Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade policies and regulations concerning import and export,foreign exchange control,customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard.of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market_Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people,or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate.Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;.the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention,production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be.engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the : To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.
下面我们来说说英语专业的毕业论文怎么写:
英语专业能选择的方向包括翻译、教学、语言学、文学等主要几大类。从身边同学撰写的感受来看,翻译和文字方向比较好下手,相比之下,教学研究调查类论文则需要花大量时间收集资料,出问卷,访谈,做数据分析等等。这里主要谈一谈翻译类方向如何确定选题。首先,要确定自己的研究文本, 可以是一本书,一部电影,实地景点翻译研究等等……主要是选择自己感兴趣的研究对象,毕竟撰写论文是一个十分漫长且枯燥的过程,选一个喜欢的文本会是你想坚持下去的理由。其次就是选择一个比较合适但是又不要太常见的翻译理论,比如功能对等,目的论啥的,再结合文本中某一个比较细小的角度去研究。总之,翻译理论,文本,切入点三者必须有一两个比较创新,这样不容易撞题。
我去年自己去参加开题答辩的时候,同一个答辩场竟然有两位同学跟我理论和切入点一模一样! ! 不过幸好我的文本比较新,也花了很多心思,最后拿到了优秀论文嘻嘻。这里提醒大家,选题不要过于着急,而且在选题的过程中要反复去知网查证自己选的理论能否适用于自己的翻译文本研究,相关的研究多不多,早期多投入一些时间,后期开始撰写的时候几乎没有太大问题。
其实本科生的论文大多都是没什么内容的,因为都是在总结前人的研究成果,关键是你会不会用自己的话去阐述,从而避免知网查证不合格的想象发生。翻译方向的论文只有第四章是自己的内容,这一章节需要花大量时间寻找最合适的例子,将理论运用其中,达到你最终的目的。这里需要大家注意的是,千万不要出现低级的语法语言错误,这样你会被你的导师批斗死。不要指望导师给你该内容该语法,他只会给你基本的大方向和建议,论文的撰写完全要靠自己。
在学校查重之前,建议大家最好自己去查重一下。Paper系列里面建议使用PaperPP,相对准确一点。turnitin也是一个比较常见的英文论文查重系统,个人觉得偏高一点,价格在元/千字。除了这个,知网、维普、万方也是可以查重英文论文的,turnitin的查重率在百分之20,学校知网查重结果百分之7,如果大家查重费用比较充足,可以直接用知网,结果是最准确的。
论文答辩我觉得最重要的就是要熟悉自己的论文,熟悉到答辩老师一问你就知道是在论文的哪一章节,哪一位置,最好提前预设一下问题我还是比较幸运的,被问到的三个问题有导师之前就问过我的,有的是我准备到的。实在不懂的话,就直接道歉吧,俗话说的好,答辩答辩,只答不辨,疯狂道歉哈哈。
好了,今天就讲到这里了,希望今年的考研er都要加油呀!写论文也不可怕,合理安排好时间,你一定既能考上研也能拿到优秀论文,祝你好运!
参考资料:《英语专业的毕业论文怎么写?》
你要是找国淘论文写作,就不会出现这种问题了好不好?1.题名规范 题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括论文的特定内容,有助于选定关键词,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则。2.命题方式3.撰写 英文题名的注意事项 ①英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成;短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。②一般不要用陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义,且不够精炼和醒目。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。③同一篇论文的英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。④国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制,有的规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;有的要求题名不超过14个词。这些规定可供我们参考 。 ⑤在论文的英文题名中。凡可用可不用的冠词均不用。
大学生活在不经意间即将结束,毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验大学学习成果的形式,那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英语专业毕业论文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
浅析商务英语教学中计算机网络利弊
摘要: 本文通过分析计算机网络在商务英语中的利与弊,探讨计算机网络在商务英语教学中的作用,指出随着信息技术的发展,计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。培养复合型涉外商务英语人才,应打破传统的商务英语教学模式,建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式,强调商务环境下的语言训练。同时,学生不仅要掌握商务英语知识和技能,也要掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
关键词: 商务英语教学;计算机辅助;教学模式
随着全球经济一体化和我国对外经贸的迅速发展,社会需要越来越多既懂英语,又懂商务的高素质复合型人才。在培养复合型涉外商务英语人才的过程中,商务英语起到了重要作用。通过商务英语教学,一方面,学生可以掌握国际贸易主要术语和必要的商务知识,熟悉经贸业务流程,提高听、说、读、写、译方面的基本能力;另一方面,学生还能掌握商务基本礼仪、经济、贸易等基础理论知识,提高跨文化交际能力,从而最终能够胜任用英语进行对外经贸活动的工作,成为复合型涉外商务英语人才。
一、计算机网络对商务英语教学环境的改善。
商务工作的过程实质上是一种交际过程。商务英语的教学目标是培养在国际商务环境中用英语进行沟通的能力。传统的商务英语教学环境基本上局限在教室和课本上,给学生提供的是零商务环境,导致学生在走上工作岗位时极有可能遭遇“环境休克”,难以将所学知识应用到实际工作中去。
计算机辅助语言学习在我国已经得到重视和应用,并使许多新的教育理念在英语教学中得以实现。
(一)计算机网络能够营造自主学习环境。
