乱世佳人的相关论文文献

电影译名中的文化交流翻译是一种语言转换的过程，同时也是一个文化交融的过程。貌似对等的两个词汇，可能会在不同的文化背景中激活不同的意象，若对这种貌合神离不加注意，往往会造成错译、误译，甚至成为笑柄。片名翻译归根到底仍是从一种文字到另一种文字的信息传递，它要忠实地传递与原片名和原片内容的相关信息，即实现信息价值的等值。在这一点上，如果能达到译名与原片名和原片内容三方面的和谐统一当然最好，若必须抛弃一个，笔者认为应该是舍弃原片名。例如迪斯尼影片The Incredibles若遵照原片名就应译为《难以置信的人》，相比较而言，根据内容而来的译名《超人总动员》就贴切得多了。但这里有一个问题，用词太泛，也容易导致信息失真，如这里的“总动员”一词，还见于诸如《魔鬼总动员》（Total Recall）、《海底总动员》（Finding Nemo）、《玩具总动员》（Toy Story）、《怪兽总动员》（Monster）等等译名，其恐难完成信息传递的任务。所以对The Incredibles一片，笔者心目中的最佳译名为《超人一族》。由于各个地区，各个国家，各个民族在风俗习惯、价值观念、伦理道德等各方面存在着很大差异，当把一部电影从一种文化介绍到另一种文化时，电影译名还承载着准确传递原片名所负载的文化信息和情感的任务。让我们来看看1995年的一部著名惊悚片Seven�该片描述了一个极富宗教色彩的犯罪故事：一个变态杀人狂自认是上帝，并围绕天主教七大死罪的戒条来逐条杀人。七条罪分别指代七项世人常犯的过错：酗食（gluttony）、贪婪（greed）、懒惰（sloth）、淫欲（lust）、骄横（pride）、嫉妒（envy）和暴怒（wrath）。Seven是一个在宗教上极为神秘的数字（上帝用七天创世，用亚当的第七根肋骨造夏娃），在影片Seven中数字“七”也是无处不在，七罪七罚，故事发生在七天之中，下了七次雨，结局也发生在第七天下午的七点，这是一种宿命的暗示，也是一种宗教的突显。对于并不怎么了解天主教的中国观众来说，仅仅一个“七”字是不可能使其产生与天主教传统影响下的人们同样的文化意象（cultural image）和认同感的，所以影片被译为《七宗罪》，既点明了故事的主线又突显了宗教寓意，实为文化价值传递的典范。除了信息和文化的等值传递，片名翻译还要考虑到商业因素。电影译名需尽可能的引发观众的心理认同和观看欲望，这就要求译者充分把握译入语文化背景，以创造出观众喜闻乐见的标题。在这一点上一个突出的表现手法即使用能制造悬念、渲染气氛的词汇，如“疯狂”、“惊魂”、“夺命”、“绝地”等。例如惊险片Speed在国内上映时的最初译名为《速度》，观众多不买账，因为不知所云。后来看到港译的《生死时速》，不禁为我们的译者汗颜。好的片名翻译往往妙趣横生而给人以启迪，它能用深邃的文化内涵和生动的语言符号获得观众的青睐和关注。近几年来，国人对好莱坞大片的认可度越来越高，这固然因为它们场面宏大，制作精良，但是，也要部分地归功于影片名称的翻译很好的起到了文化传递的作用。我们耳熟能详的电影《乱世佳人》，其英文原名gong with the wind 若直译为《随风飘逝》对中国观众的吸引力必将大减，而《乱世佳人》之所以成为译名中的经典，正因为它符合中国的文化背景，不论是“乱世”还是“佳人”，都能在观众脑海中激活众多的文化元素，诸如“乱世出英雄”、“二八佳人”、“美酒佳人”等。而片名翻译若不注意译入语文化中的文化意象的变化，不仅无法准确表达原名所要表达的信息，甚至会令观众产生误解，继而使影片失去其应有的吸引力。我国电影一直无法在国际市场占领一席之地，糟糕的电影译名是要负一部分责任的。还是让我们看看我们的一组译名吧：龙虎门（Dragon Tiger Gate）、双龙会（Twin Dragons）、卧虎藏龙（Crouching Tiger� Hidden Dragon）、瘦虎肥龙（Skinny Tiger and fatty Dragon）、龙的心（Heart of Dragon）、龙在天涯（Dragon Fight）。这是笔者随便收集的一组有关“龙”这个字眼的电影名，中文电影名中的龙都毫无例外地指代影片中的正面英雄人物。而在西方神话和传说中�龙代表纵横混沌中的邪恶力量，象征充满野性的自然界。因此上述英文译名都跌入了东西方文化差异的陷阱里，因而也就无法准确传递原片名所要传递的信息了。这种误差不仅表现在中译英的过程中，也同样出现在英译中的翻译上面，李连杰到好莱坞后拍过一部影片Kiss Of The Dragon�其中Kiss Of The Dragon在片中是一种非常残忍的杀人技巧（类似于中国的点穴手法），然而其汉语译名《龙之吻》给人的却是一种温馨甚至浪漫的意象，与原名相差何止万里。笔者倾向于将其译为《死神之吻》，这也符合我们前面提到的翻译的特点，译名应尽可能地向原片内容靠拢，当原片名和原片内容只能二选其一时，应取后者而弃前者。在把中国电影引向国际的过程中，也不乏片名佳译，给人以耳目一新的感觉。由张国荣、巩莉、张丰毅等主演的国产片《霸王别姬》曾获第46届法国戛纳电影节“金棕榈奖”。该片讲述的是京剧《霸王别姬》的演员半个世纪的爱与恨，信赖与背叛，还有真挚的爱情和同性恋，以及“文革”对艺人的摧残与迫害。演员高超的演技和影片情节的曲折离奇无疑是该片获得成功的主要原因，但片名的成功翻译也起到了一些宣传作用。其英文译名Farewell to My Concubine突出了故事的爱情题材与悲剧气氛，从而成功地将该片推上了国际舞台。作为一种文化传播媒介，电影在当今世界正扮演着越来越重要的角色。但是，翻译界对影视翻译的重视程度却远不如文学翻译。目前我国电影正处于一个低潮期，这一方面是因为入世后遭到越来越多的好莱坞大片的冲击，另一方面我们在有些环节上还有不足。电影译名如果不能将原电影名的文化内涵准确传递，势必大大降低影片的吸引力。出处：《博览群书》电影译名中的文化交流：劲爆：最让人意想不到的电影译名大家都会注意到，很多外语片有很多中文译名，比如拿到第80届奥斯卡最佳男主角和最佳摄影等奖项的《There will be blood》就有《未血绸缪》、《血色黑金》、《血色将至》等几个译名。今天在中央六台看到了《The Other Boleyn Girl》的预告片，本来已经看过，但是还是被吸引，确切的说是被它的译名吸引：《雀占鸠巢》。了解一点点剧情，果然很形象。这让我想起了一直默认的另外两个译名：《另一个波林家的女孩》和《皇室双姝》，感觉前者是英文名的直译，而后者则是暗示了两个女主角的关系。我想到了原来还有好多影片的不同译名，最喜欢的一部是《Hilary and Jackie》的译名：《她比烟花寂寞》，不过这部片子还有其他的翻译，比如《狂恋大提琴》，《无情荒地有琴天》，但是都没有那个引用亦舒的书名《她比烟花寂寞》的翻译传神。后来发现这些意译的名字多来自港台，而大陆这边一般是直译，这也反映了一定的文化差异吧？一般在不了解电影背景的时候，好名字会比较吸引我，在这里先列举几个：Brave Heart 勇敢的心 惊世未了缘Legends of The Fall 秋日传奇 燃情岁月Good Will Hunting 骄阳似我 心灵捕手Emma 艾玛 艾玛姑娘要出嫁 芳心爱漫游The English Patient 英国病人 英伦情人Pulp Fiction 低俗小说 黑色追缉令Se7en 七宗罪 火线追缉令A Walk in the Clouds 云中漫步 漫步在云端The Rock 石破天惊 绝地任务 勇闯夺命岛比较有趣的是意大利导演朱塞佩·托纳托雷三部风格迥异的影片变成了孪生姐妹：《星光伴我心》(《天堂电影院》)、《声光伴我飞》(《海上钢琴师》)、《真爱伴我行》(《玛莲娜》)Julyjuly：Hilary and Jackie翻译成狂恋大提琴真叫不动脑筋了，剧情里面女主角明明是很恨大提琴的。别的经典译名么……Lolita 《一树梨花压海棠》很有深度，很有典故……这是一绝啊~~大陆方面通常是直译倒也不一定，比方Moulin Rough就翻译成了《梦断花都》，这是继《魂断蓝桥》之后的“X断XX”系列之一，老实说用多了就挺俗的。最有代表性的“意译”就是XX总动员系列，可怜的皮克斯啊……招谁惹谁了，我就没看出来《蔬菜杂烩》里头怎么就“美食总动员”了，老鼠总动员还比较符合剧情……最近(才)引进的Becoming Jane是被官方翻译成了《傲慢与偏见——简·奥斯丁版》，真是叫人哭笑不得。先前两个版本的译名中，《成为简·奥斯丁》比较直白；而《初恋成珍》则一语双关，有点小巧妙。