian (1907–71), Guo Ying (1914- ) and Lin Maogen (1929- ) from Chaozhou, the Hakka Luo Jiuxiang (1902–78), and Cao Zheng (1920-1998) who trained in the Henan new pieces have been composed since the 1950s which used new playing techniques such as the playing of harmony and counterpoint by the left hand. Pieces in this new style include Qing feng nian (Celebrating the Harvest, Zhao Yuzhai, 1955), Zhan tai feng (Fighting the Typhoon, Wang Changyuan, 1965) and the guzheng concerto "Miluo River Fantasia" (Li Huanzhi, 1984). Contemporary experimental atonal pieces have been composed since the guzheng in other genresThe guzheng has been used by the Chinese performer Wang Yong (王勇) in the rock band of Cui Jian, as well as in free improvised music. Zhang Yan used it in a jazz context, performing and recording with Asian American jazz bandleader Jon Jang. Other zheng players who perform in non-traditional styles include Randy Raine-Reusch, Mei Han, Zi Lan Liao, Levi Chen, Andreas Vollenweider, Jaron Lanier, Mike Hovancsek, and David Sait. The American composer Lou Harrison (1917–2003) played and composed for the instrument. Jerusalem based multi-instrumentalist Bradley Fish is the most widely recorded artist of loops for the guzheng. Fish is known for using the guzheng with a rock-influenced style and electronic effects on his 1996 collaboration "The Aquarium Conspiracy" with Sugarcubes/Björk drummer Sigtryggur Baldursson. The virtual band Gorillaz used the guzheng in their song "Hong Kong" from the Help: A Day In The Life compilation. The Canadian composer Kevin Austin[1] has written several pieces for guzheng and electroacoustic sounds.

还是古筝，只不过用拼出来的：guzheng我帮你找了一篇（截选了一段），你可以参考一下。The guzheng, or gu zheng (Chinese: 古筝; pinyin: gǔzhēng) or zheng (筝) (gu- means "ancient") is a traditional Chinese musical instrument. It belongs to the zither family of string guzheng is the parent instrument of the Japanese koto, the Korean gayageum, and the Vietnamese đàn modern guzhengThe guzheng should not to be confused with the guqin, another ancient Chinese zither but without modern-day guzheng is a plucked, half-tube zither with movable bridges and 21 strings, although it can have anywhere from 15 to 25 strings (a customized version exists with more than 34 strings). The guzheng's strings were formerly made of twisted silk, though by the 20th century most players used metal strings (generally steel for the high strings and copper-wound steel for the bass strings). Since the mid-20th century most performers use steel strings flatwound with guzheng has a large resonant cavity made from wu tong wood (Paulownia tomentosa). Other components may be made from other woods, usually for structural and decorative purposes.

推荐答案说的很到位了。koto一般特指日本筝 很少有人会称古筝为koto。很久以前我也以为zither是古筝 因为词典就是这么说的，但是后来发现zither在英语中原意指的是中东传入欧洲的一种齐特琴。所以当你跟英语语种的人说zither的时候 其实是误导人我们古筝和齐特琴是一脉相承的。 希望看到这个回答的大家以后能注意。