Henri Holec提出,学校应该设立两个教学目标:一是帮助学生获得语言和交际能力;二是帮助学生获得自主学习能力。
在商务英语教学过程中,计算机网络使学生能够利用多媒体课件和网络丰富的学习资源进行自学,而不受时间、地点的限制。学生可以根据自身需求和兴趣爱好,自主选择学习内容,调控学习进度,探索学习方法,掌握与商务英语相关的经济、贸易、金融等知识,不断在自身原有经验的基础上建构其对新知识的理解并发展其认知结构。
除了丰富的商务知识外,计算机网络还为学生提供了大量的语言资料,使学生可以不必依赖教师和教材。
各种媒体资源及专门的商务英语教学网站为学生提供了丰富的资源,学生可以自主选择阅读或通过原声电影、英文歌曲、英文广播等多种手段,提高商务英语的听、说、读、写、译基本能力。
以计算机网络为媒介,学生还可以通过电子邮件( e- mail) 、聊天室( chatroom) ,或者MOO (multiuser domainobject oriented)进行一人对一人、一人对多人,或多人对多人的共时( synchronous) ,或非共时交流( asynchronous) ,解决自主学习时遇到的困难。
(二)多信息通道的配合使用有利于改善信息的识记效果。
乔姆斯基(Avram Noam Chomsky)曾指出:“我们大概应该努力为正常人本身拥有的本能的直观判断能力创造一个丰富的语言环境。”人类自然接受信息是通过人的各种感官来进行的,其中包括视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉等,其中视觉和听觉起着最重要的作用。
多媒体技术在商务英语教学中,可以提供丰富的画面、视频、影像和文字,使学生在学习过程中视听结合,图像和声音信息同步输入,有效刺激大脑皮层,提高记忆能力,从而比传统的、单一的以语言为主的教学方式达到更好的教学效果。
(三)大量真实的商务英语材料使语言输入有足够的“重复率”。
Van Patten在谈到语言吸收时认为:“能够被吸收的语言知识在语言输入中必须有足够的‘重复率’( frequen2cy) 和‘凸显性’( salience) ”。计算机、网络和商务英语教学的有机结合,将商务活动方方面面的情景真实地展现在学生面前。学生不仅可以通过计算机、网络找到关于接待、谈判、会议、询盘、发盘、装运、保险等各种商务活动的文字材料,也可以找到相关的听力、视频、音像资料。
就商务活动的某一主题而言,比如询盘,学生可以在网上找到多种对话资料、听力资料、阅读资料、写作资料及文化背景资料。多种资料中商务术语、商务知识的重复出现,使学生潜移默化地提高了语言运用能力,扩大了自己的知识层面。另外,通过计算机网络,教师可指导学生通过网上实时进行国际贸易业务实训,或通过教学软件进行贸易流程的训练。这种真实的商务英语材料不受课本知识的局限,能够激发学生的学习兴趣和热情,将学生的理论知识和真实的商务环境连接起来,帮助学生有效地克服“环境休克”现象。
二、商务英语教学中计算机网络应用的'误区。
与传统的商务英语教学相比,计算机网络的应用使商务英语教学朝着个性化学习和自主式学习的方向发展。
但是,在许多高校的商务英语教学课堂上,教学的本质并未发生改变,还是一种传统的以教师为中心的教学模式。
与传统的黑板+粉笔+录音机的教学形式相比,只是多了光盘、计算机和网络,商务英语课堂教学仍是教师讲、学生听的局面。以商务英语教学中的课文讲解为例,一方面,教师过度依赖课件。教师往往将课本内容完全照搬到多媒体课件中,然后借助课件进行讲解。即使学生课后上网学习和网络版的内容也基本是课本内容的重复,意义不大。在这种情况下,要激发学生的学习潜能,促进学生自主化学习和突出学生的个性化学习之中,就显得非常困难。另一方面,计算机其及网络自身客观上存在局限性,多媒体教学固然生动,但是教师往往在教学过程中给学生提供过大的信息量,而忽视了学生的个体差异。学生在短时间内获得大量的教学信息,在一定程度上抑制了学生的想象力,不利于其解决问题、分析问题能力的发展。
由此可见,在许多高校的商务英语课堂上,普遍认为计算机作为辅助工具用于教学的目的是要帮助教师提高教学手段,其特点是:第一,辅助教师的演示工具(辅助教授难点或重点) ;第二,教学内容基于课本;第三,学生是被灌输知识的对象;第四,不改变教学内容和教学结构;第五,以教师为中心的教学结构。教学上使用的计算机被认为能够增强教师所传授的信息,因为信息被放大在屏幕上。因此,计算机作为一种技术只能起到增强教学效果的辅助作用,而不能真正成为人们用以解决实际问题的工具(Morrison and Lowther, 2005) 。
当今时代,随着信息技术的发展,计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。尤其是在商务领域,人和计算机已经成为一个整体,不能分离。商务活动中,许多具体业务都必须通过计算机及其网络来完成。比如,在电子商务( e - business)中,询盘、发盘、谈判、签订合同等都需要通过电子邮件( e - mail) 、网络聊天等方式来完成。
如果单把计算机网络看做是辅助的工具,是远远不够的。
因为计算机辅助大大削弱了计算机网络本身的功能和作用,不能够从根本上帮助培养复合型涉外商务英语人才,因此需要打破传统的商务英语教学模式,建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式,使学生的知识来源可以扩大到教育网站、数据库、电子书、音像制品、学习课件、报刊杂志、电视广播、教科书、虚拟图书馆、学习软件、网络交流平台及其它材料,教师不再是课堂上的“知识灌输者”,学生变成知识的主动构建者。同时,学生也要在学习商务英语知识、技能的同时,掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
参考文献:
[ 1 ]陈坚林。 大学英语教学新模式下计算机网络与外语课程的有机整合———对计算机“辅助”外语教学概念的生态学考察[ J ]. 外语电化教学, 2006, (12) : 23.
[ 2 ]黄秀红。 商务英语自主学习环境的构建策略[ J ]. 教育传播与技术, 2006, (2) : 15.
[ 3 ]肖芳菲。 多媒体网络环境下的大学英语教学刍议[ J ]. 琼州大学学报, 2007, (2) : 37.
[ 4 ] Holec H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning[M ]. Oxford: Pergamon, 1981.
[ 5 ]Morrison, G. R and Lowther, D. L. Integrating Comput2er Technology into the Classroom [M ]. Pearson EducationAsia L imited, 2005.
Moby Dick is a novel by Herman Melville, a 19th century American novelist, published in 1851.
The novel describes the story of Captain Ahab in order to chase and kill moby Dick, a white sperm whale, and eventually die with moby Dick.
The story creates an atmosphere where people are exposed to all kinds of dangers and even death at any time. It is the author's representative work.
The film Moby Dick, released on June 27, 1956, was adapted from this novel.
