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内容要求毕业论文一般应包括以下九个主要组成部分（注意此次序即为装订次序）： 1.封面 采用全校统一制作格式，填写的内容为：论文题目（包括英文和中文题目）、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、毕业论文完成日期。 2. 英文摘要 英文摘要应是毕业论文的中心内容，应具有独立性和自含性，即读者不需要阅读全文，就能获得必要的毕业论文信息。摘要内容涉及本项科研工作的目的和意义、研究方法、研究成果、结论。要注意突出毕业论文中具有创造性的成果和具有新见解的部分。 3. 中文摘要 中文摘要应与英文摘要相对应。 4.目录 目录作为毕业论文的提纲，是其各组成部分的小标题，应简明扼要。 5. 毕业论文正文 毕业论文正文是主体，一般由引言开始，以结论结束。毕业论文的内容可因研究课题的性质不同而变化，一般可包括文献综述，理论框架、研究方法、数据分析和讨论，以及本研究方法与已有研究方法的比较等。毕业论文正文应不少于6000英文词。 6.参考文献 参考文献是撰写毕业论文时引用的有关图书资料。应按作者姓氏的首字母顺序排列，英文文献在前，中文文献在后。 7.附录 研究中使用的问卷、重要的测试结果、图表、程序等可列在附录中。 8.致谢 对给予各类资助、指导和协助完成研究工作以及提供各种条件的单位和个人表示感谢。致谢应实事求是，切忌滥用浮夸庸俗之词。 9. 任务书 10. 开题报告 11.综合评定意见表
帮你找了一篇，3800字，已发送到你QQ邮箱，自己看看随便补个几百字就够了。。。谁答案比我的好你把分给谁吧。。
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了，邮箱上传中。。。
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浅谈商务英语翻译中的几点问题 [论文关键词〕商务英语国际贫易翻译 [论文摘要」商务英语翻译与普通英语的翻译差别甚大，不论是在专业词汇还是译法方面都需要特别的注意。而随着我国全球化的加深，商务英语翻译也显得越来越重要。此文，笔者从几个方面总结了商务英语翻译的重点和难点。 随着我国经济金融以及全球化的进一步发展，越来越多也越频繁的各种国际贸易在被展开;除此之外，与海外市场其他形式的接触也是与日俱增，例如:中外商务会谈、招商引资、跨国并购、国际性招投标等;英语作为一种国际性的语言，在这些事务中都是离不开的。现如今的中国也早已意识到了这一点，于是掀起了一浪又一浪的英语学习狂潮。说明国家和社会对英语教育的重视进一步加深。但上面所提到的方方面面都属于英语学习中一个更加细分的部分—商务英语。虽然商务英语现如今也算是一个热点词，很多办学机构都有开设商务英语类似课程，但社会对商务英语的重视度仍较低，还是远远不够的。专业的商务英语人才少之又少，系统的商务英语专业课程也是很缺乏。另外，商务英语的翻译也和普通英语大不相同。很多人认为，只要有一本商务英语词典，即使普通英语专业的毕业生也可做商务英语翻译，而且，这正是现在正在发生的事实情况，很多商务英语翻译者都不是专业学习商务英语的，因为早前还没有这个专业。其实这种观点是相当错误的。对商务英语的翻译，无论在词汇上还是译法上都是要专门研究学习的。以下笔者总结了其中的几点。 一、缩略词的翻译 在国际化的商务英语环境中，很多报刊文章、新闻报道或者研究著作等，对一些特定或是常用的英文词普遍采用缩略形式。这些词通常包括机构名称、国际组织名称、国际上普遍认可的商业惯例、普遍使用的投资形式、经常发生的商业行为等等。这便更加大了商务英语翻译的难度。因为缩略词可以用许多不同形式展开，而这些缩略词往往在全文中又占了很重要的地位，所以一旦发生错译，便会影响整篇文章的理解。下面举几个例子: IMF = International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 WTO = World Trade Organization世界贸易组织 EU=European Union欧盟 NAFTA=North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定 EFTA二Emvpean Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 FDI二Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资 L/C = letter of credit信用证 B/L=bill of lading提单 以上举的这些例子只是冰山一角，在真正的国际环境中，缩略词的使用频率很高，数量也很多。并且来自国际商务的各个环节。我们可以发现，有些非常常用的，比如WTO，还可以说耳熟能详，人人知道;但另外一些，就不是单纯学习英语的人所能了解的了，这就需要专业的商务英语的培训和长期大量的接触并识记，才能在以后的工作中发挥作用。 二、合同用语的翻译 另外一个备受大家关注的便是合同的翻译了。合同是交易双方执行责任义务并享有权利的最终法律依据，是有法律效力的。不论哪个交易中，都难免出现冲突和摩擦，是否能够在最短的时间、用最少的人力财力、最有效地被解决，全看合同的订立了。所以，在合同中，一个词一个字都要求做到最严谨最合理。因此，对合同翻译的要求也远远高过于普通文件。而在合同的翻译中，有些特定的用词和方法，也是需要系统地学习和长期经验的积累的。 1.用here, there, where和after, by, in, of, on, to, un-der, upon, with等词结合使用，可以更简洁准确地表达合同中的一些意思: This contract shall come into force from the date of execu- tion hereof by the buyer and the builder. 本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products where-to this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 2. abide by和comply with表达不同的遵守: Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulation. 双方都应遵守合同规定。 All of the activities of both parties shall comply with thecontractual stipulation. 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 可见，当句子的主语为“人”时，使用abide by，句子主语“非人”时，使用comply with o 3. Change A to B和change A into B Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to Au-gust and change US dollar into RMB. 双方都同意将交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 可见前者是“改为”而后者翻译成“折合成”。 4. ex / per / by的使用中，ex表示货物由某船运来，per表示货物是由某船运走的，而by则表示货物由某船承运。 The last batch per S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober.(S. S.二steamship汽船，轮船) 由维多利亚号轮运走的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦软。(维多利亚号从出发港出发，但到达目的港伦软的并不一定是维多利亚号)。 The last batch ex S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober. 由维多利亚号轮运来的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦敦。(从出发港出发时是哪艘船起运的未知，但是维多利亚号运送到目的港伦敦的)。 5. by和before The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前将货交给买方。 The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前(包括当天)将货交给买方。 所以可见，在给合同做翻译时，一个词的使用错误就会使整个合同发生歧义，影响到将来正常顺利的交易，产生贸易摩擦和冲突，浪费时间、人力和财力。三、广告用语的翻译 在商务英语翻译中，还有一个领域是较难的领域，同时也是乐趣最多惊喜最多的翻译领域，那就是广告用语的翻译。国际商务英语中，广告词往往带有跨文化、跨语言的色彩，所以翻译的难度较大。由于不同的文化背景、成长环境、生活态度和思维方式造就了不同的理解，有些广告语在东道主国很出彩，但是被翻译成外语之后便显得平淡无味、毫无新意。