说起来想到前不久蛮红的Once这部片子，译名版本很多，包括“情难独奏/曾经/一生的唯一/一次(咳，这是我私底下乱叫的)”，个人喜欢“一生的唯一”；然后觉得套用徐志摩《偶然》那首诗的诗名也挺合适，因为意境比较符合：“你我相逢在黑夜的海上，你有你的，我有我的，方向；你记得也好，最好你忘掉，在这交会时互放的光亮！”The Unbearable Lightness of Being当初翻译成布拉格之恋也是不错的，因为考虑到国人当时可能还不知道《生命中不能承受之轻》的含义……直译可能会让人觉得挺玄。rococos：还想到一个音译和意译都比较好的 库布里克的the shinning， 翻译成《闪灵》，看那张海报还挺有感觉的weiluotuo:印象最深的还是《这个杀手不太冷》，电影名字其实叫Professional(职业杀手)。全名是:还有一个我至今愤愤不平的，SHAWSHANK 翻成《肖申克的救赎》挺好的，意译和音译结合。不知道谁给弄出一个说法叫《刺激1995》，我真没晕了。估计就是这名儿直接导致当年奥斯卡没拼过阿甘。不过阿甘也确实优秀确实经典。这俩真不应该出现在同一年。更晕的是，后来居然看到了《刺激1997》……一直都觉得，越精炼的素材翻译越见功底，电影片名的翻译就是一个很好的例子。翻译的好会让人拍案叫绝；翻的不好会连累片子的。不过放眼看去，现在好翻译越来越少了。《High school musical》被翻译成《歌舞青春》我就怎么都找不着青春的感觉。如果08年迪斯尼和皮克斯将要出品的动画(看预告)真的被翻译成《机器总动员》或者《垃圾总动员》了，那就太悲哀了。(补充一下，发现这部片子已经被叫做《机器人总动员》了，我很想大叫救命总动员！)电影译名中的文化交流：电影译名十宗罪我一直觉得，翻译名称，如果你自信绕过直译之后，能得到意外惊艳，那不妨试试，若不是，还是老老实实按照原意直译最保险。像以前翻译的法国城市“丹枫白露”，实在是美极了，如果直接音译，则完全达不到这种效果，将跟那些如“托斯卡纳”之流混在一块无法辨认。还有像COCACOLA，可口可乐，很形象，按硬译的话，大概会变成科克科勒，一点意思都没有。世界知名弹簧床品牌Simmons，译为“席梦思”，名如其义，堪称经典。说到电影片名的译法，却是越看越不顺眼，不得不说几句。现在外来影片的译名，顺意性太大，太过于自由发挥，把很多本来美妙的名称糟蹋得一塌糊涂，其中以台湾、香港两地的电影翻译工作者们“贡献”最大。粗粗归纳，大概有以下十种情况：1、四字情结看多了影片，会发现四字译名最多，估计感觉叫起来好听，容易上口，但大量的译名都是四字，未免过于单调吧。像：莎翁情史、烈火悍将、死亡诗社、夺面双雄、帝国骄雄、木马屠城、金刚屠龙、狂蟒之灾、越战忠魂……莎翁情史，不如直译为“恋爱中的莎士比亚”（原名：Shakespeare in Love），情史，按我的理解是整个感情历史；而“恋爱中的莎士比亚”仅仅是一种状态。死亡诗社，原片名是Dead Poets Society，正确的译法应该是“死亡诗人俱乐部”，死亡修饰诗人，而非诗社，而且片中，“死亡诗人”确是一个群体的称呼。上面两个例子都是“硬压缩”的典型。Mystic River神秘河，意境很好，译成“悬河杀机”，完全破坏掉了。《钢琴家》译为“钢琴战曲”、“战地琴人”，特别是后一个，笑破肚皮，什么玩意儿呢？有叫琴人的吗？奇怪的是，《杀死比尔》好好四个字，却非要弄成“标杀令”，简单问题复杂化。2、寻亲情结还有喜欢把本土的一些片名直接改用于外来影片的译名。像梅尔.吉布逊的《勇敢的心》，被译为《英雄本色》，跟吴宇森导演、周润发主演的黑帮片同名，甚至连一个字都懒得改，“英雄本色”这个叫法倒是有气势，但吴导演已用过，再次拿出来套在别人头上，就逊色很多了。还有《最后一个莫希干人》（下面将说到），显然，可怜的灵感来源于《满清最后一个太监》。3、片面追求气势，装神弄鬼还有喜欢片面追求名称的气势，故弄玄虚，却不知强奸了多少原意。《独立日》，译为“天煞：地球反击战”，什么叫天煞啊？恐怕大多数人不知所云吧。好好的名字非要装神弄鬼一番。奇幻电影《伊拉贡》（Eragon，也有译成龙骑士，倒说得去）拍得臭哄哄，本不值一提，但因为另一个译名实在太恶心了，不得不说，听好：《侠影魔龙》就是港译法的最新贡献！把正义的龙变成魔，估计导演知道后会吐血吧。《最后的苏格兰王》，原名“The Last King of Scotland”，这个名称本来是乌干达独裁者阿敏给自己的称号，因为他一直仇视英国，亲近苏格兰，还曾经狂妄地宣称将组织解放军去把苏格兰从英国统治下解放出来，在片中最后有记者也问起这个问题。另外，片中另一个男主角，来自苏格兰的青年医生尼古拉斯，从一个毕业生直接变为备受宠爱的总统私人医生，享受荣华富贵，甚至坐在总统车中，乌干达老百姓以为是总统本人，欢叫着追捧着，让他享受片刻的帝王待遇，片名也对此暗中有所映射，所以直译为“最后的苏格兰王”可谓非常切题。港译为《末代独裁》或《末世独裁》，就离题了，独裁未必末代吧。港译中，凡有LAST都喜欢译为“末代”、“末世”、“末日”，所以另一部小成本影片《The Last legion》（最后的兵团）又被翻译成“末日兵团”就不奇怪了。当然，也有例外，比如《The Last of the Mohicans》（最后的莫希干人），不译为“末代”啦，译成“最后一个莫希干人”，初一看觉得不错，仔细一瞧，不对，Mohicans是复数，而且片中讲的绝对不仅仅是最后一个莫希干人，而是三个（尽管其中男主角拥有白人血统），港译的来源估计是受到港片《最后一个太监》的影响，可是不动脑子，直接套用。4、缺乏常识港台弱智翻译的最高境界莫过于尼古拉斯主演的《8MM》（8毫米），稍读过数学的人都知道，MM是毫米的简称，港译偏要译成“8厘米”，厘米的简称应该是CM。而且8毫米，是一种胶片的规格。对于这个最基本的译名错误，很多人却舍不得花点精力去求证纠正，而是直接引用，于是错误越来用越广，人心的浮躁可见一斑。Contact《接触》讲的是跟外星人的接触，译成“接触未来”，我怀疑翻译工作者根本就没有看完全片，因为整片似乎没有涉及到“未来”，都是讲当前的接触。《风语者》是人们对二战中用民族语言为情报作贡献的纳瓦霍族人的称呼，翻译成“追风战士”，太搞笑了，初一看以为是青春偶像剧。NaDa电影译名中的文化交流：谈名片误译中的文化因素随着人们对外交往的日益增多，外事活动中使用名片也日趋频繁。目前我国许多涉外人员使用英文名片或在汉语名片上加印英文翻译，形成汉英对照式名片。一些外国朋友来华也常常请一些翻译公司把他们的名片翻译成相应的汉语。然而就笔者所见，很多这类双语对照式名片的翻译极不规范，存在着诸如名称翻译混乱，职务、职称表意不清、人名书写中名姓不分，地名、地址不合译入语行文习惯等问题，甚至还有些信息错译或干脆不译，这造成人们交际中许多不应有的误解。本文就名片的主要组成部分“四名”，即“姓名、单位名、职务或职称名、地名”分别讨论，分析一些名片的误译进行并指出影响这些翻译背后的文化因素。1. 姓名的翻译“名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成”。姓名在交际中的重要性自是不言而喻。但有不少名片上的姓名翻译就存在一些瑕疵，如下面中译英例：（1）刘云西：Liu Yun Xi（2）章少泉：Shaoquan Zhang（3）田淑琴：SHUQIN TIAN（4）鲍琛明：BAO CHENMING（5）王小昕：H. Y Wang（6）王幸村：Hamlet Wang以上各例译法多样，造成这种种差异根源何在？众所周知，中国人的姓名是姓在前、名在后，并且大部分人的名是两个汉字组成，如上例都是双字名；而英语国家姓名的一般结构为 ：教名、自取名（中名）、姓，中名在很多场合往往省略或以首字母缩写。如：George W. Bush或George Bush。这种姓名排列上的差异有着深厚的宗教、社会制度、价值观等方面的原因。按照陈立（2000 ：57）的统计，汉语姓名与英语民族的姓名相比，在数量上是名多姓少，在功能上汉语的姓最初是用以“明世系、别婚姻”、同姓不通婚 ；而英语民族的姓只是家庭、家族的代号，仅有社会交际功能无区别婚姻的作用。所以汉民族中姓氏代表祖宗、家族和群体，远比名字重要得多，排在首位；而英语民族深受宗教的影响，小孩出生一周左右要到教堂接受洗礼并为孩子取名，所以名排在第一位。不懂这种差异就造成误译。例1名片是完全的字字对照式的拼写，且每个音节的首字母都大写，这是不合乎规范的，规范的英译文本中是“Liu Yunxi”。例2、3、4、5、6情况各异：既有名在前、姓在后的，也有直接用了英文名或中英合用的。对于符合拼写规则但姓名位置调整的情况，虽然照顾到了英语民族的文化特征，但也容易造成误解。