随着新课程的实施,高中英语教师在教学理念、教学技能上都有了新的认识、新的提高。他们一般都能根据自身的教学经验,参考有效教法,挖掘教材的内涵并设计出较为理想的教案。但是笔者发现,教师在教学中普遍存在着两种倾向:一是教学的单向性,以“教师为本”,忽视了学生学习的主动性和自主性;二是教案的封闭性,缺少公开性和透明度,学生上课只能是被动接受,很难发挥主体性。因此,我们需要一种建立在教案基础上的针对学生学习而开发的学习方案,即导学案,以便让学生知道教师的授课目标、意图,清楚自己所学内容的重、难点。那么,如何设计与教案相匹配的导学案?以下笔者结合人教版《普通高中课程标准实验教科书·英语》(简称NSEFC)的教学,谈点自己的教学心得。
一、以案为据,明确目标
有效的教学始于准确地知道希望达到的目标是什么。导学案的开头部分一定要注明学习目标和学习的重、难点,以便让学生学起来有的放矢,也有助于激发学生的学习动机。另外,教师还要在学案中设置预习作业,并在课前适当时间发给学生,让学生浏览自学。例如,Module 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Period 1 Warming-up & Reading导学案的开头可以这样编写:
1.Learning aims (学习目标)
(1)To learn something about the Olympic Games.
(2)To improve the ability of reading.
2.Important points(学习重点)
To analyze the whole text and know about the structure of the text.
3.Difficult points(学习难点)
Practise the reading skills by reading.
4.Learning guide(方法导引)
Reading & Discussion.
5.Learning procedures(学习过程)
【Step1】Try to preview the new words as quickly as possible.
(1)Read and recite new words and phrases three times.(A级)
(2)根据下列所给词的首字母及中文释义,写出各单词的完整形式。(方法导引,先默写,然后核对答案,错误之处用红笔标出,写出正确答案并再加以巩固)(B级)
①a_____(做广告) ②c_____(收费;控诉)
③r_____(取代) ④a_____(容许;承认)
⑤b_____(讨价还价) ⑥d_____(应受;值得)
⑦r_____(责任) ⑧m_____(奖章)
⑨h_____(做东) ⑩m_____(座右铭)
【Step2】Warming up.(A级)
(1)What’s your favorite sport in the Guangzhou Asian Games?
_______________________________________
(2)What’s the dream of every athlete?
_______________________________________
(3)What do the five rings mean?
The five rings stand for_____of five continents.
需要注意的是,阅读课的导学案应该将阅读内容当作未知信息,并给学生规定一定的阅读时间,以此来训练他们快速阅读和细节阅读的技能。因此,要指导学生预习课文词汇,而不要把课文部分的理解题作为学案中的预习练习。
二、分层设疑,设置指导
导学案要依据学习内容设置不同层次和类型的题目,并且要层层递进,逐渐接触内容的实质。与此同时,在题目后搭配相应的学法指导,能让学生更容易消化、吸收学习内容,并在理解的基础上对知识有更深的体验见解。例如,针对An interview这篇课文可以设置两种阅读指导。
Ⅰ.Fast reading
方法导引:略读或浏览阅读(skimming)——忽略不懂的句子和生词,快速阅读原文。目的只是为了了解阅读材料的大意。(B级)
What are talked in the text?
( )the ancient Olympic Games
( )the modern Olympic Games
( )good & bad effects of the Olympic Games
( )the similarities between them
( )the difference between them
Ⅱ.Careful reading
方法导引:采用扫描式阅读(scanning)——进行有目的的阅读,目的是寻找某些资料或信息,对于无关部分可以忽略。(C级)
The similarities of the ancient and modern Olympic Games
(1)The mottos are the same. They are:_______.
(2)_______are allowed to take part in both in ancient and modern Olympics.
(3)The athletes compete not for money but for_______.
(4)Both are held every_______.
(5)Some events are the same, such as running,_______.
三、以案为据,有效讨论
以往上英语课,教师在课堂中突然提出一些可讨论的话题,同时组织前后两桌同学讨论。结果,由于讨论时间不够充分,小组的每个成员只能简单地说出自己所作的分析、对问题的看法,偶尔还会出现无秩序的“混乱”。但是,通过导学案的学法指导,学生往往能更清楚地知道该怎样有序地讨论、需要达到什么样的讨论结果,从而使教学中的讨论更加有效。例如,Module 6 Unit 5 The power of nature—The Lake of Heaven Period 5 Reading & Writing导学案后半部分的写作讨论可这样设置:
合作探究·研读剖析
要求:在组内讨论出与文中优美语句相似的表达,并把它们写下来,然后向大家展示。
Imitate writing
【Sentence One】Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China.
