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GreatExpectations was written by British writer Charles Dickens. The name of the hero is Pip, and the story begins with Pip meeting a fugitive in the churchyard of a small village. The fugitive, Abel Magwech, had just escaped from the prison boat. He was very hungry, so he forced Pip to bring him food. Pip felt very scared and gave the escaped prisoner food. No one expected that this fugitive had changed Pip's life. Pip fell in love with a girl from the upper class. Since then, he has been no longer at ease. He was ashamed to keep company with his partner - his sister's husband, his good friend, a blacksmith; There are other people in the village. When he knew that someone had offered him a large sum of money to receive higher education, Pip was very happy. He felt that he was finally worthy of that young lady. He left the village and his friends. He forgot the fugitive in his childhood and went to London to study. Later, when he found out that the large amount of money for his study was the money for the escaped prisoner to work hard after he broke out of prison again, his whole body trembled with disgust, and he regretted leaving his old good friend to associate with the escaped prisoner. A series of things happened later, so I won't go into details always want to compare with their friends around us. If they have money, we certainly want to have money. On the contrary, if they are poor, we don't care about being poor as well. This is probably human nature. We will not be ashamed of our own stupidity, but only because we are more stupid than our friends around us. It was because Pip felt ashamed after communicating with the upper class girls that he hated his friends who had been with him before. If we do not expect to have, we will not be frustrated by the loss. Since we did not expect to be rich, we will not be disappointed because of is the man who knows enough. The pursuit of material things has no end. At this time, we need to have a clear mind to recognize what we need and what we don't has heard of the British writer Dickens! He is a famous writer! I admire him very much, so I have read several of his books. Not long ago, I bought another copy of Great Expectations. After reading it, I felt very Expectations mainly tells that Pip, an orphan, was raised by his sister and brother-in-law and lived a poor but warm life. In order to win the love of beautiful and arrogant rich woman Estella, he decided to be a rich upper class gentleman. Coincidentally, one of the fugitives he once helped made a fortune, secretly aided him to study in London, and entered the upper class. Pip seemed to have a broad road ahead of him, and his "great future" was waiting for him. So he began to despise his family background and his relatives who lived in difficulty. After the refusal of courtship with Estella, the fugitive who funded him was arrested and all his property was confiscated. Pip was abandoned by the upper class again. He learned from his mistakes, reconsidered his life, and finally realized what a real life is. After many years, Pip returned to his hometown and gained his hard won affection and whole novel is true and profound, with dramatic ups and downs, and is full of appeal. Especially, I can't forget the flash of the "bright future", and the image of middle-aged Pip who has experienced a lot of coldness and warmth since then. I also learned a truth in life: When we achieve our goals in life, we must not be proud. Maybe one day, you will be like Pip, and your bright future will disappear., From Pip, I can see what kind of life is and what kind of future is the real "great future". Our life is the same, you must remember!
我现在需要写一篇关于《远大前程》的论文，主要是写皮普pip，希望朋友大家可以给我点具体的资料，谢谢拉~！
[1]An analysis of female character Miss Havisham in Great Expectations JOURNAL OF CHENGDU UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 第22 卷 2007 年8 月 作者：Tang Wangxia&Xie Benyu p:133-188[2Symons, J. (1974). Introduction to great expectations. London: Pan Books Ltd.[3]Zhang, D., & Wu, G. (2002). A New Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education.