如李白（Li Bai）如拼写成Bai Li就会容易与“白莉”等姓名的英语拼写混淆，并且也不适合我国民族文化特点，中国人在与他人争论中就经常用“把我的名字倒过来念”来指示不愉快的、不可能做的事。对于洋名加中国姓的情况，越来越多的涉外人员都喜欢采用，但也会令有些外国人知道中西姓名的差异后可能会问“你的中国名字”等问题。所以，在汉语姓名的翻译中，应该符合中国人姓名书写中姓在前、名在后的文化传统习惯；按照国家规定用汉语拼音拼写；姓与名之间要留空格；名字之间不留空格，也不用连字符‘-’连接，但第一个字母须大写等，但不主张全部用大写字母拼写，很少有外国人士把自己的名字全部用大写字母拼写的。再看下面英语姓名汉译的例子：（7）Steve Wallis施蒂夫·沃勒斯（8）Elizabeth Lister郦斯特（9）Zbynek Zee Kubes斯宾克这三种翻译分别是姓名全部对译，只译姓和只译名。例7姓名对译，遵循原姓名的顺序，且在名和姓间用“·”隔开，符合习惯的表达方式。其它两例的翻译则不完整。名片的使用一般是在比较正式的交际场合，并且要符合一定礼仪，翻译时姓名应当完整。在英文姓名汉译中，如有外国人士常常在原有英文姓名的基础上取个中文名。如，Yip Wailim（叶维廉）；Gladys Yang（戴乃迭）等。在港台地区人们对一些外国人士也常常是按目的语重新命名，如John Major（约翰·梅杰）就称为“马卓安”。一般地说，香港地区受西方文化影响比内地大，翻译时受西方的文化因素影响相对也就较多了，可却经常出现这种地道的中文译名，不能不引起我们的深思，对当今译坛上的“归化异化”之争也有一定的借鉴作用。译者虽然在主观上可以对原语名称进行译写，但人名翻译毕竟是跨语种跨文化的行为，原语和目的语及它们承载的文化体系必然对这种自由有所制约，并且考虑到目的语规范化的需要也不提倡这种重新命名的做法。所以译者在翻译中碰到这些情况首先要考虑客户的要求，看其是需要音译还是取其已有的中文名。其次，则是约定俗成的结果，已经通用的为大家熟知的译名就采用原译。但最常用的方法还是按照国家出版的《英语姓名译名手册》音译。2. 职务职称名的翻译名片中体现个人资历和社会地位的职称职务名称的翻译非常重要，且由于汉语称谓的丰富多样，要做到准确再现原称谓名的含义也是十分困难的。在实际翻译过程中，主要是参照英语国家既有的名称进行对照翻译，采用大部分国内已有普遍认同的定译，如省长：Governor、总经理：General Manager ；但另一方面，由于我国机构繁多，各类机构管理人员及从业人员的称谓也纷繁复杂，各类职称、职务名称具有特定内涵，体现出具体级别，在名片翻译中又不能机械照搬国外名称。在职称方面，我国现有的29个系列专业技术职称主要分为高、中、低三个级别。有些系列在高级中又分为正高、副高两个层次，初级中也区分为二至三个不同等级。在职务方面，因各自工作岗位千差万别更是数不胜数。汉语表达职务与职称通常很简洁，对不同职务职称在等级上的区分往往是在前面加上相同的修饰成分，如“高级、副、总”等，英语则选用不同的词语表示等级区分以及职务和职称方面的不同，如以下译例：（1）副市长：vice mayor（2）副教授：vice professor（3）副经理：vice manager（4）副书记：vice secretary这四个译例都把汉语的“副”译成vice，这说明译者没有明白同一个“副”字在汉语中既可表示职务上的等级高低，也可用于说明各行业内技术职称上的差异，而在英语中则有不同的固定搭配和习惯表达方式，如vice通常修饰职务方面的名称却很少用之于职称方面的词语，不说vice-professor，与director表示的副职则常用deputy等修饰，所以就“vice”到底。这种差异也体现在汉语中具体的职务名称方面。比如，我们把学校的负责人统称为“校长”，但在英语中，不同层次的学校，对校长的称呼就不一样。大学校长是“president”而中小学校校长是“principal”或“headmaster”。虽然从这种差异里，我们不能简单地推导出，汉民族对于行业及其社会分工的划分没有英语国家细致，但也可以部分看出这种现象存在于某些行业中。因为一个民族的社会环境和文化生活肯定会影响到其语言的表达上，同是对“雨”的描述，居住在经常干旱的沙漠地区的人就绝对没有在海洋地区的人区分得详细

该论文主要是对《飘》一书中的女主角郝思嘉的性格进行了分析，她的性格可以分成优点和缺点两个方面。优点包含：坚强勇敢，诚实守信等。性格缺点表现为：自私冷漠，不择手段等。为了更好地支撑该主题，该论文分为五大部分：第一部分地对作者和作品的简介；第二部分集中分析郝思嘉的性格优点；第三部分是对郝思嘉的性格缺点加以分析；第四部分着力分析郝思嘉性格形成的原因；第五部分为结论，重申主题。  关键词：郝思嘉；性格优点；性格缺点；性格形成 AbstractThis present paper concentrates on an analysis of the characters of the heroine: Scarlett in the novel .Her characters can be analyzed by two aspects: the positive characters such as strong will and courage, honesty and keeping promise ; and the demerits in her characters, such as selfishness and coldness, abjection etc. To support the thesis, the paper is divided into five parts. The first part gives a brief introduction to both the author and the novel. The second part makes an analysis of the positive characters of Scarlett. The third part makes an analysis of the demerits in Scarlett’s characters. The fourth part gives the reasons for the formation of Scarlett’s characters. The fifth part is the conclusion, restating the thesis of the Words: Scarlett; Weakness of characteristic; Strength of characteristic; Personality formation   I. A brief Introduction to the authorMargaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949), popularly known as Margaret Mitchell was an American author. She was born in a prominent Atlanta lawyer’s family in Atlanta. The time Mitchell grew up was under the environment of Civil War, she heard a lot of burning of the city, the use of the family house as an army hospital, and the sufferings of the family and their friends during the post-war reconstruction period. Margaret started writing Gone with the Wind in 1926, which is the next year she married John Marsh. The aim of her writing is to write a defensive, chauvinistic account of the South’s war. The whole process of writing lasted almost 10 years. The novel Gone with the Wind was published in 1936, and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The novel is one of the most popular books of all time, selling more than 28 million copies. An American film based on this novel was released in 1939, which is one of the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood, and received a record-breaking number of Academy Awards.