我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢!题目是:The analysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's BelovedThesis statement: The paper intends to analyze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's Beloved.I. Introduction A.The introduction of the author a.A brief review of symbolid b.The appraisal B.The brief of the paperII.The Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic ImagesA.The production of the workB.Comparing with other works in symbolic imagesIII.Five Categories of Symbolic Images in BelovedA.symbolic figuresB.SettingC. Body marksD. Linguistic applicationE.EventIV.Theme Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic ImagesA. Memory of the pastB.Seeking self-recognitionC.Recuperating Afro-American traditional cultureD. Maternal loveV.ConclusionA.The contribution to Afro-American literature.B.Social influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.
好多人都能写,但建议去正规网站找人帮忙,毕竟关系到毕业大事,就惨了。其他网站不清楚,个人觉得【 天下文库】 口碑还不错,我一个室友在那也过的,他说很省事很负责,性价比高。你可以去咨询下 ☆ 论文的选题 撰写毕业论文,首先是选择课题。选题是完成毕业论文撰写成败的关键。因为,选择题是完成毕业论文撰写的第一步,它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题,亦即确定科学研究的方向。 要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 [详细内容] ☆ 论文的格式 ( 一)论文标题。 (二)作者姓名。 (三)内容摘要。 一般为中文摘要,如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论,围绕主题展开,明确介绍重点。一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。 (四)关键词。又称主题词,从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。 (五)正文:1、绪论;2、本论;3、结论。 (六)参考文献。在论文主体的后面列出参考文献,目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重,并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项“致谢”。 ☆论文的撰写论文的正文一般包括三大部分:绪论、本论和结论。绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。一般要求语言简洁扼要,开门见山,引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料,目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要...☆论文的指导在与指导教师第一次见面后,考生将根据指导教师的要求,对已有的写作思路进行丰富或修正并形成论文写作提纲。对于写作者来说,提纲质量的高低,直接关系到论文写作的成效。豪不夸张地说,写好了论文提纲,也就等于完成了论文写作任务的一半。
问题一:求英语专业毕业论文提纲 我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢! 题目是:The *** ysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's Beloved Thesis statement: The paper intends to *** yze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's Beloved. I. Introduction A.The introduction of the author a.A brief review of symbolid b.The appraisal B.The brief of the paper II.The Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic Images A.The production of the work B.paring with other works in symbolic images III.Five Categories of Symbolic Images in Beloved A.symbolic figures B.Setting C. Body marks D. Linguistic application E.Event IV.Theme Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic Images A. Memory of the past B.Seeking self-recognition C.Recuperating Afro-American traditional culture D. Maternal love V.Conclusion A.The contribution to Afro-American literature. B.Social influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning. 问题二:英语论文大纲怎么写? 问他 9.4.9 - 9.2.5 - 0.4.1 是.Q .51lunwen . . 英语论文的写作,只有专门的英语论文写作机构,才会完成的更好,更具质量!! 英语论文的写作,不难。 .. 得到无限的放纵、无拘无束。每天不误正业,上网、淘宝、旅行、聚会……对学业从不关心。终于有一天,与好友看了一场电影《致青春》,才懂得我们已经过了那个可以任意妄为,肆意挥霍青春的时光了,只因,我们的青春所剩无几了。锐减的青春年华,徒增岁月的痕迹,无时无刻不让我们感慨,青春,你都去哪儿了?我们还未曾好好享受,你就消失的无影无踪了。终究是你太单薄,还是我太不珍惜? 如今的我们过着屈指可数的后青春,踩在青春的尾巴上,因此,每分每秒都十分珍贵,趁着仅剩的青春,为自己拼搏奋斗一次吧!兄弟姐妹们,你们已经没有当年的年纪了,没有了那些可以肆意挥霍的青春岁月,现在的你,是否在听到“十八”二字会流泪,那么足以证明你已到青春迟暮之时,记住,且过且珍惜吧! 