《白鲸》是19世纪美国小说家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔于1851年发表的一篇海洋题材的长篇小说。
小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸(实为白色抹香鲸)莫比·迪克,最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。
故事营造了一种让人置身海上航行、随时遭遇各种危险甚至是死亡的氛围,是作者的代表作。
1956年06月27日发行的电影《白鲸记》,就是改编自这篇小说。
内容简介
捕鲸船“裴廊德”号船长亚哈,在一次捕鲸过程中,被凶残聪明的白鲸莫比·迪克咬掉了一条腿,因此他满怀复仇之念,一心想追捕这条白鲸,竟至失去理性,变成一个独断独行的偏执症狂。他的船几乎兜遍了全世界经历辗转,终于与莫比·迪克遭遇。
经过三天追踪,他用鱼叉击中白鲸,但船被白鲸撞破,亚哈被鱼叉上的绳子缠住,掉入海中。全船人落海,只有水手以实玛利(《圣经》中人名,意为被遗弃的人)一人得救。
Moby-Dick is a highly symbolic work, and is interesting in that it also addresses issues such as natural history. Other themes include obsession, religion, idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, hierarchical relationships, and politics. Symbolism All of the members of the Pequod's crew have biblical-sounding, improbable, or descriptive names, and the narrator deliberately avoids specifying the exact time of the events and some other similar details. These together suggest that the narrator—and not just Melville—is deliberately casting his tale in an epic and allegorical mode. The white whale itself, for example, has been read as symbolically representative of good and evil, as has Ahab. The white whale has also been seen as a metaphor for the elements of life that are out of our control, or God.[citation needed] The Pequod's quest to hunt down Moby-Dick itself is also widely viewed as allegorical. To Ahab, killing the whale becomes the ultimate goal in his life, and this observation can also be expanded allegorically so that the whale represents everyone's goals. Furthermore, his vengeance against the whale is analogous to man's struggle against fate. The only escape from Ahab's vision is seen through the Pequod's occasional encounters with other ships, called gams. Readers could consider what exactly Ahab will do if he, in fact, succeeds in his quest: having accomplished his ultimate goal, what else is there left for him to do? Similarly, Melville may be implying that people in general need something to reach for in life, or that such a goal can destroy one if allowed to overtake all other concerns. Some such things are hinted at early on in the book, when the main character, Ishmael, is sharing a cold bed with his newfound friend, Queequeg: ... truely to enjoy bodily warmth, some small part of you must be cold, for there is no quality in this world that is not what it is merely by contrast. Nothing exists in itself. If you flatter yourself that you are all over comfortable, and have been so a long time, then you cannot be said to be comfortable any more. — Moby-Dick, Ch. 11 Ahab's pipe is widely looked upon as the riddance of happiness in Ahab's life. By throwing the pipe overboard, Ahab signifies that he no longer can enjoy simple pleasures in life; instead, he dedicates his entire life to the pursuit of his obsession, the killing of the white whale, Moby-Dick. A number of biblical themes occur. The book contains multiple implicit and explicit allusions to the story of Jonah, in addition to the use of certain biblical names (see below). Ishmael's musings also allude to themes common among the American Transcendentalists and parallel certain themes in European Romanticism and the philosophy of Hegel. In the poetry of Whitman and the prose writings of Emerson and Thoreau, a ship at sea is sometimes a metaphor for the soul. 《白鲸记》是一个极具象征意义的工作,而且很有趣,因为它还去自然历史等问题。其他主题包括妄想、宗教、理想主义和务实、报复、种族歧视、层次关系,和政治。 象征 所有成员的“百戈号”的船员都biblical-sounding、令人不可思议的,或由描述性的名字,和旁白故意回避指明确切的时间以及其他一些类似的事件的细节。这些一起显示narrator-and Melville-is不仅仅是他的故事中故意铸件和寓言模式的史诗。 白鲸本身,例如,被读,象征性地代表善与恶的、有哈。白鲸也被看作是一个比喻为生命元素,是我们能控制的,还是要得神的心。[引文需要] “百戈号”的任务去追捕莫比本身也被广泛视为寓言。亚哈,杀死了鲸鱼成为终极目标,这在他的生活中也可以扩展观察鲸鱼的同时使每个人的目标。代表此外,他的复仇的鲸鱼是类似于人的斗争的命运。只有逃避他娶了亚哈的愿景是偶然碰到“百戈号”的通过与其他船只,称为gams。读者可以考虑到底要做的,如果他哈,事实上,成功地完成他的任务:在他的终极目标,还有什么别的医生所做的吗?同样,梅尔维尔可能暗示人们通常需要达到的生活,或者是这一目标可以摧毁一个超越所有其他如果允许关切。一些这样的东西暗示早期在这本书中,当主角,以实玛利,是共享寒冷和他的新朋友,床奎怪。 真正享受身体暖和……,一些很小的一部分,你必须是寒冷的,因为没有质量。在这个世界上,而不是仅仅是相反的。不存在的。如果你在恭维你自己,你都在舒适,已经很长一段时间之后,你不能说成是舒适的。 《白鲸记》,第11 - 他娶了亚哈的管广泛看作铲除幸福的生活。哈通过把管子入海中,哈意味着,他不再能享受生命中简单的乐趣;相反的,他将他的一生去追求他的妄想,白鲸、《白鲸记》。 《圣经》的主题的发生。这本书包含了多个内隐记忆和外显的引述的故事,乔纳,除了使用某些圣经的名字(见下文)。 以实玛利的情绪也提到主题中普遍存在,美国第一个在欧洲的浪漫主义的某些特定的主题平行的宗旨,黑格尔。在诗歌和散文作品的怀特曼埃莫森和梭罗,一艘船在海上有时是一个比喻为灵魂。
我帮你找了 一会 只看到英文的 白鲸记 和 寻找白鲸记了 在网上下载不了。但是我知道 出过这本书 书名:白鲸记(中英对照) ISBN:750681208 作者:(美国)梅尔维尔著//李先规译 出版社:中国书籍出版社 定价:12 页数:123 出版日期:2005-1-1 版次: 开本:16开 包装:平装 简介:本书是一本小说,全面讲述了捕鲸船长亚哈和南太平洋上一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸之间的故事。被白鲸咬掉了一条腿的亚哈船长心中燃烧着复仇的怒火,他指挥着航船行遍世界大洋,只为追踪这条令人闻之色变的巨鲸……可以阅读优美中文,可以中英对照学习,可以品读一流英文,专为不同年龄与层次的读者打造永久珍藏精品。你去你们校 或者市图书馆借一下吧 实在是没有 要不你就看看这个电影写吧。 网上白鲸记的电影有很多祝你论文成功
白鲸的开题报告
《白鲸》(Moby Dick)是19世纪美国最重要的小说家之一赫尔曼·梅尔维尔于1851年发表的一篇海洋题材的小说,小说中既描绘了捕鲸水手的悲惨生活,也说明了依靠捕鲸而繁荣起来的城市是靠捕鲸人的尸体建立起来的。
英文题目:on the symbolic meaning in melville’s moby dick
1 引言
2 文献综述
3《白鲸》中主题的象征意义
复仇主题的象征意义
人与自然主题的象征意义
4《白鲸》两大线索的象征意义
埃哈伯与莫比.迪克线索
埃哈伯的象征意义
莫比.迪克的象征意义
白色的象征意义
伊西梅尔与捕鲸活动线索
伊西梅尔的象征意义
捕鲸活动的象征意义
皮阔得号的象征意义
大海的象征意义
5 结论
on the symbolic meaning in melville’s moby dick
ⅰ introduction
ⅱ literature review
ⅲ the symbolic meaning of the themes
the symbolic meaning of revenge
the symbolic meaning of human and nature
ⅳ the symbolic meaning of two main clues
ahab and moby dick
the symbolic meaning of ahab
the symbolic meaning of moby dick
the symbolic meaning of white
ishmael and the hunting
the symbolic meaning of ishmael
the symbolic meaning of the hunting
the symbolic meaning of pequod
the symbolic meaning of the sea
ⅴ conclusion
选题目的与意义:
美国象征主义大师麦尔维尔因《白鲸》而闻名于世。作为美国最伟大的作家之一,麦尔维尔一度被他的时代所误解,进而为时代所遗忘。直到二十世纪二十年代他才逐渐被重新发现。其作品,尤其是《白鲸》,受到评论者的称赞,从而他也被列入美国伟大作家的行列。《白鲸》于1851年发表,但当时并没有重大的反响,直到1919年以后才被文学界重视,并且被称为是一部“可以让读者任意理解的巨著”。
《白鲸》能够获得如此声誉一个重要的原因就是它的象征意义。近年来的《白鲸》热,促使许多学者致力于《白鲸》的多方面研究,并且其象征意义的研究经久不衰。《白鲸》的象征意义已经被挖掘出多重意义,本文从作品的主题、线索方面对其象征意义进行了具体的分析。希望能对其象征意义有更加深入全面的认识。
本课题在国内外的研究现状与趋势:
《白鲸》是麦尔维尔最著名的作品,是一部极具复杂性的美国文学杰作,评论家一致认为这是世界上最伟大的著作之一。自1851年问世以来,它给读者和评论家没带来了令人生畏的挑战。近年来的`《白鲸》热,促使许多学者致力于《白鲸》的多方面研究,并且其象征意义的研究经久不衰。对于麦尔维尔评论家们一致认为他和霍桑一样是一位象征主义的大师。在英美评论界对《白鲸》的研究主要涉及的种族、阶级、文化以及体裁方面。很少有作品专门介绍它的象征意义。有关其象征意义的研究散布在关于该作品的不同的评论文章中。在中国《白鲸》的象征意义已经被挖掘出多重意义,关于《白鲸》中莫比·狄克的象征意义已经达到共识。学者们从大自然的角度、从社会政治的角度、从善与恶的角度对其象征意义进行了研究。主要的文章包括:陈秋红(1997)《〈白鲸〉象征意义的文化阐述》;肖谊(2004)《超越浪漫主义的史诗——简论〈白鲸〉的现代性》。其他的关于《白鲸》象征意义的研究还包括对于埃哈伯、大海、皮阔得号、以及这次航行本身等的研究。但就目前的状况来看,其中所包含的象征意蕴仍需不断的探究。
bibliography
[1] chase, richard. 1957. the american novel and its tradition [m]. london: the johns hopkinspress, ltd.