中文摘要 《远大前程》是英国作家狄更斯的代表作之一。自从出版以来，它吸引了众多文学评论家的注意。本论文是首次运用苏联文艺理论家巴赫金的狂欢化理论来对《远大前程》进行分析。本论文讨论了狂欢节的笑及其在这部小说中所采取的幽默，讽刺及其它弱化了的形式。《远大前程》的主人公匹普被认为是狂欢节之王。他的加冕和脱冕过程表现了巴赫金所说的令人发笑的相对性。狂欢节之宴和具有象征意义的火在狂欢节之王的加冕和脱冕中具有重要的作用。在巴赫金的荒唐现实概念的基础上，本论文把这部小说中的人物当作狂欢节的群体来对他们特殊的语言和行为来进行分析。同时这部小说中又有狂欢化地狱的描述。所有这些都表明这部小说表现了狂欢化理论的基本方面。因此，《远大前程》是一部狂欢化了的小说。 外文摘要 Great Expectations is one of the representative works of Charles Dickens". Since its publication, it has attracted the attention of the critic circle. This thesis is the first academic attempt to apply the carnival theory to the analysis of Dickens" Great Expectations. The theory is raised by the Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin. Several key terms of the theory are discussed and used in my study of Great Expectations. Carnival laughter is explored in this novel, which takes the muffled form---humor, satire and irony. The hero Pip of Great Expectations is regarded as the carnival king in the light of carnivalization. Through Pip"s crowning and decrowning, Bakhtin"s notion of joyful relativity is expressed. The carnival feast and the symbol fire play a very important part in his crowning and decrowning. The characters in this novel are discussed as carnival collective on the basis of the conception of grotesque realism. The language of these characters is distinctive which is called "billingsgate language" in Bakhtin"s term. Also the novel is not devoid of the atmosphere of carnival hell. All these indicate that the key aspects of the carnival theory are demonstrated in Great Expectations. This leads to my conclusion that it is a carnivalized novel.
【篇一】远大前程英语读后感 Great Expectations has been considered to be one of Charles Dickens’ most mature and relatively late works. Having experienced a wealth of human life, Dickens got a profound understanding of human-being, the surrounding environment and his life experiences while all his mature thinking and understanding were summarized into the book Great Expectations. The original meaning of the work’s title in fact is a heritage, but when it was translated into Chinese it gave me an impression that the title shows the hero of the story had Great Expectations. However, reading over the book I realized that this Great Expectations takes an ironic bandit should be said that the theme of this work not only told the story of orphan Pip who wanted to be the ideal first-class disillusionment. If one does think so, he holds a wrong understanding of the great significance why Dickens creative the work. The hero Pip lived with his sister’s family. Though their life was hard, Pip didn’t wish to be a first-class person his vision was to be a blacksmith like his brother-in-law, his sister’s husband. The reason why he changed his mind and was eager to be a first-class person later was the changing of environmenthe met Miss Harvisham, Estella and some other complex people. As we know one of Dickens's philosophy thoughts is environment takes a deep impact to humans’ ideological and the story expresses his view that different environment creates different people. In short, I think the work was not arbitrarily written, but was based on the 10 works before aggregating Dickens’ thoughts. What is more, Dickens had put his outlook on life, his views of philosophy and ethics into the great creation. 【篇二】远大前程读后感英文版 With so many famous masterpieces on the booklist, it is really a pretty hard job to choose one to read first. After much hesitation and deeply thought, I finally decided to borrow Great Expectations from the small library. Great Expectations is about love, family, and rejection as Pip and Miss Havisham have both been rejected in certain ways. Pip is a boy around 13 years old, easy to fright, and goes through his life suffering lots of sadness. He is in love with a girl named Estella and wants her to find his love, but for him being shy and not showing himself to her, it makes it very hard for him. Great Expectations was the penultimate novel completed by the most popular novelist of Victorian England, Charles Dickens. Born in Kent, England, in 1812 to a family of modest means but great pretensions, Dickens’s early life was marked by both humiliation and ambition. Dickens never forgot the period of financial crisis during his childhood, when following his father’s bankruptcy, he was taken out of school and forced to work in a shoepolish warehouse. Pip meets an escaped convict, Magwitch, and gives him food, in an encounter that is to haunt both their lives. When Pip receives riches from a mysterious benefactor he snobbishly abandons his friends for London society and hisgreat expectations。 