问题三:英语翻译论文提纲怎么写啊? 我的英语论文就是翻译方面的 但是得看具体的题目是什么 大概的纲应该是这样的Contents Introduction I.主要阐述一下你的题目 以下再分三点具体来说 1.1 1.2 1.3 Summary II. Theoretical Feasibility of……(参考)可以写关于这个命题 理论方面的支持 2.1 某某曾提出过的某某理论 2.2 2.3 III. Practical Feasibility of……(参考)可以写关于这个命题 实践方面的支持 3.1 实际中的应用 会有许多例子可以举 3.2 3.3 Conclusion References 内容也许会有不同 但是大纲和步骤一定就是这样的。 写的差不多 就可以找老师帮忙修改了!! 问题四:求一篇英语论文提纲范文格式 ??? 中华励志网为您提供免费英语论文提纲范文下载,英语论文提纲范文是为考生朋友提供的免费英语论文提纲范文专栏,涵盖了丰富的免费英语论文提纲范文的相关文章。相关英语论文提纲范文范文参考:英语论文提纲范文一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下:1.英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)2.语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 来源于博士论文网 boshilunwen 希望对你有所帮助, 问题五:英语专业毕业论文提纲的格式和内容 选题的基本思路、方法和主要观点 论文写作提纲: I. 引言 II.翻译中的文化“陷阱”现象 2.1习语及委婉语的误译 2.2数字与颜色的误译 2.3典故文化中的误译 III.翻译中文化“陷阱”的原因 3.1地理环境 3.2文化传统 3.3思维模式 3.4价值观念 IV.翻译中文化误译的解决方法 4.1理解中西文化差异性 4.2提高跨文化翻译意识 4.3掌握有效的翻译策略 V.结语 工作进度(以周为单位):----- 这是大概的思路 格式 本来我想发个word 文档供你参考 可是这里没办法发 就粘贴了大概的格式和思路 主要参考文献------
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲,是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备,是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构,以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例,为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”,完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”,大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义,变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”,拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”,拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词: 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.2.1 Colours
2.2.2 Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Free Translation
3.3 Translation with Notes
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语:在毕业论文的.写作过程中,指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲,它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备;从提纲本身来讲,它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板,欢迎参考借鉴!
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
1.1The Background of Gone with the Wind
1.1.1The Author's Life and Emotional Experience
1.1.2The Development of the Feminist Movement
1.1.3The Influence of Economic Crisis
1.2The Background of the Translator
1.3The Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
2.1The Selection and Use of Words
2.1.1Logical Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
2.1.2Aesthetic Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
2.2Sentences5 Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
2.3Paragraphs' Logic and Combination
2.4Rhetoric's Device and Style
2.5Register's Transition
2.5.1Witticisms, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
2.5.2Black Identity
2.6Reappearance of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
4.1Culture Significance
4.2Social Significance
4.3Translators' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
毕业论文提纲格式范本(通用6篇)
充实的大学生活即将结束,大家都知道毕业生要通过毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,那么毕业论文应该怎么写才合适呢?以下是我精心整理的毕业论文提纲格式范本,希望能够帮助到大家。
(一)确定论文提要,再加进材料,形成全文的概要
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。
(二)原稿纸页数的分配
写好毕业论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3—4页,第二项用4—5页,第三项3—4页,第四项6—7页。有这样的分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。
(三)编写提纲