[2] chen, q. 1997. cultural interpretation of the symbolic meaning of moby dick. foreign
literature research,2.(陈秋红,《〈白鲸〉象征意义的文化阐述》,外国文学研究,1997年第2期。)
[3] chang, y. 2008. a survey of american literature. tianjin: nankai university press. (常耀信,《美国文学简史》,南开大学出版社,2008年。)
[4] lawrence, d. h. 1984. “from herman melville’s moby dick” [a]. the united state: bantam books.
[5] lawrence, d. h. 1961. studies in classic american literature [m]. new york: viking press.
[6] li, x. 2004. . revelation-on the symbol of death in moby dick. jounal of
sichuan foreign language university march,20:2. (李晓宁,《人生﹒悲剧﹒启示-论《白鲸》中死亡的象征意义》,四川外语学院学报,2004年3月,第20卷第2期。)
[7] liu, j. 2005. on symbol of death in moby dick. journal of jia musi university social
science. mar. 23:2. (刘杰的《论〈白鲸〉中的象征意义》,佳木斯大学社会科学学报,2005年3月,第23卷第2期。)
[8] mcsweeney, kerry. 1986. moby dick: ishmael’s mighty book [m]. boston: twayne.
[9] melville, herman. 1984. moby dick [m]. the united states: bantam books.
[10] mcwilliams, john p. 1984. jr. hawthorne, melville and the american character, a
looking-glass business [m]. new york: cambridge university press.
[11] wu, d. 1998. outline of american literature. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press. (吴定柏,《美国文学大纲》,上海外语教育出版社,1998年。)篇三:毕业论文开题报告
要是为了应付毕业,瞎编就行了,没有老师回去看的,只要你的综述内容和文章标题不差太多就行,如果你想要个好成绩,就自己慢慢找吧
信息量太少,凡人没法正确论断,神人基本遇不见。起码应知:起卦时间?什么卦?男测或女测?
大学一般都有图书馆,可以通过看书将内容加以总结,还可以上网查找相关资料。如有不懂得可以找教授询问
图书馆多查些资料
bu zgid
在日常学习、工作抑或是生活中,大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧,作文可分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文(论文)。那么你有了解过作文吗?以下是我收集整理的种菜的乐趣作文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
有一年夏天,上自然课时,老师突然说要我们种自己喜欢的蔬菜。大家一听到要种菜,不禁热烈的讨论起来。最后,我决定要种小白菜。
当天,我就把种菜的必备器具买好了。但是一回到家,我才突然想起还要买培养土,幸好,我们家还有一些去年买的培养土,不过由于培养土太少了,于是我就加了一些我们家花圃的土,打算明天带去学校。
种菜的第一天,我抱着既新奇又兴奋的心去学校,等不急想要体验种菜的乐趣。菜苗种下的第一天,我每节下课的时候,都会来看看我种的菜,希望它能快点发芽。但是日子久了,我开始觉得厌烦了,因为两天三天过去了,却一点动静都没有,真是度日如年。渐渐的,我就很少来关心我的菜了。终于有一天,我无意中才发现我的小白菜已经有几棵枯死了,这都是我没浇水的关系。幸好发现的早,有几棵小白菜还“一息尚存”的活着,真是让我担心死了,我这才又仔细的照料它们。
经过了几棵小菜芽的“以死抗议”事件之后,我开始把关心和爱心转移到小白菜身上,小白菜也在我的照料之下,渐渐起死回生,渐渐长大,长得绿意盎然。终于,皇天不负苦心人,我看到我的小白菜终于可以采收了,一股伟大的成就感油然而生。这次的种菜经验让我知道,一盘盘美味的菜肴,里面还含有了人们无数的汗水和辛劳,所以我们都要谢谢栽种者,永远要心存感恩,珍惜食物。
回忆起那次的经验,现在,我还真想再次体验种菜的乐趣呢!
星期二,老师在教室种菜,菜籽就放在讲台上的一个方便袋里,全班同学都跑过去看,这些菜籽有的是黑色,有的.是棕色,只有一个芝麻大,它是圆形,味道带着一点儿淡淡的苦。
地上还放着几个花盆,老师先往花盆里填土,然后用水把土浇湿,再往土里放了一点肥,接下来老师又把花盆搬到走廊上晒太阳—杀菌,最后老师把种子洒到花盆里。
第二天,我又去看了看菜籽,菜籽好像在花盆里睡着了,把脸睡得红通通的,一点儿变化也没有,我们心里很着急。
这时,朱亦晨奶奶告诉我们让菜籽快点儿长大的妙招。老师照做了。首先给菜籽浇了点水,再用一个方便袋把花盆套上,像给菜籽穿了一件外套。我心想,你们一定要快点儿长大,让我们看看你们发芽长什么样。
过了一天,我又去观察了菜籽,这时我发现,有好多菜籽都发芽了,最小的才几毫米,是黄色的,最大的芽大约有几厘米,叶子非常像一只蝴蝶,它是绿色的,这让我感觉到了生命的神奇。
能亲眼看到它的成长,我感觉很快乐。
我的奶奶是一位菜农,她总是尽心尽力的照顾菜园内的蔬菜。这份坚定的意念,以传达到我的心坎里,所以我渐渐加入了当一位“小小菜农”的行列了!