所以对于这种翻译，我们多采用四字成语、生活谚语等来延续它的说服力与感染力，而且更重要的是翻译时的灵感和经验。 Good to the last drop滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。 Hi一Fi, Hi一Fun, Hi一Fashion, only from Sony. 高保真，高乐趣，高时尚，只来自索尼。 Where there is a road, there is Toyota. 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。 Intelligence everywhere智慧演绎，无处不在。 Nothing can come of nothing.物有其本，事有其源。 For the road ahead.康庄大道 看这些经典的广告语翻译，翻译之后语言的力道更强，更富有创新性和感染力。这就是成功的翻译，要通过不停地尝试与磨炼，系统地学习与研究才可能达到的境界。只凭几本字典和基础的英语学习是远远不够的。 四、专业词汇的翻译 其次，商务英语翻译当中的一个难点便是专业词汇的翻译。这是最需要专业商务英语学习之后才能胜任的一项任务。在商务英语中，专业的词汇数量很多，涉及的层面很广。也是靠系统学习以及在工作生活中点点滴滴的积累才行的。这些词，表面看起来很简单，很容易翻译，但是其实意思是和普通英语是大不相同的，有些有细微差别的，如果翻译错误，显得不专业，太通俗，而有些意思差别较大的，如果翻译错误，整篇文章的意思都会被扭曲。也正是这些词，才能反映一个翻译者的专业程度是否深。下面笔者举几个例子，大家便可以理解商务英语之所以被细分出来的原因了。 1.在信用证(letter of credit)的交易中，买方银行需要开立的信用证中要标明付款行的付款方式，常用两个词:by ne-gotiation和by payment来表示，前者是议付行垫付货款后无论发生什么事情，都不可再向卖方追回已付货款，而后者表示议付行在垫付货款后，如果无法从买方处得到交款，便可回头向卖方追回已付货款。然而，单看字面negotiation和payment，是看不出这点区别的。 2. shipper和carrier，这两个词，在普通英语中显得差别不大，但在商务英语中，尤其是国际贸易中，却便是完全不同的两方。Shipper指运送货物的人，即将货物交出的人，是卖方或卖方委托的人;而carrier指承运人，即运送公司，在卖方与买方之间承担运送货物获取酬劳的中间方。 3. incoterms，这个词本身在普通英语中是不存在的，但在商务英语长期的使用变化过程中，人们会将耳熟能详的一些常见词缩写变成一个新的英语词。Incoterms是interna-tional commercial terms的缩写，即国际贸易术语解释通则，这个贸易术语在国际贸易中使用的频率非常高，所以对于所有从事国际贸易的人来讲，international commercial terms再熟悉不过了，因此，人们将之简化成为incoterms流传下来了。 在成千上万的商务英语用词中，专业的学习者都不一定全部了解，更何况非专业者呢?所以，使用非商务英语专业的人来进行商务英语的翻译是大错特错的，除非其进行了专业的进修培训，或者有很多年的相关工作经验。 五、多意词的翻译 很多简单的英语用词，到了商务英语中就要给予特定的翻译，而不能随便来。例:document我们可以翻译为文件、公文，文档等等，很多意思，但是都比较相似;而在国际贸易中，常常被翻译为单据;posi-lion我们通常翻译为位置、职位、立场等，而在金融中，被翻译为‘。头寸”，与之匹配的有long position多头头寸、short posi-lion空头头寸、close position平仓等。 六、结语 商务英语是英语教学的一个细分，专业化更深，所以商务英语翻译也对英语的运用能力提出了更高的要求。在国际交流越来越频繁的今天，我们需要的商务英语人才也随之越来越多，专业化要求也越来越强。而笔者的这篇文章，只是从很少的几个方面谈了商务英语翻译中现存的几个问题或者难点，难免会不全面。相关的学者可做进一步的研究。也望社会能够更加重视商务英语这个专业，培养足够多的商务英语人才，来应对全球化的发展。
商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析内容摘要:随着世界经济一体化趋势日渐明显,国家、地区之间联系紧密化态势不断增强,商务英语在经济组织交往活动中日益发挥重要作用,如何有效利用商务英语实现经济组织交往的无缝对接成为亟待解决的难题。本文立足商务英语翻译现状,以企业文化理论为分析背景,以企业文化适应性特征为切入点,探讨了商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应性问题,以期为商务英语翻译工作提供有益借鉴和参考。 关键词:商务英语 翻译 文化适应性 商务英语翻译问题概述 从某种意义上讲,国家间、地区间经济交往的实质是国家文化、地区文化的互动、交流与接触。在不同文化的交互过程中,首先面临的问题就是弱化和消除文化障碍,实现文化沟通和交流。英语作为国家间、地区间经济交往和商务往来的有效工具,具有存在形式的多样性与表达方式的多样性等特点,这些特征不仅反映着国家、地区间文化的差异性,也影响着商务英语翻译的准确性。因此,商务英语翻译必须注重国外企业与本国企业之间的文化差异。 作为一种社会存在,文化环境是一个不同区域、行业、特征和性质的文化交织影响、能动渗透的有机能动场,尤其是其中的文化传统有着较强的波及力和辐射力,会对社会生活的诸多方面造成影响效应,商务英语翻译也不例外。企业文化是企业在长期发展演化过程中形成的历史产物,是社会文化在企业组织管理实践中的折射,也是西方管理理论在经历“经济人”、“社会人”、“自我实现的人”与“复杂人”假设之后,对组织的文化价值、经营理念、管理过程和未来经营业绩关系的又一次重新审视。企业文化渗透于企业的一切活动中,又流溢于企业的一切活动之上,既是企业组织的基因和灵魂,也是企业持续发展的潜在动力和重要保障;既是制度性和非制度性、绝对性和相对性的辩证统一,也是批判性和继承性、稳定性和动态性的有机结合。商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应,应关注和把握以下三个方面: 重视商务英语翻译的外部环境 密切关注国外企业文化的最新成果,充分考虑商务英语翻译的外部环境。随着我国企业改革的深化、国内市场经济进程的加快和经济全球化趋势的推进,东西方文化的交流渗透成为不可逆转的历史潮流,学习市场经济国家先进的企业文化逐渐成为培育和创新我国企业文化的重要途径。但实事求是地分析,对如何借鉴、学习、吸收和内化国外先进企业文化成果在商务英语翻译过程中的适应性、可移植性等关键问题,并没有从理论上、学术上加以明确描述和科学阐明。目前,商务英语翻译过程中对待国外先进企业文化或多或少、或轻或重存在以下方面的不足: 局限和满足于介绍和翻译,而忽视根据本土社会特殊的文化背景、文化特征进行商务英语翻译,以及对国外先进企业文化的吸收、修正和创造性地应用。 忽视文化盘点,即忽视国外先进企业文化的制约性,不注重原产地文化与本土文化的差异性与共同性分析,在商务英语翻译过程中未从方法论角度把握其来龙去脉,缺乏对国外先进企业文化成果深层次的文化学透视。 缺乏对我国本土文化独特性的准确认识,未经系统科学地分析就直接从国外先进的企业文化中演绎出各种关于商务英语翻译的手段、设想、方式与模式,企图在较短的时期内来完成商务英语翻译工作。实践证明,单纯考虑国外企业文化,不会产生与国内企业商务交往活动的英语翻译理论及实践操作方式,也不会促进国内企业商务活动的持续、深入和有效地开展,反而给企业商务交往与活动的有效开展带来很大障碍,造成企业生存力、发展力和竞争力的巨大破坏。把握国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性 事实上,在商务英语翻译过程中一个非常重要而又往往被忽视的环节就是文化的适应性。当然,文化适应性的观点决不是否认不同商务英语翻译的相互借鉴和学习,但国外先进企业文化不能原封不动地渗透到商务英语翻译过程中,商务英语翻译必须注意文化适应性问题。国内外众多专家学者的研究表明,东西方管理文化存在诸多方面的差异,彼此各有优势,很难找到一条客观、有效的商务英语翻译标准。对于商务英语翻译过程中存在的一些现象和问题,究其本质是由国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性所致。因此,在我国企业商务英语翻译过程中一定要注意文化适应性问题,注重跨文化的比较研究,反映国外企业文化特性,才能更好的造就企业商务英语翻译在企业商务创新实践中实现实质性转变和历史性飞跃。本文认为,商务英语翻译的首要前提应该是注重国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性,有效体现国内外企业商务活动交往之间的文化适应性。 全面构建商务英语翻译的内部环境 文化适应性作为商务英语翻译能否取得实质性突破的关键要素,说明商务英语翻译要与我国传统文化价值理念相一致。商务英语翻译是体现企业亚文化的一种手段,是社会宏观的大文化在企业中的投射,因而商务英语翻译必须体现出社会的宏观大文化。