论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单,但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的,写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备,边想边写很难顺利地写下去。以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,简单提纲可以写成下面这样:
一、序论
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
三、结论
详细提纲,是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲,那么,执笔时就能更顺利。下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,介绍详细提纲的写法:一、序论
1.提出中心论题;
2,说明写作意图。
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
1.市场经济体制的确立,为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境;
2.建筑产品市场的形成,对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求;
3.城乡体制改革的深化,为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证;
4.建筑劳动力市场的建立,是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。
一、论文题目。论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,言简意赅,引人注目,一般不宜超过20个字。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。
二、目录。既是论文的提纲,也是论文组成部分的小标题,应标注相应页码。
三、摘要。摘要是全文内容的缩影。在这里,作者以极经济的笔墨,勾画出全文的整体面目;提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。
四、关键词或主题词。关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
五、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。
六、正文。正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整,应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解,以及在本领域的意义。
七、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。
参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为:
[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。
参考文献是图书时,书写格式为:
[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。
八、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
一、毕业论文格式
一般说来,一篇毕业论文要具备相对固定的格式。这些提到的毕业论文格式仅供参考。学校有具体规定的,则按规定办。这里以文件中规定的毕业论文格式为准。
①论文题目,有的含副标题。题目之下是作者署名,署名之前或下边一行写作者的校、院、系、年级。
②摘要与关键词(或称内容提要),一般为300字左右。位于作者署名之后,正文之前。关键词,结合标题和正文内容一般选取3至5个。
③引论。用O标示,常写作引言、引论、绪论,引言较短时可不标出O.引言类小标题。引论的内容一般是交代选题背景,主要有:课题来源,本课题在国内外的研究进展状况。已有的研究成果,存在的问题。选题的意义,讨论的问题。本文分几部分,从哪些方面进行讨论,以及指导思想、论证方法等,均可根据内容的需要写在引论中。
④正论。正论常分几部分写,分别标示一二三四等,有的加小标题,或以分论点的形式出现,以凸现论述的观点或主要内容。这部分是对研究过程及分析、归纳、概括的表达,体现出分析方法与思路,充分有力的论证。正论还要体现出明确的指导思想。
⑤结论。一般用结语小结余论等标示。也可不标示结语之类的词儿,在正论之后空一行直接写结论或总结。 在毕业论文格式中,结论是对整个研究工作的归纳、综合或概括,也可以提出进一步研究的建议。若是在正论之后,对相关联的问题还想简短论述一下,或是对较为重要的问题再说一些想法,可写成余论。
⑥毕业论文致谢。接上文另起一段。简述自己撰写毕业论文的体会,并对指导老师以及有关人员表示感谢。毕业论文致谢并非形式,也不是走过场,是一个大学生修养的表现。
⑦注释与参考资料。注释专指本文注,即作者对论文有关内容所作的解释,一般用脚注(放在本页末)(属毕业论文格式的非必备项)。参考文献专指引文注,即作者对引用他人作品的有关内容所作的说明,在引文结束处右上角用[1][2]等标示,序号与文末参考文献列表一致。同一著作或文章被多次引用时只著录一次。
⑧附录。收录和论文有直接关系的文字材料、图表、数据、试验结果等。中文方面的毕业论文 格式中作附录的情况似乎不多见(属毕业论文格式的非必备项)。
以上是一篇毕业论文格式要求,是一般撰写毕业论文必需的表达形式,其中除注释和附录可有可无外,其他部分的毕业论文格式是必备的。
2.毕业论文格式的其他要求
①毕业论文的字数要求。一般来说,文学、新闻、历史、哲学等方面的毕业论文在7000字以上,语言方面的论文在6000字左右,也有对函授学员、自考生要求在5000字左右的。我的想法是对字数不去斤斤计较,关键是在毕业论文的内容要有创见。一般说来,达到了内容的要求,相应地也会满足字数的要求。
②表述要求。毕业论文是对自己研究成果的详细表述。要求论理正确、论据确凿、逻辑性强、层次分明,表意准确、鲜明,语言通顺、流畅,用规范汉字,不写错别字。一般情况下应采用计算机打印成文,若手抄则要求书写工整。
③修改要求。论文初稿写好后,全文阅读,前后对照,检查论点论据论证和词句运用,修改好了之后,搁置几天或者一两周,再来挑毛病,经过多次修改、加工、润色,最后在老师指导下定稿。
二、论文写作格式要求解析
1.引言(前言)
是医学论文开篇的一段短文,主要介绍本文的背景、理论依据、论文的范围目的与工作的收获、结果、意义等。可根据论文的需要或长或短。要求言简意赅,点明主题。如我院内科1992年2月至1995年10月应用盐酸纳络酮治疗镇静催眠药急性中毒48例,与同期未用纳络酮治疗的42例对照比较,疗效满意,报告如下。不可言过其实,尤其是诸如国内外罕见,未见报道,无先例,属最新水平之类,必须有充分证据,否则一般不用。
2.临床资料(资料与方法)
是论著的主要内容,包括实验对象、器具、采用什么方法、多少病例(男多少、女多少)、如何分组、诊断手断、依据、治疗方法(用药)、疗效标准、观察及随访时间等等。应说明资料来源的时限、年龄、性别、职业的可比性。在此需要特别提醒注意的是说明疗效或某种方法时需设对照组,条件同等、随机分组、用药或检测采用双盲法对照。共同的是使读者具体了解该研究的具体内容,一方面便于理解和评价,另方面便于验证和仿行。任何科学成果,必须能够在方法同样条件下重复出同样结果,方能得到公认。因此,描述材料和方法以使读者能进行重复为度,过分简略固然不行,过分详尽也无必要。