I set up my mind to select it for the reason that I have read a brief introduction of this masterpiece in my high school English textbook before. In addition, a Tale of Two Cities which is also written by Charles Dickens, the outstanding and special English writer, left me a wonderful and deep impression, when I finished reading the marvelous story. Of course, Great Expectations didn’t let me down, either. What’s more, the whole structure of the novel is well and elaborately designed. The plot is extremely attractive and full of unexpected twists. Quite a few characters have a distinguishable personality. Moreover, those words and sentences are so beautiful and meaningful that I even took them down carefully in my notebook. By reading them no less than three times, I have learned not only some new phrases and sentences, but also a philosophy of life. Among the characters, which impressed me most are not Pip and Estella who should be regarded as the leading roles, but Joe and Magwitch. I feel awfully sorry that I was not brave enough to read the original edition that is as thick as a brick. Otherwise, I may appreciate Joe and Magwitch more. Yes, they are not the main characters in the novel. However, what they said and what they did deeply touched me. It’s interesting, isn’t it? They are quite the opposite guys. One is a totally good man without the least bit of wickedness while the other is a prisoner who is believed to have committed every evil. I believe that everyone who reads the book is to like Joe. When he talked about his heavy drinking father who hit him a lot, he said he had a lot of love. Faced with his rude wife, he would rather seem a bit weak or foolish than stand up to her and fight for himself. Knowing peacockish Pip was ashamed of his uneducated manners, he left sadly and quietly. The world rushes on over the strings of the lingering heart making the music of sadness. But when he was informed of Pip’s illness, he immediately came to take good care of Pip. He is always contributing everything and requiring nothing. Such a man is Joe, kind, tolerant and selfless. Nothing is so mild and gentle as courage, nothing so cruel and pitiless as cowardice, says a wise author. However, why do I appreciate Magwitch, the bad guy? You may wonder. Indeed, Magwitch did a lot of evil things when he was young. But how can you be unmoved when you get to know that the old man kept himself going just by thinking of the boy who once did him a small favor？ He lost his only daughter and Pip had no parents, so he considered himself as the boy’s second father, making up his mind to help his dear boy became a gentleman. He did every kind of job and led a hard life in Australia. At last he made a big fortune and promised himself that all the money would go to Pip. He could have led a better life in Australia ,but Ihe chose to go back to London .with the simple intention of seeing Pip, he went back at the risk of being hanged! whatever the fault he had from the start, remember, reader, he had a good heart. Joe used these words to describe his father. But I think these words can better describe Magwitch. He lived with the fear of death all his life. Who shuts love out, in turn shall be shut out from love. However, thankfully, because Pip finally realized his good heart, his ending was peaceful. Dickens has Pip as the writer and first person narrator of this account of his life's experiences, and the entire story is understood to have been written as a retrospective, rather than as a present tense narrative or a diary or journal. Still, though Pip knows how all the events in the story will turn out, he uses only very subtle foreshadowing so that we learn of events only when the Pip in the story does. Pip does, however, use the perspective of the bitter lessons he's learned to comment acidly on various actions and attitudes in his earlier life. I know how to fully understand this novel, twice is far from enough. Pip, Estella, Miss Havisham, Biddy even Mr Wemmick, every single character has a story that is well worth my attention. I love this novel so much that I am determined to read the original edition one day. Believe me. But before that day comes, I will see the movie Great Expectations first. Search for knowledge, read more, sit on your front porch and admire the view without paying attention to your needs.
第一个！第二个太大了！中国论文总是出的太宽泛，第二个都能写硕博作文题目了
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容，下面是我为大家推荐的3篇英语教学毕业论文的提纲模板，希望大家喜欢!