[Note1] Mitchell drew upon her encyclopedic knowledge of the Civil War and dramatic moments from her own life, and typed her epic novel on an old Remington typewriter. She originally named the heroine "Pansy O'Hara", and Tara was "Fontenoy Hall". She initially considered naming the novel Tote The Weary Load or Tomorrow Is Another Day .[Note 2]  Mitchell wrote for her own enjoyment and with solid support from her husband. In 1949, crossing a street to go to a theater, Margaret Mitchell was killed by a drunken A brief Introduction to the novelThe story of Gone with the Wind revolves around Scarlett O’Hara, who is daughter of Irish landowner Gerald, and who has made the plantation Tara into one of Georgia’s finest. In this novel, Scarlett is in love with Ashley Wilkes, who marries his cousin Melanie. As the civil war begins, Scarlett bears the responsibility to protect her family and the pregnant Melanie. During the time she stays in Atlanta with relatives, she faces Sherman’s army and delivers Melanie’s baby as the city was in danger. During the after-war reconstruction period, Scarlett practically does business with the Yankees and so prospers and restores the fortunes of Tara. In this novel, she marries 3 times with purposes —firstly she married with Charles Hamilton to spite Ashley, a second time to pay off Tara’s postwar taxes, and the third time for fun. Her third husband, Rhett Butler, engages in lucrative deals with the Federal Army from the start of the conflict and right through Reconstruction. He was angry about his wife’s love for Ashley and selfish disengagement from him and their daughter, Bonnie Blue, who dies in a riding accident. The novel ends with Scarlett realizing how much she loves Rhett and resolving to get him back—by returning to her beloved hometown Tara to plan her . An analysis of the positive characters of . Scarlett’s integrity to promise Scarlett’s integrity to promise is evidenced by what she does during the war; she tries her best to look after Ashley’s wife and son, only because she loves Ashley and has promised him to take care of Melanie. Before Ashley leaves to fight for the South, he asked Scarlett to take care of his wife-Melanie. Scarlett agreed and carried her promise till the end of this story. Even though she is in love with Ashley, and jealous on Melanie, she always looks after her and her baby.  After Ashley left, the Yankees finally begin their siege of Atlanta, the city evacuates. Melanie and Scarlett remain behind to leave the dangerous place as Melanie is pregnant and about to give birth. After attempts to get help, Scarlett delivers Melanie's baby herself. When they return back to Tara, Scarlett still constantly offers help to Melanie and her child. Even after Ashley returned back to Tara, Scarlett still offers help to his and her family. It is not only because she loves Ashley, but also because she wants to keep her promise, which she made long time ago. . Scarlett’s loyalty to loveScarlett’s loyalty to love is evidencedattractive to Scarlett, because he is a mystery to Scarlett; she is always trying to get to know Ashley’s real feelings. The things about Ashley, which she could not understand, make her love him more. They know each other since their childhood, Scarlett