资料中如数字较多可用统计图表表示。统计表应有表题和序号(一个表不用序号,列为附表)。统计表应按统计学原则制作,表格两端开口,不用纵线,只用一条纵线说明主语与谓语,表格左上角不用斜线。表格内避免繁杂,更不能与正文重复。
3.结果
医学论文的中心部分。即实验研究、临床研究、分析观察、调查的各种资料和数据,进行分析、归纳,经必要的统计学处理后所得的结果。这是决定论著质量是否严谨,数据是否准确可靠,要求高度真实和准确,实事求是的撰写。失败就是失败,成功就是成功,不要人为地夸大成功率,且要消灭统计方面的误差。
4.讨论
即将所得结论或研究结果,从理论上进一步认真分析。科学的推论和评价,证实所得结果的可靠性,阐明具有科学性、先进性的论据,从而取得大家的公认。通常讨论的问题有:阐述该文研究的原理与机制;说明该文材料与方法的特点及其得失;分析该文结果与他人的异同及优缺点;根据该文结果提出新假设、新观点;对各种不同学术观点进行比较和评价;提出今后探索的方向等等。当然,一篇文章通常只讨论其中的某些方面,不可能面面俱到。重要的是,讨论必须紧紧扣住该文的研究结果,突出自己的新发现与新认识。有的医学论文讨论部分只是重复过去的文献,甚至抄袭某些专著和教科书的内容,这就失去了讨论的意义。
讨论的深浅、正确与否,很大程度上取决于掌握文献的多少和分析能力。因此,必须了解本专业的近况及动向,才能比较客观的得出正确的结论。
5.医学论文的参考文献
只限于自己阅读过并引用的文献(必须是公开发行的刊物),按文内引用顺序排列写在文后,文内按1.2.3顺序在引用处标出右上角码,如在右上角标注[1]或[1-3]或[1,4]最好是着重引用近年的(3-5年)期刊文献。 医学论文参考文献的书写格式多采用温哥华式。
刊物:作者(两位作者可一并列上,中间加逗号;三位作者或以上,可只写第一作者,后加逗号及等),文题列于作者后(有的刊物略去文题),然后顺序列出刊物名称、年份、卷(期):起迄页。
例 杨亚辉.国内外胸心血管外科进展临床医学1995;15(6):36
杨亚辉,等.国内外胸心血管外科进展临床医学1995;15(6):36一38
书籍:依次顺序为作者,书名,版次,出版地:出版社,年份:起页~迄页
例 张学礼主编,怎样撰写医学论文第一版,北京:中国医药科技出版社,
外文资料西文只用姓,不用全称,其它顺序同期刊。
参考文献不宜过多,论著8条、综述20条以内为宜。引用的文献必须具有价值,引用的论点必须准确无误。取其精华,引用部分要恰到好处,宁少勿滥。
一、论文题目
从汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘人物形象
——看“发乎情,止乎礼”的时代性
二、论文观点来源
“发乎情,止乎礼”出自《论语》,是古代形容男女关系的。发乎情,即人的情感在男女之间产生。止乎礼,就是受礼节的约束。汤显祖所说的“情”是指包括*爱之欲在内的`人生欲求。可汤显祖在《牡丹亭》中强调真情,至情的时候,他始终指向的仍是社会现实,表现出对现世的热情和对道德的关注,更重视“发乎情,止乎礼”的教育作用。
三、基本观点
《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘能突破自身的心理防线,逾越家庭与社会的层层障碍,勇敢迈过贞节观,为鬼时,以身慰情人;在死而复生之初,能婉言拒绝情人的求欢,“发乎情,止乎礼”。有人认为,这是汤显祖思想的矛盾性,它在突破传统的同时,又在墨守陈规,是一种退步。而我认为“发乎情,止乎礼”符合了那个时代的特征,而在现代,在女性贞操观念淡薄,过度追求个性解放的今天,其伦理道德意义就更为重要了。
四、论文结构
全文共分七节及结论。
第一节《牡丹亭》:介绍汤显祖及其作品《牡丹亭》中的主要人物及内容。
第二节《杜丽娘》:杜丽娘是人们心中至情与纯情的偶像,对于人物的塑造,我认为主要受汤显祖的文学思想和当时人们思想信仰的影响。
第三节《萌芽》:主要论述《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘爱情观的萌芽。她一面悲叹青春的虚度,个人才貌的被埋没;一面又执着于自由、幸福的追求,“一灵咬住”,始终不放。
第四节《冲破》:《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘死了,可是她的死不是生命的结束,而是新的斗争的开始。在摆脱了现实世界的种种约束之后,她果然找到了梦中的书生,主动地向他表示爱情,并以身慰情人,还魂之后还结为夫妇。
第五节《对抗“情,礼”》:杜丽娘与柳梦梅梦中约会,以最明确的方式宣示,爱情以及*爱,首先是年轻女子自身的需要。在超我层面上,她遵从礼教的束缚,在本我层面上,她有强烈的情欲本能。《牡丹亭》复活了*爱女神的形象,表现了*爱女神的抗争。
毕业论文的要求
1、题目:应简洁、明确、有概括性,字数不宜超过20个字。
2、摘要:要有高度的概括力,语言精练、明确,中文摘要约100-200字;
3、关键词:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。
4、目录:写出目录,标明页码。
5、正文:
专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上。
毕业论文正文:包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言(引言)是论文的开头部分,主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识,并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要,篇幅不要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体,包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析(讨论)等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果,分析问题,论证观点,尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是毕业论文的收尾部分,是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文,加深题意。
6、谢辞:简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会,并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
7、参考文献:在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料,所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
8、注释:在论文写作过程中,有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
9、附录:对于一些不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容,可编入附录中。
1、标题问题:应简练、明白、有归纳综合性。
2、择要:要有高度的归纳综合力,说话精炼、明白。
3、环节词:从论文成效或者注释中遴选3~5个最能表达次要形式的词作为环节词。
4、目次:写出目次,表示页码。
5、注释:毕业论文注释:包含媒介、本论、结论三个局部。