所以,中国企业商务英语翻译的文化基础就应该是中国优秀的传统文化,中华五千年的历史文化是人类的一种本原文化,是在与各种文化、思想、观念不断碰撞、借鉴和融合的历史过程中积淀而成,是中华民族智慧的结晶与表征。儒家的“仁、义、礼、智、信”思想,道家的“天人合一”思想,“道可道,非常道”的真理追求意识,“无为而治”的管理意识和“有生于无”的创造观以及孙子的“五事七计”以道为首的思想等优秀传统文化,无疑是培育和建构商务英语翻译理论的重要基石。 长期以来,我国商务英语翻译理论缺乏中国特色,究其原因主要是没有把中国传统文化中的思想精华借鉴和应用到商务英语翻译理论中。实践表明,只有建立扎根于现实土壤、具有我国传统文化特色的商务英语翻译,才能使企业发展具备永续的原动力和发展的持久力。例如,海尔的“In Good Faith Forever”,集中反映了德、信、人尊、人与人之间亲和的传统精神在企业文化中的延续,也正是由于海尔把传统文化作为商务英语翻译过程中的一个重要因素和重要组成部分来认识,从无序到有序,从有序到体系,从体系到高度,从高度到延伸,将诸多竞争对手远远抛于身后。 综上所述,商务英语翻译应置于中国的传统文化背景中去深入探讨。研究商务英语翻译与中国传统文化和当代社会文化的关系,商务英语翻译与企业管理、企业环境、企业发展和企业创新的关系等,提出具有中国特色的商务英语翻译理论体系和模式,加强商务英语翻译理论应用、测量、评估、诊断和追踪的实证性研究,从而形成独具特色的商务英语翻译管理模式,推动经济组织交往的无缝对接。 参考文献: 1.赵雪涛,王明辉.浅谈商务英语翻译与文化关联[J].商场现代化,2008(24) 2.杨恕华.商务英语翻译的特点[J].科技信息(学术版),2006(7) 3.刘洁.谈商业广告翻译中的文化对接现象[J].商业时代,2008(36)
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了，邮箱上传中。。。
我倒是正好有以前的，可你给的分也太少了吧，那可是2000字，能高点分吗
商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤：
1、定义主题
撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要，因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。
2、创建大纲
大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通，唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图，描述论文整体的框架，包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。
3、广泛研究
这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲，以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源，例如：书籍、网络、采访等，只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体，所以同学需要获得充分的信息。
4、撰写初稿
有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑，这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的，但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意：
5、校对修改
千万不要直接提交初稿，因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点，并通过修改论点来突出要点。
Discuss its causes and solutions(不少于2000字) china business ethics ： The
The characteristics of the world top 500 enterprises and its enlightenment to Chinese enterprisesA, the definition of us-funded enterprises in the worldWorld us-funded enterprises that adopt diversified business, implement the strategy of globalization, assets, strong, has a large and strong, the core competitiveness of enterprises has significant influence on the development of world economy and stability of the world's leading multinational companies.Second, the world a us-funded enterprise features1) ability to innovateEverything in the world has a production, development and decline of life cycle.Enterprise as economic actors also undergoes a start-up period, rising period, height, decay time and ruin the life course.Enterprise is the key of the length of the life cycle after a start-up period, how to accelerate the rise period, prolong their heyday, the arrival of the postponed its decline period.Product life cycle relative to the enterprise life cycle is short, the enterprise must develop more innovative products of market value, one or several products meet after rising and heyday, when its not yet enter the decline phase, the other one or several products have reached the peak.So interlocking, bobo is connected, the enterprise will be endless.In 2004, in "fortune" the world "of the" top 500 enterprises in the 21st, annual revenues of $80.501 billion of Siemens to reveal a "longevity" enterprise: the secret of technology innovation.After more than a century and a half of the long journey, Siemens technology innovation constantly, constantly develop innovative products, always all is given priority to with invention of technology innovation in the work first, attaches great importance to scientific research and development work, and constantly put scientific research achievements into realistic productivity as soon as possible.Can say, Siemens is the birth and development of enterprises in technological innovation.Technology innovation has become a strong core of the enterprise values, become thick accumulation of enterprise culture, is the source of continuously improve enterprise core competitiveness.2) the implementation of the strategy of differentiationDifferentiation strategy is the product or service provided by enterprises implement