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在初中时，你们英语课上有接触过议论文吗?下面是我给大家整理的初中英语议论文写作，供大家参阅!
Television has come into our life for many years.
We can’t live happily without television. Jt can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be boring all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is!
Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your eyes.
It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior. However, it depends on what we do.
We are middle school students and we are busy with our lessons. So some people think we should concentrate more on our studies. If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of time. But I think volunteering is great. I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to do. And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in class. So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for them. I’d also like to help sick kids in hospital. I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in hospital. In a word, I’d like to help people who need help. If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more colorful.
Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.
There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.
8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?
Hello, we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at some teachers and the students hold a different believe that would cause some students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day every one of us,need time and places for do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,
That's all,thank you.
As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.(生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳).But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control ability.
I like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in course, I will treasure(珍惜) my friendship no matter what.
10In modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be encouraged.
First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping him.
Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining importance.
Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most.
In my mind, everyone shall have his own dream. I think that having a dream means that we have an idea, and then we will do all the things to achieve the target. As long as we have a goal to be realized, we won’t be blind at dream is to become a successful stateman, helping those people who need help with their rights. Of course, to be a good stateman is very difficult, but I will do whatever I can do to keep everyone satisfied. That's my dream. I want to try my best to help the poor sick people of our country. China is a developing country which needs good stateman,especially in the countryside and distant I’m a junior student on Grade One, My dream is also that although at present I’m good at study, I’ll still try my best to be the study winner. Now everything I do is close to my dream. I feel life is fill with hope and is colorful, and I have enough confidence to realize my dream.翻译：在我心目中,每个人都应当有自己的梦想.我认为有一个梦想就是我们有一个想法,然后我们将尽一切事情以达到目标.只要我们有一个目标得以实现,我们不会盲目至少.我的梦想是成为一个成功的志愿者,帮助那些需要帮助的人.当然,做一个好是非常困难的,但我会尽我所能做到让所有人满意.这是我的梦想.我要尽我所能来帮助我国贫困病人.中国是一个发展中国家,需要有良好的志愿者,特别是在农村和偏远的乡村.现在我已经是上初中一年级学生,也是我的梦想是,虽然目前我很善于学习,我还是会尽我最大努力,来做这项工作的赢家.现在我所做的一切是接近我的梦想.我觉得生活是充满希望,是丰富多彩的,我有足够的信心去实现我的梦想.
有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
英语论文致谢范文1
I would like to thank all of you for helping me in writing this paper.
My deepest gratitude is first to professor ________， my mentor， for his constant encouragement and wrote my essay at all his usual and enlightening guidance， this paper would not have been in its present form.
Secondly， I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to professor ________， who has led me into the world of am also very grateful to professors and teachers of the English department: wu ____， ______ and ______， and for the past two years， I have been guiding and helping me.
Finally， I would like to thank my dear family for their love and great faith in me for many also want to thank my friends and classmates who have given me help and time to listen to my opinions and help me solve my problems in the difficult process of my paper.
英语论文致谢范文2
First of all， I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my boss， ________， for her helpful Suggestions and helpful Suggestions for my am deeply grateful for her help in completing this paper.
______my wife's profound knowledge of English has inspired my love of this beautiful language and my attitude towards learning English.
I also thank all the teachers and teachers in the translation studies for their direct and indirect help.
Special thanks to my friends who have spent a considerable amount of time and energy on the draft.
Finally， I thank my parents for their continued support and encouragement.
英语论文致谢范文3
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms x, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语论文致谢范文分享，希望对大家有所帮助，小编将会及时分享论文相关内容，大家及时关注哦!
