发布时间：
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
综述水平。review文章是综述，又称文献回顾，文献分析。是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过阅读、分析、归纳、整理当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。
review是文献综述。
文献综述是文献综合评述的简称，是对某一研究问题的研究成果进行分析和综合。一篇好的文献综述需要周密构思、精心组织。综述文章一般都列有相关的参考文献目录，报道专题文献，便于回溯检索。
文献综述的要求：
文献综述不得少于3000字，字数在4000字到5000字之间，英语专业2000字以上。综述主体部分的篇幅范围特别大，短者5000字左右，长者可达几万字，其叙述方式灵活多样，没有必须遵循的同定模式，常由作者根据综述的内容，自行设计创造。
正文的内容一般包括某一研究领域的历史脉络、进展现状、研究方法、取得的主要成果等。正文部分写作的基本方法有：对不同问题或问题的不同侧重面，分列在若干小标题下进行。
以上内容参考：百度百科-文献综述
1、具体含义不同
review article的意思是评论文章，即我们常见的评论性文章。research article的意思是论文， 是学术型作品。
2、使用场合不同
review article常见于各大报刊媒体中，使用广泛，偏口语；research article仅限于学术场合，使用较少。
例句：
Our law review article on nontraditional law enforcement.
我们的法律评论：非正统的执行法律。
How to evaluation a surgical research article with skimming.
如何快速阅读和评价一篇外科学论文。
扩展资料
词汇解析：
1、review article
英文发音：[rɪˈvjuː ˈɑːrtɪkl]
中文释义：评论文章
例句：
Other review article, it is of the topics on the progress of certain diseases and medical elaboration.
其它的综述文章，则是作者对某些疾病和医学专题进展的详细阐述。
2、research article
英文发音：[ˈriːsɜːrtʃ ˈɑːrtɪkl]
中文释义：学术论文;研究论文;研究文章;研究性论文
例句：
A Contrastive Analysis on Generic Structure of Chinese and English Research Article Abstracts.
中英文研究性论文摘要的语类结构对比分析。
有的。综述，又称文献综述，英文名为review。它是利用已发表的文献资料为原始素材撰写的论文。综述包括综与述两个方面。所谓综就是指作者必须对现有的大量素材进行归纳整理、综合分析，而使材料更加精炼、更加明确、更加层次分明、更有逻辑性。
China Today好一些,如果你是北京人或住在北京那就例外
看了下，这个期刊2010年就见刊了，都十多年了，一直都有出刊，应该还不错吧，看看要求，如果满足要求还是可以投稿的。
是科研出版社旗下的一本期刊，法律类型。科研出版社近些年在中国学术界的名气打响了，和汉斯出版社貌似是一个集团运营。我身边很多做学术的同事知道这个出版社，虽然没在这本刊上发表过文章对这本期刊不太了解。但是有幸在Journal of Computer and Communications发表过，因为我是计算机领域的。编辑团队较给力，国人比较注重服务。服务不错。
我们学校图书馆也有这份杂志。我觉得它太深了，看不下去。
需要。 对于Cell出版的期刊来说,给予了通讯作者对等的权利和义务。通讯作者需要确保所有的作者都知道:稿件已经被提交,并有机会出版。还要整理每个作者可能的利益冲突，并确保每位作者都看到。审查的时候要保证论文中所有数据的真实性。扩展：《CELL》（《细胞》）是一种美国爱思唯尔(Elsevier)出版公司旗下的细胞出版社(Cell Press)发行的关于生命科学领域最新研究发现的杂志。2018年1月25日，克隆猴“中中”和“华华”登上学术期刊《细胞》封面，这意味着中国科学家成功突破了现有技术无法克隆灵长类动物的世界难题。2018年9月，世界顶尖科学期刊《Cell》发表文章称，新的两项研究表明，服用益生菌不仅没有好处，还可能对人体有害。2019年，Cancer Cell最新刊登了一篇文章，研究人员发现在禁食状态下使用二甲双胍可以显著抑制肿瘤生长，并提出PP2A-GSK3β-MCL-1通路可能是肿瘤治疗的新靶点。
首先投稿之后1天内会确认收到你的稿件。science, nature,cell这些每周收大概200+份投稿。首先编辑们会大规模筛一些乍一看就不靠谱的稿，然后剩下的会上editorial board给头头们看看继续筛，这个过程加起来大概筛大概80%。这里的不靠谱指的是没达到顶级期刊的的水平，可能本身质量不错甚至很好但专业性太强不太适合science和nature这种综合性期刊。如果在这个阶段被拒的话一般几天内就会收到拒信，长的话2个礼拜内也肯定会通知。筛完80%之后编辑们会把稿子发给各行专家review，也就是所谓的peer-review阶段，每篇稿子大概会有两个reviewer。他们会在两周内提交意见给editorial board。然后board会大概在20%里面再筛三分之二。期间可能他们会简单编辑一下然后还给你继续改。另外筛稿的标准一般不是文章的绝对质量，而是看跟同时跟你一起投的200多个人比的相对质量。换句话说就是看人品...