and Ashley always play together. She has seen him come and go and never gives him a thought, and Ashley has never seemed so very attractive to her at the early stage. Scarlett fell in love with Ashley since “that day two years ago when Ashley, newly home from his three years’ Grand Tour in Europe, hand called to pay his respects, she had loved him.” That year she is only 16, she is so attracted and falls in love with him until she is 28. She turns to see Ashley to be that authority figure, which she always respects and loves, but he is not able to be one for her. Her so-called love for Ashley is a kind of child’s love, because he is someone that denied her, so that makes her want it more. “Even now, she could recall each detail of his dress, how brightly his boots shone, the head of a Medusa in cameo on his cravat pin, the wide Panama hat that was instantly in his hand when he saw her.” However, Ashley does never show love to her, even though he knows clearly that she loves him, “And yet- and yet – she knew he loved her. She could not be mistaken about it. Instinct stronger than reason and knowledge born of experience told her that he loved her. Too often she had surprised him when his eyes were neither drowsy nor remote, when he looked at her with a yearning and a sadness, which puzzled her. She knew he loved her.” In fact, Ashley does not love her, but he chooses to keep a vague relationship with her. Although Scarlett knows Ashley does not love her, still wants Ashley to marry her at that time and wishful thinking to be his wife. She even encourages him to run away with her, which is always a nice dream to Scarlett. . Scarlett’s courageScarlett’s courage can be seen from what she does to protect her family and her second marriage to Frank. When Scarlett return Tara, the Tara's former overseer, Yankee Jonas Wilkerson, newly a Scallywag, raises the taxes on Tara to force the O'Haras out so that he and his wife can live there. In order to save Tara, Scarlett goes to Atlanta and gets Rhett to give her the money to pay the taxes. She soon finds out Rhett is in jail and unable to help her. She then runs into Frank Kennedy, who is a successful storeowner. Frank, is unable to resist Scarlett's charms, marries her and gives her the tax money. In all, her courage makes her to marry her second husband, Frank, in order to protect Tara, where her family is. 2. 4. Scarlett’s strong willScarlett’s strong will is reflected when she return back to Tara. At that time, Scarlett finds the house in Tara in ruins, the crops burned, most of the slaves run off, her mother dead, her father demented, and her two sisters sick with typhoid. Some of her npillaging of the Yankees and they share with her all that is possible. Therefore, Scarlett forces her family and the slaves to tend fields and pick cotton. During that reconstruction period, a lone Yankee soldier arrives looking to loot and assault Scarlett, she shoots him. In all, the Scarlett’s strong will makes her to do anything to protect Tara and herself. Scarlett has a practical nature and willingness to step on anyone who doesn't have her family's best interests at heart, including her own sister. For example, in her mind, and the circumstances appear to support her thinking, there simply was no choice if they were to keep Tara. Encouraged by her strong willingness to protect Tara, she had to steal and marry Frank Kennedy herself. In fact, what people hate most about her literally enabled her to save the . 