心电图机检测论文

心电放大器一、设计目的 学习三运放电路工作原理与设计方法; 学习差模信号与共模信号;熟悉巴特沃兹低通滤波器的设计。二、设计内容与要求设计心电放大电路，技术指标如下：差模放大倍数AVD=100; 共模抑制60dB;通频带0~30Hz。阻带截止深度40dB. 三、心电放大器基本原理心电放大器即心电图( Electrocardiogram) 信号放大器。将Ag2AgCI 电极贴在病人左臂、右臂和大腿上,从体表获得的心电信号经集成运放CF318 构成的前置放大器放大后,再经滤波处理,然后进入ADC 进行模数转换,送记录仪或液晶显示。因此一高阻抗、高增益的放大器是准确获取心电信号的关键。心电放大器模拟部分如下图所示：确定心电放大器的性能指标 (1) 人体心电信号幅度一般在50μV～5 mV ,属于微弱信号,放大器输出信号一般在- 5～ + 5V ,因此,要求放大器的差模电压增益为100左右;(2) 信号的频率范围(通频带) 一般为0-30Hz;(3) 人体内阻、检测电极与皮肤的接触电阻为信号源内阻,阻值一般为几十kΩ ,为了减轻微弱心电信号源的负载,要求放大器的差模输入阻抗大于10 MΩ;(4) 人体相当于一个导体,将接收空间电磁场的各种干扰信号,它们对放大器来说相当于共模信号,因此放大器的共模抑制比为60dB;(5) 要求具有低噪声和低漂移特性。微小信号的放大方案设计:(1)采用多级集成运放实现差模电压的高增益,且各级增益均衡分配。 (2)三运放放大电路：由于输入阻抗、共模抑制比和噪声主要取决于前级,因此输入级采用集成运放CF318构成前置放大器,该运放能实现高输入阻抗和低噪声。该放大电路分两级，第1 级:A1 、A2 及相应电阻构成前置放大器。第二级采用差分式放大电路实现信号放大。两级总的放大倍数为5倍。电路图如下： 该电路输出特性为： 当 =100k, =k=51k, = =100k时，Vo=-5Vi该放大器第一级是具有深度电压串联负反馈的电路，所以它的输入电阻很高。如选用相同特性的运放，则它们的共模输出电压和飘移电压也都相等，组成差分式电路以后，可以互相抵消，所以它有很强的共模抑制能力和较小的输出飘移电压，同时该电路可以有较高的差模电压增益。（3）二阶巴特沃兹低通滤波放大电路：具有理想特性的滤波器上很难实现的，只能尽量逼近理想特性，常用的逼近方法有巴特沃兹（Butterworth）最大平坦响应和切比雪夫（C h e b y s h e v ）等波动响应。切比雪夫滤波电路的截止频率处衰减快，但通带里有较大波动。在不允许通带里有较大波动的情况下，为了在通带范围内可得到最平坦的幅频曲线，选择Butterworth 型二阶低通滤波电路. 它结构简单，带内纹波小，滤波效率高。由于50 Hz的干扰信号较强,故在滤波电路中,采取低通滤波滤出30Hz 以上的信号,这样就能滤除30Hz以上的干扰信号。因此采用集成运放A4 及电阻、电容组成低通有源滤波器。为满足带宽要求该低通滤波器由C 、R10 构成,上限频率为f H = 30Hz， 由于在滤波电路中采用了RC 低通滤波电路,该电路具有较高的输出阻抗,所以后级放大采用了同相放大电路,该级差模增益为2倍 ,从而保证整个电路放大倍数为125倍左右。另外,由于该滤波器的特性参数对元器件的精度很敏感,因此在设计中需用精密的阻容元件来获得较好的效果。电路原理图如图2 所示。二阶低通滤波器的传递函数 其中， ,等效品质因数Q=1/(3-A),特征角频率 截止频率f=30Hz,C=, ，计算得R=，取标称值为51k，获得的放大倍数为 ，为保证放大倍数A=2，取Rf k.=100KM,R1.=100K。（4）反向比例放大电路：用集成运算放大器A5构成的反向比例放大电路，应为该电路的输入电阻比较大可以直接接在滤波电路后面，整体要求整个电路的放大倍数为100左右，因此此级放大电路的放大倍数约为5～6倍才能满足设计要求。其电路图如下： 对于这个电路，其放大倍数为AV=Rf/R1.可以取R1=R2=10K，Rf=51K。（5）将以上三个电路合在一起就组成整个电路的电路图。