differentiation, to establish enterprise something unique in the industry, is to build enterprise core competitive ability.The implementation of differentiation strategy to make the enterprise the management in the industry competition superior and obtain higher returns.Positioning differentiation is to provide customers with unique product and industry competition is very different and super service, by customer requirement and enterprise competence of matching to determine the positioning of the enterprise, as the essence of the differentiation strategy.Porsche as Germany's small and medium-sized automobile company, in a wide variety of automotive industry, only choose sports as main products, with high and new technology to create excellent performance and is famous for its excellent quality, framed with a "technology" to harness the wisdom, roam the motorists customers.Thus formed the unique product positioning, unique customer orientation, unique price positioning, as well as to meet the needs of customers and constant innovation of technology, unique in the world of its own, as the world's largest special automobile manufacturing company, Germany's famous sports car production enterprises, become the model of implementing differentiation strategy.3) the brand advantageThe world famous brand, refers to the world market with outstanding performance, get customer recognition and favor, have a huge effect, with a strong competitive advantage of product brand, trademark and trade name.As the world famous brand, must have the following characteristics: first, has the high international reputation.Second, has the very high international reputation.Third, has great economic value.Fourth, have a high degree of international market share and market globalization.Fifth, brand culture and product has a high degree of international integration.In an increasingly turbulent and changeable market economy, brand has become a winning customer loyalty and enterprise for long-term survival and growth of the key.In 2004, in "fortune" the world ranked 70th in the "top 500" enterprises, the annual business income is 48.318 billion dollars in unilever as the world's top consumer goods manufacturers, in the process of its development, has been successful for more than international brand acquisition operation, and good at would buy local brands promoted to international brand, to become the world's most important soap, LengDongPin, ice cream and tea maker.4) corporate cultureThe connotation of enterprise culture is the core of the enterprise concept, management philosophy, management mode, system of choose and employ persons, all of a code of conduct.One of the most important is the enterprise's core values.It is the enterprise constantly in the process of growth is the result of accumulation and precipitation, induction and abstraction is a key success factor for the company, is engaged in which industry characteristics and the change of external environment and the result of self-criticism, process).Enterprises under the guidance of core values, formed a high-quality, high level and high unity team of professional staff and professional managers.Them in the work atmosphere of mutual appreciation and recognition, technology, innovation, value innovation, create brand, to create excellent benefits, joint efforts for the common value goal, make the enterprise with a strong cohesion and competitiveness, ultimately win the competition, for enterprise survival and development for long.Nokia's success lies in it to find its own core values, and stick to their own core values in the operation, to form the nokia distinctive management thought and business philosophy, to crystallize its corporate culture.5) the core competitivenessEnterprise core competitive ability is the enterprise in the long time development, formed in the process of implication in the essence of enterprise, enterprise unique for enterprise to bring the value of sex, support enterprises in the past, present and future competitive