5. Scarlett’s strong sense of responsibilityScarlett has a strong sense of responsibility. During the war, she volunteers to take care of the wounded in Atlanta. She has a strong sense of social responsibility, similar as many white women; she takes an active and educated part in the movement to separate the South from the North. To Scarlett, protecting south means to protect her family and the plantation. Atlanta is completely lost from South after Sherman’s campaign. Many people in Atlanta desert their lands and families and escape to other places. Scarlett’s sense of responsibility could be seen from her loves to family and the whole of Tara. Tara is her land and her backbone; she stays and tries her best to preserve Tara no matter what it costs. Moreover, her responsibility can be seen from how she keeps with her promises. Although she agrees to take care of Melanie because she is in love with Ashley and she does not want to upset him, but she eventually does all her best to keep this promise.  . Scarlett’s pursuit of independenceScarlett is an independent woman to some extent. It can be shown when she returns Tara. She starts her business and practice usury, run timber mill, and illegally employ Negroes. Even though she is abused by the southern royalty to be greedy, selfish, shameless, cruel and cold, she is an adventure, an upstart and a great heroine who has survived in the war. In fact, all the people in Tara including the Ashleys are living on Scarlett’s shoulders. Without her help, Melanie and her child would be dead in the war. Without Scarlett to be an evil, Melanie could not be respected as an angel. Therefore, Scarlett is the real respectable person because of her independence and strong characteristic. It might be arguable that Scarlett is not a fully independent woman at first, because she is a spoiled girl at first, and then she relied on men to get through the challenges in her life. However, eventually after she goes back to Tara, she becomes an independent woman, she owns her business and she looks after her family and other people in Tara with h III. An analysis of Scarlett’s demerits in her . Scarlett’s selfishness and coldnessScarlett’s selfishness and coldness could be reflected from her attempts to get Ashley in any mean. Against the background of war, Scarlett stays in Atlanta and enjoys the company of Rhett; on the other hand, she continues to carry a torch for Ashley. She does not really care about how Melanie feels about her relationship with Ashley, and she is willing to destroy Melanie’s marriage. The day Ashley leaves, Scarlett once again reveals her feelings to him, hoping Ashley will also break down and allow he to tell Scarlett that he loves her too. Ashley makes Scarlett promise that she will look after Melanie and see his family through the upcoming crisis in his absence. Scarlett blindly agrees to his promise. As Ashley intends to leave, Scarlett clings to him desperately and they share a passionate, forbidden embrace. From an ethical point of view, it is not right to destroy anybody else’s family, particularly Melanie is her relative. However, she still does it because she is selfish, she does not care the consequence, she just want to get love from Ashley