一流水平。
《CELL》（《细胞》）是一种由美国爱思维尔(Elsevier)出版公司旗下的细胞出版社(Cell Press)发行的关于生命科学领域最新研究发现的杂志。cell是全球生物界和生化学界的顶级期刊，因此在cell上发表论文具备相当的难度和挑战，含金量也非常高，社会认可度特别广，因此，在cell上发表内容是非常困难的，很多人倾其一生的精力也无法在cell上发表一篇文章，可以说，只要能发一篇cell，那么就达到了行业内的一流水平。
《细胞》刊登过许多重大的生命科学研究进展，与《自然》和《科学》并列，是全世界最权威的学术杂志之一。其2010年的影响因子为31.957，高于《科学》的影响因子（31.027），接近《自然》的影响因子（38.597），表明它所刊登的文章广受引用。
原始网址： 一般来说，科学论文可以分为综述论文（review paper）和实证研究论文(research paper)。这两种类型都可以作为深入了解特定科学研究领域的极好来源。然而，这些论文密集，并且包括一些可能令人生畏的术语。如果你有耐心，并有条不紊地研究论文，你将能够理解呈现的研究，并将其纳入你自己的工作中。[1] 1、确定论文是综述论文。 综述论文总结了许多其他论文的数据和结论，为您提供特定主题或领域的概述。 通常，您会在论文的标题或摘要中看到“综述（review）”一词。[2] a. 如果你不熟悉某个特定领域，一篇综述文章（review paper）可以让你更好地理解。综述论文还可以帮助你确定你需要阅读的经验性论文 (research paper)，或将其作为你自己工作的来源。 2、确定论文是叙述性综述还是系统性综述。 叙述性综述通常更容易阅读，并提供对特定学术领域或研究领域的广泛概述。 系统综述更详细，可以评估所综述的论文的方法和数据。 [3] a. 作者通常在论文的标题或摘要中说明综述的类型。系统评论在医学研究中最为常见。 3、通读论文的摘要和介绍。 摘要是综述论文的总结，包括提出的问题和论文作者找到的答案。 引言解释了作者选择进行综述的原因。 [4] a. 在阅读了摘要和导言之后，如果你认为这篇论文与你的兴趣无关，就没有必要再阅读了。 4、批判性地评估综述的设计。 一个系统的综述结合了几个不同研究的结果，以产生对研究领域更全面的理解。然而，只有当综述包括使用相同方法的已发表和未发表研究时，这才有效。 a. 在某些研究领域，已发表研究的结果与未发表研究的结果不同。 仅包括已发表研究的综述并不能呈现该领域研究状态的全貌。b. 一些综述论文可能会考虑不同类型的研究，特别是在尚未完成大量研究的新兴研究领域。 5、跳转到论文的结果部分。 首先阅读结果部分可以让你在阅读论文的其余部分时知道要寻找什么。一旦你知道作者的结论，你就可以专注于支持这一结论的研究中的数据。[5] a. 结果部分应该有逻辑地组织并且相对容易让您遵循。 它还通常包括作者综述的任何给定类型研究数量的摘要。 6、仔细分析综述的方法。 对于综述论文，方法学部分将讨论如何选择研究内容纳入综述。这包括综述作者使用的标准，以及他们搜寻的研究数据来源。[6] a. 作者通常会讨论他们用来确定一项研究是否应包括在他们的综述中的标准。 想想这些标准是否给综述带来了一些偏见。b. 方法论还包括综述作者如何综合综述研究结果的描述。 通过综合，该综述得出了一个新的（通常是更广泛的）结论，而不是所综述的任何单个研究。 [7] 7、研究呈现的合成数据图形。 一篇系统性的综述论文利用被称为“森林图（forest plots）”的图表来评估综述中所有研究的所有结果。一旦你知道如何解释它们，你可能会发现森林图比其他统计图更容易阅读。[8] a. 水平方向是综述所分析的条件或实验方法。 纵轴表示没有效果。 在该轴的左侧，将根据其结果的极限程度绘制得出结论有效的研究。 在轴的右侧，绘制了有利于控制而不是实验或干预的研究。b. 通过大多数综述，您应该能够一眼看出大多数研究是否支持实验或干预。 密切的研究森林图： 除基本图外，森林图还包括大量其他信息，包括所综述研究的作者姓名、每项综述研究进行或发表的年份，以及每项研究中实验组和对照组的患者数量。 8、从头到尾把这篇论文翻一遍。 现在，您已经对该综述及其方法有了深刻的理解，您将能够更好地理解本文的其余部分。积极阅读，边走边记笔记。记下你可能想自己阅读的综述中包含的个人实证论文。[9] a. 如果您看到任何您不理解的内容，请突出显示或记下。 您可以稍后在线查找，或查看科学词典。b. 在阅读时做笔记可以帮助您在以后自己的写作中转述论文中的信息，而不必担心抄袭原始来源。 1.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 9.↑