在我小的时候,我时常与奶奶在菜园里,一边唱歌、一边说笑话,身旁的花花草草,也伴着我们的歌声,摇摆着身子,似乎正津津有味的在欣赏我们俩如天籁之音的歌声呢!菜园里的蔬菜应有尽有,有地瓜叶、小白菜、胡萝卜、菠菜、高丽菜……等,每一种蔬菜的营养也都不尽相同,对人类的身体有极大的益处。而蔬菜们最大的“敌人”,就是菜虫大军!它们几乎什么菜都啃,有些蔬菜还被它们啃到片甲不留呢!菜农就是负责消灭这些大军,让蔬菜们可以继续生存下去。
就是因为这些幼年经验,让我对自然生态有了更进一步的体认与兴趣。现代人普遍因为工作的关系,常常在外购买一些不健康的“食品”来充饥,却没有想到这样已经危害到我们的身体了!“天然尚好”,我想要种植蔬菜,一方面可以乐在其中,另一方面又可以节能减碳,爱护地球,还可以让人变的容光焕发,真是“一举三得”呀!
看着植物渐渐茁壮成长,有如孩子长大成人般,让人感到十分的欣慰。种菜不单单只是一种工作而已,“种菜”是一种学问,如何将有机蔬菜照顾的无微不至,又是另一种困难的境界了!将来我想成为一位农夫,用我的“心”来照顾这些“孩子”!
手种种看,种菜当天,我充满期待的来到自然教室,老师检查完我们的用具后,就准备开开心心的种菜啰!
要准备种菜了!种菜前,全班叽哩呱啦的讲个不停,雀跃万分的表情全在脸上。种菜时,老师贴心的用铲子帮每组装土在花盆裏,接着选择种植的蔬菜了,我和队友们像麻雀般叽叽喳喳讨论个不停,最后我们一致决定种植栽种期较短的「油菜心」,终于能开始播种了,我和组员们一颗接着一颗把种子种下去,种完后再使用浇水器轻轻的洒上水,直到土壤滋润,之后只能静静等待它的发芽了。
等待发芽的过程真是一种考验,每天迫不及待来到花盆前,总是看不到幼芽的踪影,盼呀!盼呀!三天后终于看到爱心图案的幼芽了,而且越长越好,天天我们都期待轮到自己浇水的日子,看到它们经由自己的努力而不断成长,就像妈妈在照顾小宝宝一样,但是,过了几天,我却发现叶子上有着蚊白蝶的卵,再过了几天,一只只可爱的绿色小毛毛虫在叶上爬啊爬啊,毛毛虫一天比一天大,结果,出乎我意料之外,同学们竟然流行起「养毛毛虫」,我也开心的一起参与,看着它们可爱的身躯不停的扭动着,模样真是逗趣,最后菜苗当然也难逃毛毛虫的毒牙,被啃得这边一个洞,那边一个洞啦!
这次种菜真有趣,我们个个都像个小小农夫,体验农夫种菜的种种过程,毛毛虫也带给我们很多的欢乐,只可惜我们辛辛苦苦种的菜都白费功夫了,但是我们还是学到很多东西呢!我也了解到要珍惜食物,才不会让辛苦的农夫们失望喔!
原来我喜欢在QQ农场里种菜,现在我发现我们家对面有一片空地,大家都在那里种菜,就让爸爸妈妈也带我去开了块地。我还自己制作了一个标牌,上面写着“依依的菜地”,我找了一根木棍把标牌用绳子挂了上去,这样大家就会知道这块地是我的。
我家有一个发了芽的土豆,我把它切成块,找邻居张阿姨借锄头,张阿姨又给我了几个小土豆。外婆告诉我,种的时候要先挖个小坑,然后把切好的土豆块放在坑里,再用土盖上,最后浇水。外婆负责挖坑,我负责把土豆放进坑里,埋上土,再浇一点水。
过了几天奶奶又买了十几株莴笋、南瓜秧、小白菜籽,还送给我了一把小锄头,我高兴极了,马上拉着奶奶和妈妈去菜地种。我们把莴笋、南瓜秧种在另一块地里,小白菜籽洒在莴笋的旁边。奶奶说南瓜要种在地边,好往外爬,不影响莴笋的生长。
菜种上了,我每天写完作业就多了一项任务,去给菜浇水、锄草。我发现种菜还真是一件辛苦的事情,其实我最希望下雨了,因为下雨我就不用去浇菜了。天气热时,尽管我不想提那么重的水壶去浇水,但想起爸爸告诉我的,做事不要半途而废,既然种了菜就要负责到底,我还是坚持去。
我多希望它们快快发芽长大啊!长大了我就可以收自己种的菜吃了。
终于有一天我发现土豆冒出了小芽,莴笋也长高了,我心里特别激动,爸爸说有我的精心管理,我们的菜一定可以收获的。
生活,就是如此的平平常常、简简单单。
种菜,是再简单平常不过的了。可对于我来说是件既好玩又辛苦的事。
在我7、8岁的时候,外公外婆在院子里的一块地里播下了种子。好奇心让我想知道菜是怎么长出来的呢?我问外公,外公说:“等到秋天丰收的时候你就知道了”
春天,我们播下种子。我天天浇水,每次都浇很多很多水。可外婆说了不能浇太多水,不然,菜会淹死的。后来,我每天都浇一小桶水。不仅仅要浇水,还要除草、施肥。春天的植物可以少浇水,因为经常下雨,一下就是三、四天。时间长了,也摸着了一些门道:有些菜长得 ,就可以少施肥,有些菜长得慢,就要多施点肥。
夏天,岳阳经常下暴雨,下水道塞住了,所以我们这里闹水灾,菜地里坚强点的菜,洪水怎么冲也冲不走。可有些埋根埋得很深的,没被水冲走,可水太深,淹死了。水退了,我们数了数,只有四十几棵植物了,有将近五十棵的植物“挂”了。
秋天,丰收的时候到了,我拿着小锄头来收菜了。我们挖了一株又一株,摘了一根又一根,有白菜、菠菜、豆角等等。我们可高兴了!
有喜有忧,有笑有泪,有果有实,有香有色,既须劳动,又长见识,这就是种菜的乐趣。
我爱吃各种蔬菜:青菜、白菜、红薯叶……所以,我也爱种菜。种菜这门手艺我是跟爸爸学的,虽然还不能当上“菜农”,但已足够家里吃了。阳台上,花盆里全是绿油油的小苗,可以轮番种。这一盆吃光了,另一盆又成熟了,与此同时又有许多刚窜出土的……
种的菜虽然多,但种类却很少。我的技术对于南瓜、甜椒、土豆这类植物不算好,再加上老鼠光临,成功的就更少了。所以,我只种收获周期短、易活、种的多、小的菜,比如红苋菜和青菜。它们比较适应花盆里的土,成功率很高。
菜种久了,我和爸爸也得出一些经验。虽然我种的菜适应性强,但我不留心,还是会死的。比如,有的爱爬藤,就种在不锈钢架旁边,有的喜阳,那就靠外边种,有的叶大,就别让它挡了别的菜。这样,我们时不时可以吃上一顿自家蔬菜,多么有意思呀!
每次自家菜端上桌,吃到自己种的菜,香味四溢。我多么想对大家说:“看,这是我和我爸种的菜,多香呀!”一股自豪感油然而生。这就是我们自己的劳动果实!