advantage, and internal competition environment for a long time in the enterprise can obtain the active ability of competition.The core of the market competition in the talent, the enterprise should place in the fierce market competition, we must establish a high-quality talent team.Although the core competition ability does not exist and the individual, but the formation of core competence in the final analysis is the knowledge, skills, learning and accumulation.The talent is the carrier of the intellectual resources, therefore, enterprise core competence to a high degree of dependence to talents.In 2004, in "fortune" the world ranked 327th in the "top 500" enterprises, the annual revenue of $15.878 billion in l 'oreal can emerge from Paris many cosmetic industry, out of the France international, successfully sell himself to the world, let l 'oreal name around the world, it has to do with l 'oreal unique "way" of choose and employ persons is a direct relationship.L 'oreal unique talent view of "integrating poet and peasants", attracting talent "global online business strategy competition" approach, attaches great importance to the talent of innovation of science and technology, enable the image spokesperson of interpretations of the concept of fashion products, are based on the concept of "talent is the knowledge capital carrier"Third, China's top 500 with the world top 500With the rapid development of China's economy, Chinese companies are at an unprecedented rate the sprint world 500 strong reclined at the table.In the recently released by the fortune magazine ranked in the top 500 global latest annual, with 500 of the 18 Chinese companies.Sinopec and petrochina at sprint speed kill into the top 50, ranked 31st and 46th respectively.Ranking 46th national grid line upgrade last year, this year ranked 40th.However, compared to the list of top 500 China and the world top 500, schoolwork and the gap still exists obviously jiaotong university.The comparison of the gap on both the pure digital, also include some other deeper gap.待续~~~~
初中英语作文范文1. How to make friends It’s hard to make friends if you stay alone all the time. It’s easier to make friends when you have similar interests.Don’r be afraid to show people what you are really good at. Talk about the things you like and do best.Look at people in the eyes when you talk to them.Be a good listner. Let people talk about themselves before talking about yourself.Be friendly to a lot of people. Try to help your friends when they are in trouble because a friend in need is a friend indeed. That way you’ll have a bigger group to choose from and have more chances to make friends.初中英语作文范文2.My view on televisionTelevision has come into our life for many years.We can’t live happily without television. Jt can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be boring all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is!Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your eyes.It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior. However, it depends on what we do.初中英语作文范文3.My view on school uniformAt our school , we have to wear uniforms every day. The problem is that all my classmates think the uniforms are ugly. We think young people should look smart and so we would like to wear our own clothes. Our teachers believe that if we did that. We would concentrate more on our clothes than our studies. We disagree. We should feel more comfortable and thate is good for studying. If we can’t do that, we should be allowed to design our own uniforms. We also think everyone should be different from others. That would be a good way to keep both teachers and students happy. 初中英语作文范文4.My opinions on volunteeringWe are middle school students and we are busy with our lessons. So some people think we should concentrate more on our studies. If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of time. But I think volunteering is great. I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to do. And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in class. So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for them. I’d also like to help sick kids in hospital. I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in hospital. In a word, I’d like to help people who need help. If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more colorful.