媒介(引言)是论文的开首局部,次要解释论文写作的手段、理想意义、对于所钻研成绩的看法,并提出论文的中央论点等。数据复原媒介要写得长篇大论,篇幅没有要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体,包含钻研形式与设施、试验资料、试验成效与剖析(评论辩论)等。正在本局部要使用各方面的钻研设施和试验成效,剖析成绩,论证观念,尽可能反映出本人的科研才能和学术程度。
结论是毕业论文的开头局部,是盘绕本论所作的完毕语。数据复原其基础的要点便是总结全文,加深题意。
6、道谢辞:简述本人经由过程做毕业论文的体味,并应答指点教员和辅佐完成论文的相关职员透露表现谢意。
7、参考文献:正在毕业论文开端要列出正在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他材料,所列参考文献应按文中参考或者引证的前后递次摆列。
毕业论文概要
毕业论文概要的基础构造由序论、本论、结论三小局部组成。序论、结论这两局部正在概要中部应比拟简单。本论则是全文的重点,是应集合文字写深写透的局部,是以正在概要上也要列得较为具体。数据复原本论局部最少要有两层规范,层层深刻,层层推理,以便表现泛论点和分论点的无机连系,把论点讲深讲透。
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:
a、提出-论点;
b、分析问题-论据和论证;
c、解决问题-论证与步骤;
d、结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《gb7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:标题——作者——出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是:
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
论文提纲也可以用最简单的格式和分类,简单明了地说明论文的目的、依据和意义,甚至是两句话。这种提纲往往是用于科学论文,而且在对于各种概念有相互联系而不是孤立的出来讨论的情况下。如果总要分出1、2、3……点来写的话,往往会变成“八股文”的模式,这样的论文往往是应付式的论文,其真正的科学价值会大打折扣。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲,是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备,是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构,以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例,为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”,完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”,大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义,变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”,拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”,拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词: 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.2.1 Colours
2.2.2 Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Free Translation
3.3 Translation with Notes
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
1.1 Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
1.2 Significance of the study 29-30
1.3 Organization of the study 30-31
1.4 A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
2.1 T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
2.1.1 Defining coherence 32-33
2.1.2 T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
2.2.1 T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
2.2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
2.3 T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
2.4 The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
2.5 Training in T/TP 47-49
2.6 Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
3.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
3.1.1 Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
3.1.2 Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
3.1.3 Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
3.2 Theme and thematic progression 55-70
3.2.1 Theme 56-62
3.2.2 Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
4.1 The participants and the educational context 70-73
4.1.1 Background of the participants and the participating school 70
4.1.2 The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
4.1.3 The sample sizes 71-72
4.1.4 The pilot study 72-73
4.2 The interventional procedures 73-74
4.3 The questionnaire 74-75
4.4 The training 75-80
4.4.1 Considerations behind the training 75-76
4.4.2 The training material 76-79
4.4.3 The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
4.5 Data analysis 80-86
4.5.1 Analysis of the writing 80-86