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一
Abstract 5-6
摘要 7-9
1. Introduction 9-11
Background of the Research 9
Significance of the Research 9-10
Structure of the thesis 10-11
2. Literature Review 11-19
Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13
An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16
An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16
Limitations of the Previous Studies 16
Theoretical bases 16-19
3. Research Design 19-25
Subjects 19-20
Observed teaching tasks 20-21
Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22
Research method 22-24
Research Procedures 24-25
4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51
Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33
Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38
Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40
Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51
5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55
Conclusions 51-53
Pedagogical Implications 53-54
Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55
Acknowledgments 55-56
References 56-59
Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61
Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62
Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-7
Tables 7-10
1. Introduction 10-14
Research Questions 11
The purpose and significance of this research 11-12
Layout of thesis 12-14
2. Literature Review 14-24
The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17
The Content of teaching journal 17-20
Reflective level 20
The styles of teaching journal 20-24
Design 24-26
Purpose of Research 24
Subjects 24
Instruments 24-25
Procesures of research 25
Data collection 25-26
4. Results and Discussions 26-52
Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32
The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45
The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52
5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56
Problems in the process of reflection 52-53
The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56
6. Conclusion 56-58
Present findings 56
Limitations 56-57
Suggestions for future research 57-58
Acknowledgements 58-60
Bibliography 60-64
Appendix 64-65
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
1. Introduction 8-12
Research background 8
Significance of the study 8-10
Organization of thesis 10-12
2. Literature Review 12-22
Language learning strategies 12-15
Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13
Classification of learning strategies 13-14
Studies on learning strategies 14-15
Language learning styles 15-18
Definition of language learning style 15
Classification of language learning style 15-17
Studies on language learning style 17-18
Learning strategies training 18-19
. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22
3. Methodology 22-33
Purposes 22
Hypotheses 22
Research participants 22-23
Instruments of the research 23-24
Questionnaire 23
Observation 23-24
Procedures 24-33
Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25
Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30
Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33
4. Results and Discussion 33-47
Results of the questionnaire 33-43
The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40
The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43
Discussion 43-47
The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44
The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45
The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47
5. Conclusion 47-49
Major findings 47-48
The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48
The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48
Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49
Acknowledgements 49-51
Bibliography 51-55
Appendix 55-61
AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59
AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60
AppendixC Listening Material 60-61
有关英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一
Abstract 5-6
摘要 7-9
1. Introduction 9-11
Background of the Research 9
Significance of the Research 9-10
Structure of the thesis 10-11
2. Literature Review 11-19
Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13
An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16
An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16
Limitations of the Previous Studies 16
Theoretical bases 16-19
3. Research Design 19-25
Subjects 19-20
Observed teaching tasks 20-21
Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22
Research method 22-24
Research Procedures 24-25
4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51
Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33
Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38
Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40
Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51
5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55
Conclusions 51-53
Pedagogical Implications 53-54
Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55
Acknowledgments 55-56
References 56-59
Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61
Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62
Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-7
Tables 7-10
1. Introduction 10-14
Research Questions 11
The purpose and significance of this research 11-12
Layout of thesis 12-14