《飘》（Gone With The Wind）是一部出版于1936年的美国小说，作者为玛格丽特·米契尔，在1937年获得普利兹奖。这本小说是其作者活着时出版的唯一一部作品，但它成了美国史上最为畅销的小说之一Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949) was an American author, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for her novel Gone with the Wind. The novel is one of the most popular books of all time, selling more than 30 million copies (see list of best-selling books). An American film adaptation, released in 1939, became the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood, and received a record-breaking ten Academy Awards. She has been honored by the United States Postal Service with a 1￠ Great Americans series postage lifeMargaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Eugene Mitchell, a lawyer, and Mary Isabelle, much referred to as Maybell, a suffragist of Irish Catholic origin. Mitchell's brother, Stephens, was four years her senior. Her childhood was spent in the laps of Civil War veterans and of her maternal relatives, who had lived through the Civil War.[citation needed]After graduating from Washington Seminary (now The Westminster Schools), she attended Smith College, but withdrew during her freshman year in 1918. She returned to Atlanta to take over the household after her mother's death earlier that year from the great Spanish flu pandemic of afterward, she defied the conventions of her class and times by taking a job at the Atlanta Journal. Under the name Peggy Mitchell she wrote a weekly column for the newspaper's Sunday edition, thereby making her mark as one of the first female columnists at the South's largest newspaper. Mitchell's first professional writing assignment was an interview with an Atlanta socialite, whose couture-buying trip to Italy was interrupted by the Fascist takeover.[citation needed]Mitchell married Berrien “Red” Upshaw in 1922, but they were divorced after it was revealed that he was a bootlegger and an abusive alcoholic. She later married Upshaw's friend, John Marsh, on July 4, 1925; Marsh had been best man at her first wedding and legend has it that both men courted Mitchell in 1921 and 1922, but Upshaw proposed first.[citation needed]She is also the distant cousin to famous gunfighter/dentist, Doc Holliday, who participated in the Gunfight at the . Corral. It is also thought that she modeled Ashley Wilkes, a main character in Gone with the Wind, after Mitchell's scrapbooks from the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of Georgia, editor Patrick Allen collected 64 of the columns Mitchell considered her best work. They were published in 2000 under the title Margaret Mitchell, Reporter.[1]Her portraits and personality sketches in particular show a promise of her skill to portray the kind of characters who made Gone With the Wind the second best-selling book, next to the Bible, at the time of publication.[dubious – discuss][2] Even as a supposedly neutral reporter, her irrepressible personality shines through. This collection of Mitchell's journalism transcends fact-gathering, showing Mitchell as a young woman and providing a compelling snapshot of life in the Jazz Age Gone with the WindMitchell is reported to have begun writing bedridden with a broken ankle. The house where Mitchell lived while writing her manuscript is known today as The Margaret Mitchell House and located in Midtown Atlanta. A museum dedicated to Gone with the Wind lies a few miles north of Atlanta, in Marietta, Georgia. It is called "Scarlett On the Square", as it is located on the historic Marietta Square. It houses costumes from the film, screenplays, and many artifacts from Gone With the Wind including Mitchell's collection of foreign editions of her book. The house and the museum are major tourist destinationsPublicationMitchell lived as a modest Atlanta newspaperwoman until a visit from Macmillan editor Harold Latham, who visited Atlanta in 1935.