初中英语作文范文5.Small kinds Human beings are advanced animals in the world. Some animals are very kind. For example , if you are kind to a dog , it will shake. It will tail to you. So if you are kind to others, they will also be kind to you.You have lots of chances to give your small kindness if you see a disabled person working in the street. You can help him to cross the street. If you meet a stranger, you can show him the way. If he or she asks you questions, you should be kind to answer them. That is you give small kindness to others. Maybe it seems to you a piece of cake, but it is very important to people in need. If you do this, the others will do it to you.Be kind to others, and they will be kind to you.初中英语作文范文6.My opinion on InternetHello, everyone! As you know, many students like to work on the Internet. Of course, it can bring us many good things. We can learn more knowledge outside our books, practice our spoken English with someone else and look up some useful information.At the same time, it can bring us some bad things as well. Some students have made too many friends, seen some bad information that is not good for us and spent too much time on it. We should know what to do and what not to do.That’s my idea. Thank you for listening! 初中英语作文范文7.Internet shopping Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends. 8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?Hello,everyone.Wether we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and students.Some teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at school.But some teachers and the students hold a different view.They believe that would cause some problems.The students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their studies.To my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day long.Students,like every one of us,need time and places for playing。Please do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,That's all,thank you.9Friendship As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.（生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳）.But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad things.So as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control ability.I like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in difficulty.Of course, I will treasure（珍惜） my friendship no matter what.10In modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be encouraged.First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping him.Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining importance.Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most. 还有四篇发不上来，要的话留邮箱吧
初中阶段是英语教学的重要阶段，这一时期打牢英语根基，学生今后才有可能学好英语；如果这一时期学不好英语，学生今后更学不好英语；同时教师在英语教学中起着重要的作用。下文是我为大家整理的关于初中英语教师论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 初中英语教师论文篇1 试探初中英语渗透 文化 摘 要：语言与文化互相影响，互相作用，理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。文化是形形色色的，语言也是多种多样的。语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。 关键词：初中;英语;渗透;文化 语言是交际的工具，语言教学的最终目的就是为了能在生活中交流，运用。而交际能力的核心就是使学生能够运用所学语言在不同场合中对不同对象进行有效的，得体的交际。不同国家，民族之间的文化有着很大的差异，交际失败往往因文化误解而引起的，而忽视社会文化差异的言辞不当就更让人接受不了。因此在英语教学中，教师帮助学生认识中西文化差异，正确地理解中西语言差异，是教学中必不可少的。 一、语言与文化相互作用 语言是文化的一部分，语言又受文化的影响。有些社会学家认为，语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说， 语言反映一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和 思维方式 。语言与文化互相影响，互相作用，理解语言必须了解文化， 理解文化必须了解语言。文化是形形色色的，语言也是多种多样的。由于文化和语言上的差别。 互相了解不是一件容易的事，不同文化间的交流常常遇到困难。 学习一种外语不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语 而且还要知道择这种语言的人如何看待事物，如何观察世界;要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他们社会的思想、习惯、行为;要懂得他们的“心灵之语言”，即了解他们社会的文化。实际上，学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。有些社会学家认为，语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。 