不过也有忧伤的时候。有一次,我浇菜时,给爸爸指红薯,却不小心碰到它了。这一株叶子都流出了白色汁液!我心想:不好!它受伤了!果然,它以后就有一截茎变成“S”形,在一排菜中特别“夺目”。每次看到它,我就十分心痛,好像受伤的不是它而是我。
有喜有忧、有香有色、有枝有叶、有规有矩。既需钻研,又需实践,这就是种菜的乐趣。
白菜营养价值:白菜中含有丰富的维生素,多吃白菜,可以起到很好的护肤和养颜效果。白菜中的纤维素不但能起到润肠、促进排毒的作用,还能促进人体对动物蛋白质的吸收。中医认为白菜微寒味甘,有养胃生津、除烦解渴、利尿通便、清热解毒之功。民间也常说:鱼生火,肉生痰,白菜豆腐保平安。 白菜原产地:我国北方,引种南方,南北各地均有栽培。十九世纪传入日本、欧美各国。白菜种类很多,北方的大白菜有山东胶州大白菜、北京青白、天津绿、东北大矮白菜、山西阳城的大毛边等。 白菜生长的气象条件:苗期:一般在立秋节前后,日平均气温在20一25℃播种力宜,温度超过27℃,幼苗生长细弱,易受病害。播种时太旱不能出苗,涝了根系不能下扎。苗期日照弱,雨水勤,土壤含水量为田间持水量的85%较为适宜。莲座期:适宜温度为18一22℃,水分充足,土壤无裂缝,凉爽晴天,日照充足,便于叶片和根系生长。连阴雨、日照弱、湿度大、暴用骤晴高温引起病害。包心期:适宜温度为12一16℃,气温凉爽利于包心,尤其是昼夜温差大,养分积累多。高温、闷热、忽冷忽热、干旱、大风容易烂心和造成病害,不利包心。 收获期:适宜温度为4一8℃,晴朗天气,以便晾晒,遇寒潮、冰冻、霜冻、气温降至-4一-5℃即受冻害。“立冬不砍菜,受害莫要怪”。据统计我市在立冬后一周时间内,不受冻害的气候保证率达80%,说明大部分年份在此期间收获大白菜不会受害,但也有20%的年份受害。就是说每年在此期间温度有高有低,但这时大白菜生长很快,收获早了产量低,包心差。收获晚了易受冻害,适时收获产量高、质量好。何时砍菜最好,一方面要考虑节气,另外一方面要注意收听气象台站的降温和冰冻天气预报。
大白菜,又称为“结球白菜”、“黄芽菜”或“窝心白菜”等,是我国的原产和特产蔬菜,全国各地普遍栽培,以华北地区为主要产区。大白菜以其细嫩甘脆、汁白如乳的品质,易种植、耐储藏的特性,在我国的蔬菜生产和消费中占有重要的地位,是人们秋冬季节餐桌上的美味佳蔬。在北方,大白菜被称为“当家菜”、“半年菜”,现已先后引种世界各地。在日本,大白菜叫做“唐人菜”、“山东菜”;在欧美,有人把大白菜叫做“中国甘蓝”。大白菜虽然起源于我国,但它既不象韭、姜、蒜等蔬菜,在古典文献上可以找到悠久确实的记录,也不象有些原产于中国的蔬菜,在山川野间仍有原始的野生种类可寻。遍览古籍,元代以前并无关于大白菜记载的典籍。根据考证,我国大白菜的历史较短,自元代以后历经明清两朝,迄今约七、八百年,农学家对大白菜深入研究的结论是:它是由南方的小白菜和北方的芜菁天然杂交演化而来的。因此,要探究大白菜的来历,必须从小白菜和芜菁的源头说起。小白菜,又名青菜、油菜、普通白菜等,古时称“菘”。原产于中国南方。最早的历史记载从西晋开始;芜菁,又称蔓菁,是一种根用芥菜,俗称“辣疙瘩”,原产我国,以西北、华北为主产区。芜菁在我国的栽培年代较久,在先秦文献《诗经》中已被记载,称为“葑菁”,西汉《范胜之书》的蔬菜专篇中亦有“芜菁”的收录。东汉已普遍栽培,桓帝时曾有“横水为灾,五谷不登,令所伤郡国,皆种蔓菁以充饥”的记述。关于小白菜和芜菁这两种蔬菜的地域特点及演变,西晋稽含所著的《南方草木状》在“芜菁附菘”一节中是这样写的:“芜菁岭峤以南俱无之,偶有,士人因官携种,就彼种之,出地则变为芥,亦橘种江北为枳之义也。至曲江方有菘,彼人谓之秦菘。”南朝萧子显的《南齐书》载:南方有小白菜栽培,称为“菘”。唐苏恭著《唐本草》载有:“蔓菁与菘,产地各异。”宋代陆佃所著《埤雅》一书上说:“菘菜北种,初年半为芜菁,二年菘种都绝。芜菁南种也然。”南宋陈敷在《陈敷农书》也记载:“七月种萝卜、青菜。”青菜即指小白菜。从以上史料可以看出,小白菜和芜菁的产地不同,且在南北引种过程中有发生性状变异的情况,但鉴于当时科技尚不发达,因此人们也就无从知晓小白菜和芜菁的变异是由什么因素所引起的了。史至元代,才有大白菜的出现。忽思慧在《饮膳正要》上第一次将所谓的“菘”直接叫做白菜,并精细绘制成图,从他所描绘的白菜形态来看,已经不再是塌地而生的小白菜了,而是外叶向上拢起,其抱合状态已经进化为结球的大白菜类型了。但不能割裂和漠视的是,从晋到元这漫长的历史,是大白菜在进化过程中经历的从内因到外因、从量变到质变、从偶然到必然引发突变的重要阶段。同时,这一时期的战乱动荡,人民迁徙,南北文化交流,农作物的交互种植,对大白菜的演化起到了促进作用。元朝以后,记述大白菜的典籍渐多,明王世懋著《广百川学海》在“果蔬疏”一节介绍了大白菜的定义和产地,并推荐“燕地黄芽菜”是著名品种。清弘书等所著《授时通考》中赞美大白菜“脆美无滓”,还确切指出:黄芽菜是白菜的别种,决不能与小白菜混为一谈。丁宜曾在《农圃便览》中对大白菜作了较明确的论述,他把大白菜称之为“窝心大白菜”。他介绍了山东地区立秋种小雪收的栽培经验,还介绍霜降后可用草绳将外叶捆起以保护球叶的方法。现代农业科技证明,小白菜和芜菁均属十字花科芸薹属的不同亚种,而十字花科蔬菜最易天然杂交,尤其小白菜和芜菁的亲缘关系最近,基本染色体组相同,彼此间天然杂交可育率达百分之百,其亲本后代也能正常生长和繁殖,而且,大白菜的生物特征又介于小白菜和芜菁之间。蔬菜专家对这两种蔬菜进行人工杂交的结果,也佐证了大白菜是小白菜和芜菁杂交的产物。农学家的进一步推论是:一则由于小白菜和芜菁南北相互引种,两种蔬菜又是同期开花,其亲缘关系又极为密切,在天然受粉的情况下,完全可能天然杂交,出现杂交后代。二则这种杂交后代,属半耐寒性蔬菜,它既要求气候凉爽湿润、昼夜温差适宜,又不遭受冻害,日照、雨量等均符合结球的外界环境条件。而华北的秋季气候、温度和弱碱性土壤特性正符合这些要求,而且又经近千年的进化和培育,才终于出现了结球结实的大白菜。在此需要申明的是,笔者以为,今人称大白菜为“菘”或“菘菜”是一种误称,应该予以澄清改正。综上所述,我们现在所食用的大白菜的高级变种——结球大白菜,是经历无数次演化和历代人民在长期的劳动实践中辛勤培育的结果。当代的大白菜已形成一个庞大的家族,可谓五彩纷呈,今非昔比。它的品系已发展到四个变种和结球变种三个生态型的一千余个品种。大白菜的适应性更强,成为祖国大江南北举国种植的“国菜”。更令人感到振奋的是,随着农业科技的日新月异,反季节的耐热大白菜和彩色大白菜也相继问世了。大白菜个大体壮、物美价廉、营养丰富,令人久吃不厌。它一经问世,备受人们喜爱。元代忽思慧在《饮膳正要》中写到:“白菜,味甘,温,无毒。主通肠利胃,除胸中烦,解酒毒。”明朝王世懋对大白菜很赏识,认为是蔬菜中的神品。清朝吴其睿说北方大白菜运到南方之后:“竞相争购、味胜于肉,不胫而走。”王士雄在《随息居饮食谱》中记载品评吃大白菜的好处说:“甘平养胃,荤素皆宜,味胜珍馐。”清史学家柯劭忞作《种胶州白菜》诗:“翠叶中饱白玉肪,严冬冰雪亦甘香。”鲁迅在《滕野先生》中褒奖的“胶菜”即是山东青岛的著名特产,当年的“胶菜”物以稀为贵,运到南方被商家用红头绳系住菜根招摇销售。现代著名国画大师齐白石对大白菜钟爱有加,在他的《辣椒白菜》图中很为大白菜鸣不平,他慨然题词:“牡丹为花之王,荔枝为果之先,独不论白菜为菜之王,何也?”从此,大白菜乃“菜中之王”的美名,广为传颂认同。