[3] Latham was scouring the South for promising writers, and Mitchell agreed to escort him around Atlanta at the request of her friend, Lois Cole, who worked for Latham. Latham was enchanted with Mitchell, and asked her if she had ever written a book. Mitchell demurred. "Well, if you ever do write a book, please show it to me first!" Latham implored. Later that day, a friend of Mitchell, having heard this conversation, laughed. "Imagine, anyone as silly as Peggy writing a book!" she said. Mitchell stewed over this comment, went home, and found most of the old, crumbling envelopes containing her disjointed manuscript. She arrived at The Georgian Terrace Hotel, just as Latham prepared to depart Atlanta. "Here," she said, "take this before I change my mind!"[citation needed]Latham bought an extra suitcase to accommodate the giant manuscript. When Mitchell arrived home, she was horrified over her impetuous act, and sent a telegram to Latham: "Have changed my mind. Send manuscript back."[citation needed] But Latham had read enough of the manuscript to realize it would be a blockbuster. He wrote to her of his thoughts about its potential success. MacMillan soon sent her a check in advance to encourage her to complete the novel — she had not composed a first chapter. She completed her work in March Brickell, a famous literary critic for the New York Evening Post, reviewed Mitchell's book in an article titled " “Margaret Mitchell’s First Novel, ‘Gone With the Wind,’ a Fine Panorama of the Civil War Period.” His review helped launch Mitchell's career by calling attention to what would become one of the best novels of the Southern Renaissance. Over time, Brickell and Mitchell became extremely close; much of their correspondence has been published and is available in the archives at the University of Mississippi. Brickell was also a correspondent, friend, and adviser to other southern writers including Eudora Welty, Truman Capote, William Alexander Percy, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Zora Neale Hurston, Stark Young and Allen Tate.[4]Gone With the Wind was published on June 30, 1936. The book was dramatized by David O. Selznick, and released three years later. The premiere of the film was held in Atlanta on December 15, with the Wind was such an overnight success that its publisher George Platt Brett, President of Macmillan Publishing, gave all its employees an 18% bonus in was struck by a speeding automobile as she crossed Peachtree Street at 13th Street with her husband, John Marsh, on her way to see the British film A Canterbury Tale at The Peachtree Art Theatre in August 1949. She died at Grady Hospital five days later without regaining consciousness. The driver, Hugh Gravitt, was an off-duty taxi driver. He was driving his personal vehicle at the time, but his occupation led to many erroneous references over the years to Mitchell’s having been struck by a taxi. After the accident, Gravitt was arrested for drunken driving and released on a $5,450 bond until Mitchell's death several days later. Georgia Gov. Herman Talmadge announced that the state would tighten regulations for licensing taxi was later convicted of involuntary manslaughter and served 11 months in prison. His conviction was controversial because witnesses said Mitchell stepped into the street without looking, and her friends claimed she often did was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta. 1936 original cover of Gone with the WindAuthor Margaret MitchellCountry United StatesLanguage EnglishGenre(s) Historical fiction, Romance, Drama, NovelPublisher Macmillan PublishersPublication date May 1936Media type Print (hardcover and paperback)Pages 1037 (first edition)1024 (Warner Books paperback)ISBN ISBN 0-446-36538-6 (Warner)OCLC Number 28491920Followed by Scarlett作者 玛格丽特·米契尔出版地 美国语言 英文类型 历史小说出版者 Macmillan 出版商出版日期 1936年6月30日媒介 图书页数 1037页（首版）1024页（平装版，华纳出版社）ISBN ISBN 0446365386 （华纳出版社）