4.5.2 Analysis of the questionnaire 86
4.6 Ethical considerations 86-88
4.6.1 Informed consent 86-87
4.6.2 Anonymity 87
4.6.3 Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
5.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
5.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
5.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
5.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
5.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 100-102
5.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
5.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
5.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
5.3 Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
6.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
6.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
6.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
6.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
6.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 126-129
6.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
6.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
6.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
6.3 Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
7.1 Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
7.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
7.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
7.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
7.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 145-147
7.2 Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
7.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
7.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
7.3 Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
8.1 Findings from closed questions 155-160
8.1.1 EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
8.1.2 EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
8.1.3 EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
8.1.4 EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
8.2 Findings from open questions 160-164
8.2.1 The changes that occurred 161-162
8.2.2 The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
8.2.3 The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
8.2.4 EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
8.3 Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
9.1 Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
9.1.1 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
9.1.2 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
9.1.3 Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
9.2 Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
9.2.1 T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
9.2.2 Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
9.3 Implications 190-194
9.3.1 Pedagogical implication 190-193
9.3.2 Methodological implication 193-194
9.4 Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
10.1 Summary 195-197
10.2 Putting everything together 197-199
10.3 Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
1.1 Motivation of the present study 7-8
1.2 Significance of this study 8
1.3 Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
2.1 Language production 10-14
2.1.1 L1 Production 10-11
2.1.2 L2 Production 11-12
2.1.3 Dimensions of language production 12-14
2.2 Theories on oral output 14-15