2. Literature Review 14-24
The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17
The Content of teaching journal 17-20
Reflective level 20
The styles of teaching journal 20-24
Design 24-26
Purpose of Research 24
Subjects 24
Instruments 24-25
Procesures of research 25
Data collection 25-26
4. Results and Discussions 26-52
Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32
The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45
The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52
5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56
Problems in the process of reflection 52-53
The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56
6. Conclusion 56-58
Present findings 56
Limitations 56-57
Suggestions for future research 57-58
Acknowledgements 58-60
Bibliography 60-64
Appendix 64-65
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
1. Introduction 8-12
Research background 8
Significance of the study 8-10
Organization of thesis 10-12
2. Literature Review 12-22
Language learning strategies 12-15
Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13
Classification of learning strategies 13-14
Studies on learning strategies 14-15
Language learning styles 15-18
Definition of language learning style 15
Classification of language learning style 15-17
Studies on language learning style 17-18
Learning strategies training 18-19
. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22
3. Methodology 22-33
Purposes 22
Hypotheses 22
Research participants 22-23
Instruments of the research 23-24
Questionnaire 23
Observation 23-24
Procedures 24-33
Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25
Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30
Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33
4. Results and Discussion 33-47
Results of the questionnaire 33-43
The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40
The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43
Discussion 43-47
The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44
The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45
The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47
5. Conclusion 47-49
Major findings 47-48
The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48
The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48
Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49
Acknowledgements 49-51
Bibliography 51-55
Appendix 55-61
AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59
AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60
AppendixC Listening Material 60-61
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND WESTERN EDUCATION Education must meet the challenges of a changing world, and in doing so, no student must be left behind. We teach our students for the world that will be, not the world that was and will not come again. Please do not think I am critical of China, there are so many things I admire and respect in China but as a westerner I firmly believe we all learn from each other when we talk about our differences, as good friends should. Today I will speak on four main subjects of western education:- 1, A General Introduction to the Western Educational Environment 2. Teachers and Teaching Beliefs in Western Countries 3. The Differences between Chinese and Western Students 4. The Changing ClassroomWhen Chinese teachers talk about western education they think it is all the same in every western or foreign country but education is very different in England from America while Australia is different again from England and America and South Africa is very different again with its heavy teaching of African culture A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE WESTERN EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTSouth Africa is considered to have one of the best educational systems in the world and since 2005 has focused heavily on literacy, mathematics and the African culture of art, history and music The Australian educational system prepares students for adult life and makes sure that all students have knowledge and a very clear understanding of the world we all share. Meanwhile the English educational system prepares students for opportunities, responsibilities and the experiences of the adult life they will have in the American educational system is considered one of the worst in the world with very badly paid teachers. The man collecting garbage in the streets earns more money than American teachers. There are very over crowded classrooms and some schools do not have enough money to look after their students properly. Further more, American teachers have eight weeks summer holidays each year but do not receive pay for all this time. Many are forced to find work as waiters or serve in a shop to support their families or themselves during this excellent American school teachers now work in foreign countries such as China where education and teachers are AND TEACHING BELIEFS IN WESTERN COUNTRIES Most teachers of the world teach with books, in a classroom with a blackboard but it is the communication skills and culture of each country all over the world that creates the differences in our classrooms, and yet in many ways, we are all the believe our Western teachers must have a kind heart, be very patient with a strong generosity, endurance and strength. Further more, in our class room the student