致谢辞在学位论文中扮演重要的角色:它不仅是学位论文中毕业生用来向自己研究期间所得到过的帮助和支援表达真挚感谢的不可缺少的一部分,而且是毕业生研究发展轨迹的真实记录。本文是我为大家整理的论文感谢信范文英语，仅供参考。 论文感谢信范文英语篇一： Thanks to my tutor professor XXX, he wrote to a doctor of letters are careful meticulous, conscientious and meticulous style has always been my work and study of the model; They described the teach and outside-the-box thinking gives me endless inspiration. Thank my *** all white teacher, this paper details and each data of each experiment, cannot leave your careful guidance. And you, cheerful personality and tolerant attitude, help me to quickly into our new laboratory Thank my roommates, from distant home came to this strange city, is you and I jointly maintain the brotherly feelings between each other, sustained by the family harmonious dormitory. For four years, as if just yesterday. University graduation thesis thank-you note thank-you notes. Four years, we have no red face, no oral fight, not happen ago college to worry about any unhappy things. Only in the future we rarely get together for a year again yuan hajek said meal, it doesn't matter, go their own way, you take good care. I wish to . C in peace, left-behind fudan D, E&F happy, diversionary measure G the *** ooth, also want to leave our bedroom H&I open happy heart. The time we share together, I'll remember for a lifetime. Thanks to my mom and dad, how much breakwater grass, tree back, gratefulness, repay you, you always healthy and happy is my biggest wish. In the paper the pleted, my heart can't calm, from began to enter the subject thesis is pleted, how many respectable teachers, students, friends gave me speechless help, here please accept my sincere thanks! 感谢我的导师XXX 教授，他写给医生的感谢信们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样;他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪。 感谢我的小白老师，这篇论文的每个实验细节和每个资料，都离不开你的细心指导。而你开朗的个性和宽容的态度，帮助我能够很快的融入我们这个新的实验室 感谢我的室友们，从遥远的家来到这个陌生的城市里，是你们和我共同维系著彼此之间兄弟般的感情，维系著寝室那份家的融洽。四年了，仿佛就在昨天。大学毕业论文感谢信感谢信。四年里，我们没有红过脸，没有吵过嘴，没有发生上大学前所担心的任何不开心的事情。只是今后大家就难得再聚在一起吃每年元旦那顿饭了吧，没关系，各奔前程，大家珍重。但愿远赴米国的C平平安安，留守复旦的D,E&F快快乐乐，挥师北上的G顺顺利利，也愿离开我们寝室的H&I开开心心。我们在一起的日子，我会记一辈子的。 感谢我的爸爸妈妈，焉得谖草，言树之背，养育之恩，无以回报，你们永远健康快乐是我最大的心愿。 在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意! 论文感谢信范文英语篇二： Three years of study life is ing to an end, reviews three years of study life, feeling is quite deep, rich harvest. In the process of thesis writing, there are lots of difficulties in both theoretical study stage, or in a paper topic selection, data check four polling, opening, research and write every link, all get mentor's guidance and help. Avail ourselves of this opportunity to express our heartfelt thanks to you for me to tutor! At the same time, I want to thank the teachers of vocational and technical college teaching of shaanxi, it is because of their mission, knowledge, solutions, let I learned the professional knowledge, and learn from them how to research knowledge, people skills. At the same time I also want to thank my clas *** ates give me help, they write papers for me to provide a lot of advice and help. I want to thank, thank you very much my mentor Han Ying teacher. He is easy-going enthusia *** , scholarly carefully. He is always in the chat can encourage you, like a bosom friend in paper writing and rhetoric aspects of her to "professional standard" are always strict with you, from the choice and will start, until the last of the paper again and again modification, polishing, Korea is serious and responsible teacher always gives me deep and detailed guidance, help me to explore the research train of thought, intellectualize, warmly encouraged. It is Korea's teacher selfless help and warmly encourage, to be able to plete my graduation thesis, thank you Korean teacher! Would also like to thank three years of university life, thank my family and friends who will never forget, they support and emotional, is my eternal wealth. 三年的学习生活即将结束，回顾三年的学习生活，感受颇深，收获丰厚。在论文的写作过程中，有很多困难，无论是在理论学习阶段，还是在论文的选题、资料查四询、开题、研究和撰写的每一个环节，无不得到导师的悉心指导和帮助。借此机会我向导师表示衷心的感谢!同时，我要感谢陕西职业技术学院授课的各位老师，正是由于他们的传道、授业、解惑，让我学到了专业知识，并从他们身上学到了如何求知治学、如何为人处事。 同时我也要感谢我的同学给予我的帮助，他们为我撰写论文提供了不少建议和帮助。我要感谢，非常感谢我的导师韩莹老师。