如下所示： 四、器材选择1、 在三运算放大电路中，前面的两个分压电阻阻值应比较大且精度较高，因为在该处要形成一组大小相等，相位相反的差模电压，如果电阻阻值较低或者精度较低都会产生较大的误差，经过集成运放放大后的误差更大，从而影响的本来就很微弱的心电信号的测量。因此可以选金属膜电阻器RJ型阻值为30M的高精度电阻。2、 心电信号的大小大约在50�0�8V～5mV左右，经过第一级三运放放大电路放大后的电压也只是几十毫伏，电压较低，因此功率不会超过一般电阻的额定功率。因此一般的电阻都能够满足要求.可以选用碳膜电阻RT型。3、 对于含有集成运放的电路，都必须要考虑调零的问题，而对于测量心电信号这样的小信号，调零的必要性显得尤为重要。调零方法：在1脚和5脚之间加一个调零电位器，其阻值为0～10KΩ，将输入端短接，测量输出端电压，调节电位器，使输出电压为零即可。4、 本电路要求共模抑制比大于60dB，具有高精度，低漂移，温度系数小，输入电阻大等特点，综合考虑可以选用CF318集成运放。对于集成运放CF318，其各脚功能如下：1，5既可以是调零又可以是相位补偿，2为反相输入端，3为同相输入端，4为负电源，7为正电源，6为输出端，8也是相位补偿。因此用CF318可以直接在1和5之间外接一个电位器对运放以及整个电路进行调零。5、 电路要求共模抑制比为60dB，KCMR=|AVD/AVC|，此电路无法直接计算出共模电压增益，只能通过测量的方法测出共摸电压增益。测量方法：将两输入端接在一起和一个电压为Vi的输入信号相接，测量输出端的电压VO，可以得到AVC=VO/Vi，计算出共摸抑制比。6、 30HZ二阶巴特沃兹低通滤波电路要求所测的信号的频率范围为0～30HZ，要求低通滤波器在0～30Hz平坦特性比较好。巴特沃兹低通滤波器具有最大平坦特性。选用二阶巴特沃兹低通滤波器的各元器件的参数如下：C1=C1=�0�8F， R=.由于1�0�8F以上的电容大都为电解电容，滤波效果不好，而100pF以下的电容容易产生分布电容，因此这里选用CT4型号的中的�0�8F的无机介质电容，它的工作电压为40～100V，温度范围-25～85度，完全满足该电路的设计需要。对电阻的要求不是很高，可以选用最常用的碳膜电阻RT型。

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心脏的收缩会产生微弱的电流，而通过特殊的仪器在人体表面采集到这种电流变化并形成一条波动的曲线，就是我们常见的心电图。心肌的血液供应不足或心肌细胞的病变等异常会引起曲线的不同改变，ST-T改变就是其中的一种，如ST段的压低或抬高、T波低平、倒置或高尖等。心电图是心内科常用的检查手段，特别是对冠状动脉硬化性心脏病（简称“冠心病”）有重要的诊断价值。很多患者或家属拿到心电图的打印报告常常会读到“ST-T改变”的诊断结论，同时可能被医生告知“心肌缺血”。但是ST-T改变一定等于心肌缺血，甚至冠心病吗？不一定。ST-T改变≠心肌缺血需要强调的是，心电图上的ST-T改变并不能和“心肌缺血”划上等号，更不能说ST-T改变就是患了冠心病。临床医生往往还要结合患者的年龄、致病的危险因素以及其他检查资料等做出诊断。除了冠心病以外，其他如瓣膜病、心包炎等心血管疾病，低血钾或高血钾等电解质紊乱，某些药物的影响，甚至植物神经功能紊乱都可以引起非特异性的ST-T改变。特别是心肌病、心肌炎、心脏X综合征等累及心脏微血管的疾病，都可能是心电图发现ST-T改变的重要原因。所以，大家对于自己心电图上可能出现的ST-T改变，不必“草木皆兵”，甚至盲目吃药，还是要清清楚楚地诊断，再明明白白地治疗。明确诊断，明白治疗目前，临床上24小时动态心电图检测、运动平板试验、心脏彩色多普勒检查、冠状动脉造影都是常见的冠心病诊断工具，特别是同位素心肌灌注显像检查是安全成熟有效的心脏病检查手段。虽然冠状动脉造影是目前冠心病诊断的“金标准”，但它只对心脏大血管具有诊断价值，而对于很多心脏微血管疾病却无能为力。而心肌同位素显像对于心肌缺血的范围判断、冠心病的确诊、心肌病的鉴别诊断、心脏微血管的诊断及治疗效果评判、心肌活力的测试等都具有重要的参考价值。