因此，语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的语言表现形式更受语言赖以存在的社会文化的制约和影响。文化内涵是语言交际的具体内容，文化意识是语言交际的思维基础不了解语言背后的文化，只是形式，而不注意语言的内涵，就不可能真正掌握这种语言。 二、语言于文化相互渗透 (1)语言教学有助于避免文化交际中出现 “文化错误”。为什么西方的笑话，在中国笑不起来?为什么在中国广为传颂的传统美德“谦虚”，在西方则被认为是无能的表现?在东方，更强调集体表现和集体主义精神，在西方，则强调个人表现和个性张扬，他们认为， 不愿显露自己才华的人，是不可思议的和奇怪的。以上问题的症结，归根到底是文化差异问题。在跨文化交际过程中，经常出现的文化错误主要表现在称呼方面、 问候语 方面、对赞扬的反应方面、谈论的话题、词语以及文化内涵方面的差异等。 (2)文化教学有助于英语语言知识的学习。美国 教育 家斯宾赛提倡“快乐教育”，要尽量激励学生的学习兴趣，带着快乐的情绪去学习知识变求知为一件快乐的事。轻松愉快的课堂气氛，师生情感的融合，就能激励起学生对 英语学习 的浓厚兴趣，积极主动地参与教学活动，学生获得情感的满足，从而更好的完成学习目标。因此，适时适量渗透文化知识教育， 尤其是跨文化交际中需要注意的知识 ，恰是调动气氛的良好工具。 (3)文化教学有助于提高学生的文化素养。在英语教学中渗透有关西方的文化知识，不仅可以使学生接受异国的文化，还可以在进行文化对比的同时，对本国文化有更深刻地理解，从而形成正确得体的交际，培养学生的世界文化意识，并能有意识地提高自身的交际能力。 三、语言中如何渗透文化 1.课堂教学渗透文化 毫无疑问，课堂教学是跨文化意识培养的主要途径，教师要通过课堂讲解渗透英语国家的文化。 (1)充分利用现代教育技术和多媒体教学手段在教材授课过程中，利用现代教育技术和多媒体教学手段，制作出精美的课件让学生能够直观地感受到异国文化。通过制作一些相关的 PPt /flash，或是观看一些英语原声电影，动画片或是科普短片，不但能使学生更多地了解英语国家的文化，学到更多的科学文化知识，而且能增强学生的学习兴趣，帮助学生的语言学习，提高对异国文化的认知与欣赏。 (2)引导学生就同一主题进行中西比较。在教授校本教材过程中，可以引导学生就同一主题进行比较，如食品、习俗、节日等，从而加深对异国文化的理解。大的主题如节日 ―― 春节 和 圣诞节 ，将这两个重大的节日进行比较， 师生间的活动可以通过问答进行When's Christmas Day/Spring Festival? What do people usually do on Christmas Day/ at Spring Festival? Which do you like better? Why? 把西方的传统节日和中国的传统节日进行比较，一方面可以使学生加深对知识点的掌握，另一方面能是他们体会不同的文化差异。 2.课外活动渗透文化 文化的学习不应只限于课内，课堂外的文化教学也是一个很好的延续和补充，它能为学习者提供一个从量变到质变的过程。 具体 方法 为： (1)指导学生阅读有代表性的外国文学作品。文学作品是 传统文化 的积累，也是文化的精华部分。如《百万英镑》《双城记》《项链》等。 (2)编写系统地介绍文化知识的阅读材料。尽可能搜集一些目的语国家的政治、经济、社会、科技、艺术、习俗、历史、地理等各方面的材料，力求通过大量的阅读让学习者在不知不觉中增加自己的文化含量。如在平时的课外阅读中，让学生正确理解 big brother( 地面塔台的跟踪雷达)， brain drain(人才流失)， rain check(雨票， 即球赛因雨中断， 留给下次继续使用的原票票根)等这些跨文化背景知识。 总之，学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。英语教学不仅是帮助学生掌握语言基本技能的过程，更是一个引导他们理解目的语文化、提高文化素养、培养跨文化交际能力的过程。 因此在今后的中学英语教学中我们应该贯彻语言教学与文化教学同步的原则， 在教学中有意识地向学生渗透文化教学，使我国的英语教学适应社会发展的需求，从而促进英语教学的发展。 初中英语教师论文篇2 浅析初中英语情景教学 摘 要： 教学方法 新颖又富有启发性，可激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生感到有趣、有味、有奇、有惑。 关键词：初中英语;情景教学 兴趣是最好的老师。教学方法新颖又富有启发性，可激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生感到有趣、有味、有奇、有惑。英语教学中，巧用情景教学法不失为一条锦囊妙计。创设情景的方法很多，结合笔者多年来的教学实践，从课堂教学和课外教学两方面着手， 总结 如下： 一、初中情景教学法的提出 语言是一种社会现象，人类语言学家都强调语言和它的社会环境的联系性和不可分离性。人脑对客观情景的反映用语言记载下来，所以语言是客观环境的反映。人们运用语言进行交际活动时，离不开社会语言情景。 在英语教学过程中，学生只有在真实的语言情景或模拟的情景中才能更好地组织思维，理解具体情景中所传递的信息和语言材料，触景生情，激发表达思想的欲望，从而促进培养运用英语理解和表达思想的能力。而情景教学法可以激发学生学习激情，培养学生浓厚的学习兴趣，促成学生智力因素和非智力因素的发展，从而从整体上正确理解和运用语言。 二、初中情景教学法的概述和意义。 情景，即：(具体场合的)情形、景象。所谓的情景教学就是根据教学内容为学生创造出一种和谐的语言环境，并通过教师本人的语言、动作、表情及姿态传递给学生，从而以情激情，以情促知，以情育人，实现知与情的统一、优化，最终达到激发学生学习的兴趣。情景教学法的特色是言、行、情三者融为一体，其核心是激发学生的情感，以引起学生一定的态度体验，从而帮助学生理解和获取知识或技能，并使学生心理机能得到发展的方法。 情景教学法在英语教学中的作用主要体现在以下几个方面： 1、情景教学使语言更直观，贴近学生生活和思维方式，激发学生自主学习兴趣，在学习和掌握课本知识的同时，活跃课堂学习气氛，达到学以致用的目的; 2、情景教学设计的内容一般可选用课外相关内容，拓展学生的知识面，根 据不同个体的 爱好 兴趣，自主选择不同内容; 3、情景教学对英语掌握程度不同的学生创造了一个平等的语言交流的舞台。在教学过程中，很多问题的提出没有唯一的答案，可以让每个学生都得到能力发挥的机会，谈自己的观点和见解，调动学生的学习积极性。 三、初中情景教学法的策略 1、培养学习兴趣 “兴趣是一个人倾向于认识和研究某种事物的一种心理活动，是学生求知的富有生气的内动力，是学习动机中最活跃的因素。”“兴趣是最好的的老师”，只有激发学生的学习兴趣，才能提高他们的学习动机，让他们积极踊跃地参与到课堂中来，才能使课堂气氛活跃，并且提高他们 学习英语 的自信心。 据调查发现，一个学校有一半多的学生对英语不感兴趣，特别是乡村中学。为什么会出现这种情况呢?有些学生是觉得单词量太多，背了又忘，忘了又背，花了很多的时间去对付单词，可是考出的成绩又不理想，后来干脆不去背单词。 还有些学生觉得上英语课特别枯燥乏味，教师只知道满堂灌，根本不管学生接受与否，而学生只是带着耳朵来，充当一名速记员，不能参与到课堂中来。这样的课堂气氛相当沉闷，导致学生对英语失去了兴趣。因此如何让学生积极地、踊跃地参与到课堂中来呢?这时情景教学便适应这种趋势，它能使学生积极地、主动地参与到课堂中来，让学生由“要我学”，转为“我要学”，学习英语变为了一件快乐的事情。 2、创设真实情景 英语教学本身就是一个真实的情景。教师从走进教室的那一刻起，直到课堂教学结束，离开教室为止，就是一个自然的、真实的、生动的、丰富多彩的语言交际情景。因此，教师要充分利用这个英语教学的真实情景，尽量用英语组织教学，把单纯传授知识的课堂转换为使学生自然习得语言的场所，体现学生的主体性。如教师进教室时，亲切地与同学们进行如下交谈，提供给学生一个真实的语言实践的机会。T：“Hello， boys and girls.”Ss：“Hello， Miss Cai.”T：“How are you， ×××.”S1：“Fine， thank you， and you?”T：“I’m OK. What about you， ×××.”S2：“I’m not very well.”T：“Oh， I’m sorry to hear that. What’s the matter?”S2：“I have a cold.”T：“Oh， I think you’d better go to see the doctor after school.”S2：“OK. Thank you.”在这亲切的交谈中，教师纯正的母语式的教学和亲切的师生间的互动活动，使学生乐于用英语进行交际。 把英语课堂变成一个师生间，生生间进行交际的语言环境。在这种环境中，学生自然而然地产生了了解这种语言的欲望和用这种语言与他人交际的意识，且日积月累，学生对语言的感知也愈来愈深。又如： 八年级 上M5 Unit 1 You like western classical music ，don’t you ?