老百姓的大白菜情结更浓,常见的民谚道:“鱼生火,肉生痰,白菜豆腐保平安。”日本人评价大白菜:“性质极优,其味甜美,质极柔脆,诸菜中之最良品也。”现代营养科学测得每百克大白菜含蛋白质克,脂肪克,碳水化合物克,膳食纤维克,维生素A原250微克,维生素A42微克,维生素毫克,维生素C47毫克,维生素毫克,硫胺素毫克,核黄素毫克,钙69毫克,铁毫克,锌毫克,磷30毫克,硒毫克,钼微克。特别需要提醒大家的是,大白菜中富含的硒和钼元素,是人体必需的微量元素,硒可与维生素E相辅相成,有预防心肌梗死、高血压和增强人体免疫力等功能;钼是酶的重要构成要素,还可协助糖类和脂肪的代谢,两者极具抗癌作用,可直接或间接杀死癌细胞。大白菜的草酸含量甚微,几乎不见报道。因此,营养专家将大白菜列为保健与防癌的首选蔬菜之一。在食用上,大白菜的菜路宽、不拦味,适合于多种烹调方法,拌炝腌炒皆宜。它既可单独成菜,又可与众多原料配伍;既可做成淡雅的高档菜,又可做成味厚的大锅菜;既上得了厅堂,又下得了食堂;而且还是面点馅心和涮火锅必备的原料之一。可谓真味若水,承载万物。但专家建议,隔夜或放置时间较久的大白菜菜点不宜食用,以防大白菜中的硝酸盐转变成有毒的亚硝酸盐。近几年来,在返璞归真食风的引领下,各地厨师倾情打造以大白菜为主角的品牌菜、创新菜,涌现出众多备受消费者青睐的大白菜菜点。而胶州作为大白菜的故乡,在餐饮界颇有知名度的胶南市黄海酒家经理高振刚,以弘扬地方特产为己任,以绿色天然的有机大白菜为研发对象,先后开发出大白菜的系列菜点,深受消费者欢迎,拉动了酒店的经营效益,使酒店人财两旺,生意红火,成为当地餐饮业的旗舰。现精选其几款大白菜菜点,旨在与同行交流学习。春虾烧白菜——2004年“青岛海鲜名菜”原料:海捕春大虾10只,嫩白菜头5棵,香菜梗少许,精盐、味精、上汤、料酒各适量。制法:1、大虾去沙袋、沙筋、虾枪,剪去爪洗净;白菜撕大片。2、净锅留底油,料头烹锅,下白菜煸软出勺。3、另起勺,将底油烧热,加葱段、姜丝炒出香味,放大虾炒出虾脑,烹入料酒,加上汤、白菜和调料,用慢火烧至汤快收干时,放味精,淋香油,撒香菜段,拼装盘内即可。特点:白里透红,鲜艳夺目,补肾壮阳。蟹黄海参扒胶白——2004年“青岛海鲜名菜”原料:熟蟹黄50克,自发大刺参10个,精选嫩“胶白”5棵,油菜心、鲍汁、上汤、料酒、蚝油、精盐、味精各适量。制法:1、白菜心顺长一切两瓣,放水油锅内略焯,入上汤内煨制软烂入味,放于盘中一侧。2、海参焯水,放上汤内烧透入味,放于盘子中间,油菜心焯水煸炒,放于盘中点缀。3、净锅放底油,葱末爆香,烹料酒,加上汤、鲍汁、蟹黄略烧勾芡,淋明油浇在海参上即可。特点:蟹黄清香,海参软糯,白菜鲜嫩,营养丰富,诱人食欲。黄海大包——“胶南市信得过快餐食品”原料:精粉500克,嫩“胶白”250克,鲜猪肉150克,虾仁100克,嫩韭菜75克,胡椒粉、花椒水、葱姜末、精盐、料酒、味精、香油、鲜酵母各适量。制法:1、面粉加酵母、水和成酵面,饧透。2、大白菜、猪肉、虾仁等辅料切碎丁,加调料入味。3、面团下剂子10个,擀扁上馅,做成菊花包,上笼蒸熟即可。特点:色白、暄软,馅心鲜美。
当然可以的啊~!没有问题的!你说的还是一个很好的题材呢。
从哈姆雷特性格分析看他悲剧的必然性A Character Analysis of Shakespeare's “Hamlet” 哈姆雷特悲剧的原因分析The Reason Analysis of Hamlet Tragedy 论哈姆雷特的悲剧Comments on the Tragedy of Hamlet 论约翰济慈作品中所体现出的“美”The Beauty in the Works of John Keats 浅谈阿甘正传中所折射出的女权主义The Feminism Reflected in the Novel Forrest Gump 圣地亚哥:伟大而非完美的老人-对《老人与海》中老人的性格分析The Old Man and The Sea-Santiago-A Great Old Man Not Perfect 依莎贝尔阿彻的婚姻悲剧-对淑女的画像的主题研究On the Marriage Tragedy of Isabel Archer-A Thematic Study of the Portrait of a Lady 论淘姆索亚的性格特征Thesis on the Characteristics of Tom Sawyer 美国社会文化的缩影-浅谈淘姆索亚历险记中淘姆索亚的人物性格特征The Mirror of American Social Culture-Remarks on the Characteristics of Tom Sawyer in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 论飘中的人物魅力On the Charm of Characters in Gone with the Wind 论飘中的女性生存意识Thesis on Female Survivalism in Gone with the Wind 分析飘中斯嘉丽的个人魅力Analyze Scarlett’s Personal Fascination in Gone with the wind 浅谈《乱世佳人》中的创业精神Remarks on the Business Spirit in Gone With the Wind 对玛格丽特�6�1米切尔《飘》中四个人物的性格分析Character Analysis on the Four Characters in Magrett Mitcell’s Gone with the Wind 斯佳丽的性格分析Personage Analysis of Scarlett 从希斯克里夫的性格演变过程看他的艺术价值Analysis on Heathcliff's Artistic Value through the Evolution Process of His Character 论呼啸山庄中希斯克里夫的悲剧命运On the Tragic Destiny of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights 从白鲸看人与自然的关系Relationship between Mankind and Nature-from Analysis of Moby Dick 简评夏洛特.