is the most important person not the teacher. We are there to help, advise and encourage students on their journey to do not believe in shouting at a student if they get an answer wrong, it is not a terrible crime because next time, or the time after that, or the time after that they will get it right if you encourage and guide them along. We firmly believe in the west that you, as a teacher set students on the path for success. If you shout at a student enough they will lose heart and never get it right. Surely a teacher encourages, helps and inspires students to do better not only for themselves but for their parents and China We all need to ask ourselves how many good students have been lost to us, and our countries, because of bad teaching both here and in the bond, and communication, formed between a teacher and student is very important to us, in fact, we consider this one of the most important responsibilities we have. We become friends of a kind and this friendship, and guidance continues long into adulthood. When my students achieve in adult life they come and tell me and I fell so proud and happy for western teachers we constantly move around the classroom and try, every lesson, to talk to each individual student. I also make direct eye contact with students because in the western culture we believe that you are not a good person unless you look a person directly in the eye when speaking to them. My students are encouraged to get up and walk over to me when they have a question or need teach English so my class room is very noisy because we believe that students must talk in English for the entire class to me or to each other. How else will they learn to speak English? I talk for only 20% of my class time and the students speak English for up to 80%.Finally, on the subject of teachers and teaching we believe that a western teacher should be sent to a new school to teach every few years to learn new skills and ideas and the teacher will also get a fresh approach to teaching. When we foreign teachers here at No 1 Middle School go home we will take with us many things we have learnt here and will be much better teachers, with many new ideas, for this DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND WESTERN TEACHERSStudents are the same the world over but in China the students are so respectful, polite friendly and well mannered it is a delight to teach here. We foreign teachers consider that the Chinese students are generally much happier with a very strong love not only for their country but for their parents as well. This is not always apparent in the western is much more pressure on the students here to achieve top marks and so enter top universities. The western educational system has changed because we found that we had so many people with degrees who only wanted professional work, but who was going to fix the lights when they were not working or drive the taxis?. We now recognize the value of choice for students because we all cannot get top marks and many students will never get top marks but will go to lead happy and successful lives. Students in the west usually start school at 9am and finish at , leaving them plenty of time to be creative, play sport and learn about life in general. All of the western educational systems recognize the importance of teaching the young about their future lives as adults and the responsibilities they face. We recognize in the west that these students are always tired, because that is the time in their lives when they are growing to their full height, and you may have noticed that we westerners are a tall race of is said we have become lazy in the west because we do not have to compete to enter universities, and it is true, because we do not have to compete really hard for anything because of a smaller population. We can go back many times to university in our lives to study or learn new skills. It is not unusual for 60 or 70 year olds to be at university working towards another degree. The oldest person was a 90 year old American woman who obtained a degree several years ago. THE CHANGING WESTERN CLASSROOMStudent learning, in the west, is no longer only in the classroom because of the changes in technology. Computers, particularly laptops now mean that students can study anywhere anytime online and use the internet as a wonderful source of information and referenceAustralia has started home learning through television programs starting at 6 in the morning, which enables students to study for a degree in their own home without a computerFinally I have talked about the di9fferences in Chinese and Western education because I am among friends and so that we may all learn from each other. It may help our students to achieve and have a very happy and successful life. We are teachers and this is what we do
学前教育毕业论文选题有：
1、寓教于乐--提高幼儿园学前教育活动的有效性
2、发展农村学前教育的重要意义
3、幼儿“人来疯”现象及其教育策略的研究
4、幼儿“告状”行为的研究及其指导策略
5、幼儿不良饮食习惯的教育研究
6、学前教育专业社会实践基地建设路径的实践探索
7、全面二胎政策下甘肃省学前教育发展预测
8、父母教养方式对儿童社会性发展的影响研究
9、幼儿教师工作压力现状的研究
10、学前教育专业学生儿歌弹唱能力的培养
11、幼儿教师社会支持的现状研究
12、幼儿同伴关系对幼儿社会性发展的研究
13、幼儿教师家庭支持的现状研究
14、幼儿冲突行为及其干预策略的研究
15、学前教育中童话故事的作用及方法研究
16、父亲角色对幼儿社会性发展的影响的研究
17、幼儿欺负行为及其干预策略的研究
18、父母教育态度的一致性对幼儿社会性发展的研究
19、当前农村学前教育发展现状及对策分析
20、学前教育专业装饰画基础课程设计探讨
21、幼儿园开展英语教育的可行性研究
22、学前教育专业钢琴集体课的创新思考
23、幼儿争抢玩具的现象及其教育策略的研究
24、幼儿教师心理健康状况及其影响因素的研究
25、幼儿园的奖惩制度与幼儿教师工作积极性的相关研究