先播放了一首著名的歌曲 “The Blue Danuble ”，这时学生被轻松优雅的乐曲所吸引，会唱的学生还跟着节奏轻轻的哼了起来，之后我说：We all enjoyed this music. It’s so nice and some of us can even sing，but do you know who sang this song?有些知道的学生就说Strauss. 接着教师问：Where did he come from?知道的同学争先恐后的回答，然后再播放几首曲子，问他们是属于那种类型的音乐，西方的还是传统的，各种类型音乐的特点是什么?自然而然的将学生进入了新的课程的学习。 3、进行直观情景 以图画、 简笔画 图画、简笔画与动作，进行直观情景教学，使学生眼看实物，耳听声音，这样不仅使教学具体生动，而且能激发学生的学习兴趣。如教七年级上Unit2 Topic2 Section C，上课之前，让每个同学准备好三样物品：最喜欢的体育明星的照片、国旗(图片)以及他们国家著名建筑或自然风光的图片。上完课后，让学生用这些物品两个一组进行问答，介绍中要包括句型：What’s his/her name? His/Her name is---. Where is he/she from? He/She is from ---.这样，学生不仅掌握了课堂知识，而且了解了一些课外知识，让学生对英语越来越感兴趣。 采用简笔画教学，同样能让学生对英语不厌烦。例如七年级上Unit1 Topic3 Section B，我用简笔画进行教学，在教学课程中，我边画边问，T： What’s this in English? Ss： It’s a car.或是让学生到黑板前画简笔画，并且边画边让他问。这样，不仅学生学习了日常用语，而且学到了一些简笔画的知识，培养了他们动口和动手的能力。 初中英语教师论文篇3 浅谈初中 英语阅读 课七步教学 初中英语新教材、新大纲中规定，初中英语教学要突出培养学生的运用能力，2013年中考明显增加了阅读理解的题量，初一、初二教材增加了阅读课课量。由此可见，如何提高学生的阅读能力，在课堂上如何渗透培养学生阅读能力，综合听、说、读、写训练，提高课堂教学效率，是广大英语教师努力追求的方向。 近几年来许多英语教学书籍，把培养学生阅读能力作为英语阅读课课堂教学的重要目标，在课堂教学中突出对学生学法指导，体现学生的主体地位，发挥教师的指导作用。我在多年的教学实践中，归纳出英语阅读课七步教学法，即：预学、导学、听读、设疑、复述、解难、查测。 一、预学 在教学课文前，要求学生做好 课前预习 ，借助词典、单词表或有关资料，能对 文章 内容有大概的了解，初步完成Workbook中所给出的问题，能整体把握作者的思路和文章结构，不懂的字词句让学生在预习时划出来，留到课堂上或课后解决。把这一课前预习，作为提高阅读课教学效率的第一步，不无原因，新大纲中明确要求学生要有一定的预习能力，且学生预习效果的好坏直接影响课堂教学的效率。坚持要求学生课前预习不但可以提高他们的预习能力，而且可以提高他们的听课效率。并且每篇新学课文就是一篇典型的阅读训练题，坚持预习可增强学生的阅读能力。 二、导学 在教学整篇文章前，教师把整篇文章浓缩成一段精彩的片段，把重点的词组、 句子 ，溶入其中，通过现有的教学工具，如挂图、幻灯等媒体，展现出文章的基本 故事 形象。通过教师的介绍和师生之间的双边活动，把整个故事梗概及重点的语言点呈现出来，并作适当的板书，把握课文重点，为下面进一步理解课文奠定了基础。导学是一堂课的开始，“良好的开始是成功的一半”，导学部分，教师不能忽视，教师应精心设计，引人入胜，要把学生带入特定的意境，激发学生的好奇心，激起学生的求知欲望，提高学生的听课质量。 三、听读 学生在初步感知整篇文章内容后，让学生进行听的练习，在听之前可以提一、二个问题，问题要有代表性，要让学生听完整篇文章后才能得出答案，这样既培养了学生的听力，又培养了学生的整体理解力。如果文章比较长，可以选择部分重点段落，给学生听。听完后，核对答案，朗读课文。朗读课文可视学生理解情况作不同的要求，可以是模仿性跟读，也可以是学生集体朗读或分组阅读，或个体练读。在读的过程中要做到口、眼、耳、脑同时并用，提高记忆能力。另外，还应注意语气、神态，要通过朗读做到心领神会。 四、设疑 学生听读后，已经对文章有了进一步的理解，这时要求学生默读文章，解决教师精心设计或练习册中设计的T/F判断题或问答题。在设计问题时应注意这几点：①先易后难;②先理解后拓展;③先浅后深，兼顾两头。通过设疑检查学生对文章的理解程度，了解学生是否把握文章的中心、重点。 五、复述 复述课文是阅读课课堂教学的升华，是培养学生组织语言连贯表达的重要训练手段之一，通过复述对所学文章有更深层次的理解，变文章中的语言为自己的语言。会说才会写，坚持复述，既培养了学生的理解能力，又培养了学生的口头表达能力。复述的方法多种多样，如视图复述法、列表复述法、问题连结复述法、课文概要复述法、缩扩复述法、变更复述法等，在课堂教学中应注意不断交换复述方式;多种形式混合交替使用，不让学生感到单调乏味，增强课堂教学兴趣。 六、解难 所谓解难，就是指英语课堂教学中排忧解难的过程，是强化重点，突破难点的必经之路。解难的形式大体有两种，一种是由教师提出文章中较难理解的语言点，由学生思考、讨论，然后解答;另一种是学生将预习时或经过课堂教学后还有疑惑的问题提出来，由学生提出，师生共同讨论解答。这一过程可以培养学生的思维能力，培养他们在学习中发现问题、解决问题的本领，便于教师及时发现学生在学习过程中存在的问题。在这一过程中，要充分发挥教师的指导作用，精讲精练，点拨到位，启发学生思维，节省课堂时间，扩大课堂容量，提高课堂效率。 七、查测 这一步骤主要是检查学生课堂学习的效果，了解学生掌握情况，及时反馈教学信息。查测内容一般是课文教学中的重要语言点，也可以是拓展性问题。查测形式可以是口答、也可以是笔试。用不同的方式检查学生还有哪些知识没有掌握，哪些知识没有完善需要补充或提高，进而尽量达到优化课堂教学的目的。 使用阅读课文七步教学法进行阅读学习有以下几个优点： 1.遵循“整体--部分--整体”的教学原则，可以使学生整体理解文章，保证内容的完整性、连续性。 2.能把听、说、读、写综合地运用到课堂教学中，调动学生各个器官协调活动，使之更好地学习语言。 3.把一个课时分为几个阶段教，让学生由易到难，由浅入深地阅读、理解文章，使之用脑更科学，记忆最有效。 4.各个环节，井井有条，环环相扣，相辅相成，使学生感到从语言输入到语言输出，既自然又顺理成章，从而克服畏惧心理，调动学生学习积极性，提高课堂教学效率。 5.充分体现英语实践课的特点，更好地显示学生的主体地位、教师的指导作用，改变以教代学的满堂灌局面，重视学生学习的全过程。 6.重视了学生的学法指导，培养了学生的运用能力，激发了学生学习兴趣，提高了学生的阅读能力，使之在阅读中获得无穷乐趣。 总之，英语阅读课教学方法、教学模式多种多样，教无定法，只要能在教学中充分体现学生的主体地位，发挥教师的指导作用，重视学生的学法指导，打破固定的思维模式，培养学生的阅读能力，这样的教学方法与教学模式都是值得提倡的，教师应在教学中不断地摸索，完善自己的教法，把创新观念运用于教学中，提高课堂教学效率。 猜你喜欢： 1. 初中英语教师论文 2. 初中英语教师教育论文 3. 初中英语教师工作总结及反思 4. 优秀英语教师自我总结 5. 英语教师个人发展总结
而从目前开设商务英语的一些学校的课程设置情况来看，可以分为两个专业方向的课程有，一是以商务基础为背景的英语读、写、译、视、听、说教程，如：国际金融英语、国际商法英语、商务英语研究，国际贸易英语阅读、外贸英语信函、商务英语翻...
噢 还有就是 目前我在学的ABC天芐欧美外教口语的老师要我明白 就是想将英语学好是轻松的；必然要有一个适宜的学习空间与闇练口语对象，老师水平是关键 纯正欧美口音(非东南亚)很重要，不间断逐日练习口语 1 on 1家教式教学才能有更.好.的学习成效~课程结束后同样要重复复习课堂录音档，把所学知识融会贯通。如果真的无口语交谈的人的情况 那么就到可可或BBC取得课余学习材料阅读，多问多听不知不觉的口语就培养起来，学习成效是必定突飞猛进的。我记得以前上口译课的时候说到了翻译中会出现的问题，譬如是音译，意译还是组合在一起音译当然是比较简单的，意译的话就要考虑到语境的变化，双方文化的差异以及习惯的影响商务英语通常比较正式，那么从单个的词到整句话的组合都有很多讲究了，譬如英文都是you咯，但翻译过来肯定是您或者贵公司，这是文字。其次是态度，整段文字都是有态度的，大多的应该是温和中有坚定，略有agreesive，特别是谈判时候的语境更为复杂。第三呢还有文化背景造成的差异，这就是翻译中都会碰到的问题了这个题目吧可以较泛的谈，那么每一点呢就都不用太深入，只要结构清楚可能好写一点。或者抓住其中一个点发散开，个人prefer这一种，找资料的时候比较有针对性。你跟导师商量一下吧
我倒是正好有以前的，可你给的分也太少了吧，那可是2000字，能高点分吗
1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、论文格式的内容提要： 是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。 5、论文格式的论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出问题-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤； d.结论。希望对你有用