Compare:Hangzhou is_______.
Enlargement: ... lie ... Qiantang River ...; a tourist city ... ; at home and abroad; ... historical and cultural ... ; old capital of six dynasties(六朝古都)。
【Sentence Two】Many people come to Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the mountains to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools.
Compare:Many people come to Hangzhou to_______the well-known Longjing Tea. Others come to_______Leifng Pagoda and Lingyin Temple, to_______the animals in Hangzhou Wildlife Zoo or to_______scenery of the West Lake.
【Sentence Three】The attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.
Compare: The attraction that ... in Hangzhou is ...
【Sentence Four】When you arrive you are rewarded not only ... but also ...
【Sentence Five】It is said that_______.
【Sentence Six】If you are lucky enough to_______, don’t forget to_______to guarantee_______.
四、质疑释难,归纳总结
获得的知识如果没有完整的结构把它们联系在一起,那多半是一种会遗忘的知识。一连串不连贯的知识在记忆中仅有短得可怜的寿命。在复习课中,尤其是复习语法时,教师应把知识结构的梳理和归纳作为重点,在导学案中总结重点内容,抓住具有普遍意义的疑点和难点,以问题为案例点拨学生,让学生在教师指导下归纳出新旧知识的联系,构建知识网络,从而培养学生的分析能力和综合能力。复习课的学案,用总结反思的方式来设计练习更有助于学生积极思考。例如,对“it”用法的复习可设置这样的“探究案”:
第一类
What is this? It is a cellphone.
Whose book is this? It is Mr. Cheng’s.
My cat is missing, I can’t find it anywhere.
Question: What does “it” in these sentences refer to?
【发现】it——词性? _____可以用作人称代词,代指_____;还可以替代指示代词_____或_____。
第二类
It is Friday today.
It was very cold last Monday.
It is about 8:30 now.
It is about 25km from Longxian to Bazi.
It lies in the south of Shaoguan City.
It is 40°C ! You got a high fever!
Question: What does “it” in these sentences refer to?
【发现】it可以用作非人称代词,表示_____、_____、_____、_____、_____、_____等。
第三类
It is obvious that the water was to blame.
It is certain that our class will do a good job in the final exam.
Is it possible that he will become the chairman of our country?
【发现】it是____,句子真正的主语是____。
牢记以下常用于该句型的形容词
It is clear/obvious/true/possible/certain/
amazing/ridiculous等+ that从句。
【思考】为什么要用it作形式主语而把真正主语放到后面去?
第四类
It is a great pity that he ( should ) think so.
It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees.
It is necessary that he be sent to Beijing right away.
【发现】It’s necessary/strange/pity/important/
natural/no wonder/impossible + that从句中的动词要用______, 即______。
【对比归纳】“It is necessary/strange/pity/
important/natural/no wonder/impossible + that从句”与“It is clear /obvious /true /possible /
certain/amazing/ridiculous等+ that从句”的最大区别是______。
第五类
It is not easy to stop smoking.
It was difficult to quit.
【发现】it的作用是______, 真正主语是______。
It is no good crying over spilt milk.
It is no use casting pearls before swine.
【发现】it的作用是______, 真正主语是______。它构成如下结构:It is + no use/no good/not any good/not any use+ doing sth.
【小结】It可以在句中充当形式主语,真正主语可以由______引导的主语从句充当,还可以由______以及______短语充当。
五、反思学习,拓展学习
导学案中可设置“学习反思”的环节,以促使学生在学完新知识后对自己的思维过程进行反思(反思自己掌握了哪些内容),并及时向教师反映还存在哪些疑问;还可设置“课后拓展”环节,以促使学生在学会书本知识的基础上,结合生活实际,用所学的知识解决问题。例如,阅读课的导学案后可加入这样的“学习反思”:
又如,在学完The Lake of Heaven并操练了相关句型后,可以设计这样的“课后拓展”:
Write a short passage to introduce the West Lake in Hangzhou according to some key words.
【Para 1Hangzhou】capital of Zhejiang Province;
lie; old capital of six dynasties(六朝古都);many people come to; attraction
【Para2The West Lake】cultural heritage(文化遗产);well-known for; picturesque landscape(风景如画);wonderful ten-views of the West Lake(西湖十景); rewarded not only ... but also...
【Para 3 A legend】It is said that ...; Xuxian and Bai Suzhen; a rainy day; on Broken Bridge
【Para 4 Make a wish】lucky enough to ...; make a wish ...; guarantee; as ... as ...