2.2.1 Skehan’s dual-model system 14
2.2.2 Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
2.3 Task Repetition 15-17
2.3.1 Task 15-16
2.3.2 Task repetition 16-17
2.4 Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
3.1 Research justification and questions 19
3.2 Hypothesis 19-20
3.3 Methods 20-25
3.3.1 Participants 20-21
3.3.2 Material 21
3.3.3 Research design 21-23
3.3.4 Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
4.1 Results and Analysis 25-34
4.1.1 Quantitative analysis 25-27
4.1.2 Qualitative analysis 27-34
4.2 Discussion 34-41
4.2.1 Fluency 34-36
4.2.2 Complexity 36-38
4.2.3 Accuracy 38-39
4.2.4 interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
5.1 Conclusion and implication 41-43
5.2 Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Goals and Questions
1.4 Data Collection and Methodology
1.5 Analysis Procedures
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Appraisal Theory
2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory
2.2.1 Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
2.2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
2.3 Studies on Personal Statements
2.3.1 Introduction to Personal Statement
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 An Overview of Attitude System
3.2 Affect Resources
3.3 Judgment Resources
3.3.1 Social Esteem
3.3.2 Social Sanction
3.4 Appreciation Resources
3.5 Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.6 Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.7 Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
兴趣是一种潜在的素质,它能激发学生对学习活动产生心理上的爱好和追求倾向。因此,在英语教学中,必须不断创造能使学生产生浓厚兴趣的条件、环境和氛围,才能达到事半功倍的效果。 一、实践运用英语增强学习兴趣 要使学生对英语学习产生兴趣,除了从道理上宣传英语学习的重要性之外,还要积极创造条件和环境使学生尽可能多的使用英语,让他们在运用中尝到乐趣。比如教学单词时,尽量让学生全身参与学习活动,念到“jump”时不妨要求跳跃一下,念到“hand”时拍拍手,念到“foot”时跺跺脚。再如要求他们用所学知识互相问候等等。有时,也可以在平时的英语教学中通过多设计一些情景对话、组织一些游戏、开展英语课外活动等方式来创造英语学习环境,让学生在现实生活中运用学到的英语知识以提高学习英语的兴趣。 二、营造师生氛围培育学习兴趣 轻松愉快的学习氛围能使学生以愉快的心境学习、思考并获得知识,而营造轻松愉快的学习氛围有助于培养学生的学习兴趣。师生关系直接制约着学生的情感和意志,影响着他们的认知活动。例如,学生喜欢的教师一走进课堂,课堂气氛就显得活跃。而学生如对教师不喜欢、不信任,就会对之所教的课程产生厌学情绪。这就要求教师积极转变角色,重视情感投资,变知识的传播者为积极的参与者,真诚地投入教学,利用自己的经验和阅历,及时地为学生提供帮助,当好导演,把好语言关,以自己真挚的爱唤起学生的共鸣,使师生关系更加和谐融洽。从而使学生感到学英语是一件快乐的事。 三、变换教学形式保持学习兴趣 单一的形式容易导致大脑刺激的单调,使兴趣转化为抑制,降低学习效率。而小学生正处于活泼好动,喜欢变换的时期,再好的教学形式和练习形式,如果简单重复太多,学生也会兴趣锐减,降低学习效果。因此,小学英语教学应根据学生的好奇、好动、好玩、好胜等特点和发展的规律,采用多种形式,如做游戏、讲英语故事、听录音、观看幻灯、录像、进行有趣的比赛和角色扮演、猜谜语、唱英语歌曲等等。这些活动学生乐于参与,善于表现,又可促使他们自觉学习英语、运用英语。 四、体验成功喜悦激发学习兴趣 成功感是英语学习中非常宝贵的情感体验。它能极大地激起学生学习的兴趣和热情。教师应不断为学生创造成功的机会,让他们更多的品尝到成功的喜悦。当然,成功与否并无绝对标准,好的考试成绩,正确地回答了教师所提出的问题,圆满的完成了练习等等,这些点滴微小的成绩均可视为成功。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲,是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备,是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构,以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例,为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”,完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”,大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义,变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”,拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”,拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词: 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.2.1 Colours
2.2.2 Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Free Translation
3.3 Translation with Notes
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006