26、学前教育音乐课程多维内涵构建的思考
27、幼儿学习兴趣的培养途径和方法的研究
28、幼儿教师职业倦怠感的研究
29、幼儿园的社会支持现状研究
30、家长选择幼儿园时的主导因素研究
31、家长对幼儿园教育期望的现状研究
32、家长在幼儿园教育活动中的配合现状研究
33、家长对幼儿园开展双语教育的认识研究
34、幼儿园活动区材料的选择、开发和利用情况研究
35、大班男女幼儿对幼儿教师形象认识的研究
36、幼儿教师对幼儿园开展双语教育的认识研究
37、学习型幼儿园构建策略研究
38、试论多彩光谱方案在学前教育专业学业评价中的应用
39、幼儿教师专业自主发展问题研究
40、男幼儿与女幼儿在师幼互动中的差异因素研究
41、父亲与母亲对于幼儿发展认识上的差异研究
42、蒙学在学前教育中的创造性应用研究
43、幼儿园园本课程开发情况研究
44、行动研究与幼儿教师的专业成长
45、提高幼儿园教师队伍稳定性的对策研究
46、农村幼儿园健康教育的现状、问题及其对策研究幼儿园地方文化课程研究
47、中外卡通形象比较研究
48、低幼儿童对电视信息的认知特点及教育启示
49、童心与儿童教育
50、绘画投射技术应用于美术治疗的探索
考文献为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源，下面是CN人才网为大家整理的学前教育论文参考文献，欢迎参考~ 篇一：学前教育论文参考文献 ★皮连生著的《智育心理学》，人民教育出版社，1996。 ★吴立岗著的《教学的原理模式和活动》，广西教育出版社，1998。 ★朱家雄主编的《幼儿家庭教育大全》，中国林业出版社，1990。 ★顾明远主编的《教育大辞典(1)》，上海教育出版社，1991。 ★靳玉乐著的.《现代课程论》，西南师范大学出版社，1995。 ★邵瑞珍著的《学与教的心理学》，华东师范大学出版社，1995。 ★方明编著的《家园合作 提高幼儿素质》，科学普及出版社，1997。 ★卢乐山等主编的《中国学前教育百科全书》，沈阳出版社，1995。 ★南京师范大学教育系主编的《教育学》，人民教育出版社，1986。 ★华中师范大学等五院校编写的《教育学》人民教育出版社，1984。 ★徐学莹等主编的《外国幼儿教育简史》，四川民族出版社，1997。 ★刘克兰主编的《现代教学论》，西南师范大学出版社，1996。 ★李季湄、肖湘宁著的《幼儿园教育》，北京师范大学出版社，1997。 ★袁衍喜编著的《幼儿园活动教程》，高等教育出版社，1995。学前教育论文参考文献。 ★黄人颂著的《学前教育学》，人民教育出版社，1995。 ★华东七省市等编写《幼儿教育学》，上海教育出版社，1993。 ★全国统编的中等幼儿师范学校教材《幼儿教育学》，人民教育出版社，1987。 ★李瑞英编写的广西幼儿教师继续教育教材《幼儿教育改革与实践》，1998。 ★中国人民大学复印刊物《幼儿教育》1990~1998。 篇二：学前教育论文参考文献 [1] 高敏.幼儿英语教育[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2007 [2] Flege(1987).A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign language .Applied . [3] [意大利]蒙台梭利.任代文主译校.蒙台梭利幼儿教育科学方法[M].北京：,人民教育出版社，1993年版. [4] 吴牧之.学前儿童英语教育研究综述[J].中国双语教育网,2004. [5] [美国]乔姆斯基.乔姆斯基语言哲学文选[M].北京：商务印书馆，1992. [6] 林泳海.幼儿教育心理学[M].北京：商务印书馆，2007. [7] 束定芳，庄智象.现代外语教学—理论、实践与方法[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [8] 强海燕，赵琳，西格尔.幼儿英语浸入式教育活动[M].陕西：西安交通大学出版社，2000. [9] 哈默，田贵森.怎样教英语[M].北京：北京外语教学研究出版社，2002. [10] 边静.TPR教学法在儿童英语学习中的运用[M].宿州学院学报，. [11] 孟云.幼儿园双语教育研究—基于昆明市幼儿园英语教育调查[D].云南:云南师范大学,2006. [12] 狄飞.幼儿英语浸入式教学的研究与试验 [D].甘肃：西北师范大学,2001. [13] 颜晓芳.学前儿童英语启蒙教育的误区[J].广西教育学院学报,2004,4. [14] 仲伟秀.幼儿英语教育存在的问题及解决策略[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报，2006，8. [15] Jack Dictionary of Applied Linguistics[M]. Longman : Longman press,1985. [16] John Lybolt，Catherine pre—school Language[M].INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION,2003. 幼儿教育论文参考文献推荐 学前教育论文参考文献 学前教育毕业论文参考文献汇总
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、论文格式的内容提要： 是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。 5、论文格式的论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出问题-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤； d.结论。希望对你有用
商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
题目名称：商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究
英文题目：Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation
学生姓名：
学号：xxx
学院：xxxx
专业年级：英语专业商务方向xx级
指导教师：xxx
职称：
一、选题的依据：
由于商务活动的需要，在世界高度一体化，国际商务活动日益频繁，中国进入WTO 的国际背景下，需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节，商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动， 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化，因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧，我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦，缓和谈判环境，使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下：
意义：1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象，是商务谈判中的润滑剂;
2.增加谈判者之间的信任度，提高谈判中的自觉性，增加谈判的成功性，从而实现经济利益;
3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;
4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动，利于个人生活。
2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解
我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志，是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009)，普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992)，起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。
国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代，美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代，美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则，该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量，方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric)，提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论，Leech的礼貌六准则，以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。
在此基础上，本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。
二、研究内容
(1)主要研究内容及观点：
本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。
(2)论文内容提纲：
1 商务谈判的简单介绍
商务谈判的定义
商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)
2 礼貌语言策略的介绍
礼貌的定义
相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)
相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略
3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)
“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则，质的准则，关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明：此为创新点)
慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)
逊准则的应用( Leech原理)
Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用
4 总结
三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析
本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法，以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段，采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段，通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析，总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。
四、进程安排和采取的主要措施
：
资料收集，阅读整理资料，拟定论文研究大致方向
- ：
向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向，拟定出论文大纲，积累资料
：
撰写开题报告及交予老师审核
：
听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿
：
撰写论文定稿
：
上交论文定稿
：
将论文定稿交予老师审查
—：
做好答辩准备
五、主要参考文献
[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .
[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .
[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.
[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.
[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).
[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1997.
[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.
[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊，1992.
[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.
[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社，2002.
六、指导教师意见
指导教师签名：
xx年xx月xx日
课题名称：原则和合作原则在商务英语中的
本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义
研究现状：随着全球经济一体化进程的加速，商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究，其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的，如：吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的，如：Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。
从这些论文著作整理统计来看，国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多，将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。
研究目的及意义：
目的：随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展，商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下，利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为，它是一种行业英语，是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具，是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识，增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性，本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。
意义：商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段，信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键，是建立和睦合作关系的基础，因此，礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。
课题类型：
(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;
E—综合应用型
(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;
(1)、(2)均要填，如AY、BX等。
本课题的研究内容
中文题目：礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究
摘要
1引言
论文研究的背景
论文研究的意义
2商务英语信函及语用原则简介
商务英语信函的定义
商务英语信函的特点
商务英语信函的语用原则简介
3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
礼貌原则简介
礼貌原则的定义
礼貌原则的特点
礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用
4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
合作原则简介
合作原则的定义
合作原则的特点
合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用
5 总结
6 参考文献
本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排
实施方案：
查找有关资料，收集并整理资料，结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目，根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求，写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿，根据修改后的初稿写出二稿，根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构，检查错别字，编排标准格式，定稿打印。
进度安排：
20XX年1月5日上交开题报告
20XX年4月9日交初稿
20XX年4至5月论文修改
20XX年5月22日论文定稿
20XX年5月29日答辩
已查阅的主要参考文献
[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010
[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010
[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011
[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009
[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000
[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001
[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard
[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002
[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001
[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学，2012
[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学，2007
[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报，2003
[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报，2009
[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学，2009
[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊，2012
[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学，2006
[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社，2004
[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学，2010
[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学，2012
[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报，2007
题 目：
On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)
选题依据及研究意义：
随着经济全球化的进一步加快，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。
选题的研究现状：
对于商务沟通中的策略，曾有两语言学家提出过。
美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中，会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”，交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱，说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通，以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代，在合作原则的基础上，英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”，其主要内容为：通过减少自身利益，使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感，推进合作，使对方从中获得更长远的利益。
总而言之，“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略，以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。
拟研究的主要内容：
1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;
2.商务英语信函的写作原则
3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;
4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。
研究的创新点及重、难点：
（1）本研究的创新点：本研究立足于商务贸易间来往，提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略，符合现代商务沟通的基本准则，有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函，促进贸易。
（2）本研究存在的主要问题：参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念，避免千篇一律。
研究的进程安排：
20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题，收集资料，撰写开题报告
20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿
20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿
20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿
主要参考文献：
[1] 曹顺发，冯波，国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001.
[2] 彭林霞，黄莉：商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报，2006第19卷第5期：49-56.
[3] 秦晓杰：英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报，2001第9卷第4期：11-14.
[4] 曹菱，商务英语谈判[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press
[6] Bilbow G for