勃朗蒂的《简爱》On Charlotte Brontё’s Jane Eyre 浅谈美国文化在小说阿甘正传中的反映Tentative Reflections of American Culture in the Novel Forrest Gump 保尔·莫瑞尔永不消逝的恋母情结—对儿子与情人中男主人公的心理研究The Non-passing of Paul Morel’s Oedipus Complex—A Study of the Hero’s Psychology in Sons and Lovers 浅析玻璃动物园中劳拉的玻璃心An analysis on Laura's Glasslike Heart in the Glass Menagerie 论《傲慢与偏见》中达西的人物性格特点Character Analysis of Darcy in Pride and Prejudice 呼啸山庄中希斯克列夫人物性格的双重性分析呼啸山庄中希斯克列夫自私自恋性格的分析Analysis of Selfishness and Narcissism in Heathcliff’s Characters-On the Theme of Wuthering Heights 浅谈简爱中的女权运动Feminism in Jane Eyre 回到小屋-浅析汤姆叔叔的小屋中的象征意义及其特点Back to the Cabin-analysis of symbols and characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin 《双城记》中西德尼伯尔顿的人物性格分析A Brief Analysis of Character Sydney Carton “A Tale of Two Cities” 普拉斯诗中的死亡意象The Death Image in Sylvia Plath’s Poems 对永别了武器中男主人公亨利的性格分析On the Character of Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms 心路历程-论雪莱的自由之路The Heart's Progress---About Shelley's Freedom Road 浅谈了不起的盖茨比中的象征主义The Symbolism in the Great Gatsby 论《老人与海》中的象征主义The Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea 双城记中的仁爱主题Thesis on the Kind-heartedness theme in “A Tale of Two Cities” 论《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中对种族主义的误解On Misperception of Racism in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 论《傲慢与偏见》与《德伯家的苔丝》中男女主人公的爱情Analysis on Love of Protagonists in Pride and Prejudice and Tess of the d’Urbervilles 简爱中女主角的性格分析An Analysis of the Character of the Heroine in Jane Eyre 达洛维夫人性格分析Character Analysis of Mrs. Dalloway 从庞德英译汉诗《长干行》看其意象派风格Ezra Pound's Imagist Style in Translating a Chinese Poem As Seen from The River-Merchant's Wife:A Letter 浅谈简爱的性格特征An Analysis of the Character of the Heroine in Jane Eyre 《阿甘正传》:五十到八十年代美国社会的全景展示Forrest Gump: A Panoramic Reflection of American Society from 1950s to 1980s 论欧亨利作品中的“真爱和美德”主题Thesis on the Main Theme of Pure Love and Beautiful Virtue in O. Henry’s Writings 浅谈《卡斯特桥市长》中的悲剧The Tragedy in The Mayor of Casterbridge 浅谈托马思﹒哈代小说中的悲剧效果Tragic Effect of Thomas Hardy's Novels 对永别了武器中男主人公的性格特征发展的分析An Analysis of the Development of the Hero’s Character in A Farewell to Arms 从黑人女性主义视角看《宠儿》中的弑婴母题On the Motif of Infanticide in Beloved from a Black Feminist Perspective 美国华裔文学作家伍美琴的裸体吃中餐中的母女关系Reflections on the Mother-Daughter Relationship in the Eating Chinese Food Naked “神性”与“人性”冲突引发的爱情悲剧 德伯家的苔丝悲惨生活的根源Tess of the D’Urbervilles―A Comment on the Sources of Tess’ Tragic Life 海明威,“失落的一代”的代言人Ernest Hemingway, the Spokesman of the “Lost Generation” 试析《还乡》命运驱使下的人物性格On Characters under the Influence of Fatalism in The Return of Native 《呼啸山庄》中的爱与恨 Love and Hate in Wuthering Heights 夏洛特和简爱性格对比研究The Comparative Study of Characteristics between Charllote Bronte and Jane Eyre 苔丝的悲剧原因分析On Causes of Tess’ Tragedy 论呼啸山庄中人性的复苏The Reviving of Humanity in “Wuthering Heights” 浅谈傲慢与偏见中简.奥斯丁对待婚姻的态度Jane Austen's Attitude toward Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 浅谈威尼斯商人中夏洛克的性格特征On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice 浅谈飘中斯嘉丽的人物形象The Figural Analysis of Scarlett in Gone with the Wind 浅谈艾玛的自知之明Self-Knowledge of Emma 论简爱的独立性格The Independence of Jane Eyre 从系统功能语法的角度分析《玩偶之家》Analysis of A Doll’s House from the Systemic-functional Grammar 论《哈姆雷特》的悲剧色彩 通过德伯家的苔丝研究哈代的创作思想On Thomas Hardy’s Creative Thinking through Tess of the D’Urbervilles 从鲁滨逊的复调理论看人定胜天 大卫科波菲尔中主要人物的人性对比Comparison of Some Characters’ Human Nature in David Copperfield
实训论文怎么写啊?是关于18b20,1302,1602三个芯片的程序。
故事背景是美国资本主义上升时期 其中的小情节于现实生活相互照应 作者遇事于理 揭示人生真谛无论是在鲸鱼还是在航海上这部影片都为科学研究提供丰富的资料是捕鲸领域的百科全书 是抒情浪漫的记叙小说 是寓意深刻的故事 所以 《白鲸》 被称之为是一部史诗 。