区别如下：
Article类型论文一般指研究者对于研究成果进行全局性的详细阐述。
Review类型论文一般指研究者对前人的实验结果或某一特定研究领域科研成果的总结与评述。
Letter类型论文被称为“快报”，更为注重时效性，主要是一些研究者新发现的初步结果或者一种新机制，这些初步成果可能有待进一步阐述，新机制也可能正处于研究过程之中。
accounts普通用词，不如report正式，侧重对亲身经历或目睹之事所作的书面或口头的报道或叙述。
letter，accounts，review，article区别：含义不同、用法不同、侧重点不同。
一、含义不同
1、letter
n. 信；字母。v. 写下；印刷。n. 租赁人。
2、accounts
n. 账目；叙述；账户；客户，用户。名词account的复数形式。
3、review
n. 复习；回顾；检讨；评审。vt. 检阅；评论；温习；检讨。vi. 写评论。
4、article
n. 文章；物品；条款；[语]冠词。vt. 订契约。
二、用法不同
1、letter
letter的基本意思是“信,函件”,主要指私人之间的往来信件,也可指英文中的26个“字母”。在古旧用法或文学用语中,其复数常可表示“文学”或“文化修养”。
to the letter的意思是“严格地,一丝不苟地”。
I acknowledged her letter at once.
我马上告知收到了她的信。
2、accounts
account还可表示“对事件、人物等的叙述、报告、描写”或“对思想、理论、过程等的(尤指对上级的)解释、说明”,可以是口头的,也可以是书面的。
account引申可作“重要性,价值,评价,考虑”解,也可作“好处,用处,利益”“理由,缘故”解,是不可数名词。
This is a particular account of the accident.
这是一份全面而详尽的事故报告。
3、review
review的基本意思是“回顾,检查,检讨,重新考虑”,指对已经发生过的事情进行总结,以便从中吸取经验或加深印象,也可指对书籍、剧本等的内容作简略介绍,指出其优劣,而后附加评论者的批评或个人意见,即“评论”,引申也可用于指带有评论性的“刊物”。review还可指“检阅”。
Sometimes he reviewed for the principal papers.
他有时为各大报写些评论文章。
4、article
article的基本意思是“物件”“物品”,常指一套中之一。article还可作“文章”解,指报纸、杂志上的短文。引申可表示“项目”“条款”,指法律上的规定,也可指协议或合同上的契约。article还可作“冠词”解。
She asked him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs.
她让他每两周写一篇有关欧洲情况的文章。
三、侧重点不同
1、letter
有“文件,函件”的意思,letter指手写、打字或印刷的任何私信、商函或公函,是普通用语。
2、accounts
意思是“报道”，account则仅指由目击者、见证人对事情发生的过程所作的陈述或说明。
3、review
作名词有“出版物或定期刊物”之意，review多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
4、article
作名词含“文章”或“论文”之意，article多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
letter就是老板出了啥成果先发了篇再说.很有时效性.article就是一个对实验的综合性叙述.一般有着详细的讨论什么的...account不懂+1一般整理一篇article要很久就可以先发篇letter再说,你懂的