他为人随和热情，治学严谨细心。在闲聊中他总是能像知心朋友一样鼓励你，在论文的写作和措辞等方面她也总会以“专业标准”严格要求你，从选题、定题开始，一直到最后论文的反复修改、润色，韩老师始终认真负责地给予我深刻而细致地指导，帮助我开拓研究思路，精心点拨、热忱鼓励。 正是韩老师的无私帮助与热忱鼓励，我的毕业论文才能够得以顺利完成，谢谢韩老师!还要感谢三年的大学生活，感谢我的家人和那些永远也不能忘记的朋友，他们的支援与情感，是我永远的财富。 论文感谢信范文英语篇三： First I want to thank my tutor, professor. Teacher knowledge, open-minded, always grasp the forefront of knowledge, under the guidance of him, I know the xx theory, greatly broadened my view of the academic, also has laid a theoretical basis for this paper. In thesis writing is to give the direction and the direction of constructive opinions and Suggestions. In addition to giving guidance on learning, life also gave me unselfish help and advice, especially during my help let me very moved. Teacher wang yongxiu, rigorous and meticulous work style, earnest, diligent, and tolerance of attitude towards life will always inspire me work in the future continue to work hard, go forward in life. 首先我要衷心的感谢我的导师教授。 老师知识渊博，思路开阔，总能把握知识的最前沿，在他的引导下，我认识了xx理论，极大的开拓了我的学术视野，也为本篇论文打下了理论基础。在论文撰写方面更是给予了方向性的指导和建设性的意见和建议。 除了在学习上给予指导外，生活上也给了我无私的帮助和指点，特别是期间对我的帮助让我非常感动。 老师严谨细致的治学态度，认真勤奋的工作作风，以及宽容无谓的生活态度将会一直激励着我在今后的工作生活中继续努力、勇往直前。
英语论文致谢词模板（精选5篇）
论文致谢是很多毕业生都必须要撰写的，用于感谢在论文写作过程中帮助过自己的所有老师、同学、家长及朋友，让我们坐下来好好写写论文致谢吧。你知道写论文致谢需要注意哪些问题吗？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文致谢词模板，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.
First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.
Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.
Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.
Based on the CET 4 and CET6 compositions extracted from the CLEC，the study aimsto reveal the relationship between the linguistic features and the writing quality by meansof the advanced software，namely Lexical Frequency Profile, and L2Syntactic Complexity Analyzer for the analysis of vocabulary, syntax and textual cohesion.
This study will be of great value mainly for the following two aspects:Firstly, theoretically speaking, the study is going to offer guidance and reference forthe teaching methodology of L2 writing. The study reveals the contribution of lexicaldiversity, syntactic complexity, textual cohesion to writing quality, reflects the mostdecisive factor of the writing quality and analyzes the mutual relationship between thelexical diversity and quality of writing, the syntactic complexity and quality of writing aswell as the textual cohesion and quality of writing. Hopefully, this research will shedsome light on the instruction of CET 4 and 6 writing and provide practical , practically speaking, the study demonstrates a new direction for thedevelopment of automatic assessment of the writing.
The study is to be carried out bothby means of software and labor work to comprehensively examine more than 28variables that might have an impact on writing quality and build the relation modelbetween these related variables and writing scores.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ******, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor *******, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: ********who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.
Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
Time is a bird forever on the wing. For the past two years' post-graduate study, Ireally had a fulfilling life here. Not only have I met many knowledgeable teachers, butalso truthful friends. I would like to give my deep gratitude to many of them.
First of all, Iam most grateful to Professor Zhang Ruwen, my supervisor, who offers me invaluableguidance and help both in my study and my life. Without her enlightening suggestions andinstructions, it would be a tough task for me to finish my thesis.
Besides, I also appreciatemany other teachers who have offered their useful suggestions and inspire me a lot. Mythanks also go to my parents, grandparents, my classmates and my loving friends. Their company is a great consolation to me. I wish everyone could live in peace and happiness.
词的理据 众所周知，语言包括语音、词汇和语法三个部分。英国语义学家乌尔曼在承认语言符号的任意性前提下，提出词的理据性，指出每一种语言里都包含一定程度理据的词语。语言的理据是相对其任意性而言,是指语言符号的能指与所指之间有一种自然的联系，两者的结合是有理可据的。词的理据指事物和现象获得名称的依据。本论文通过对词的理据性分析及举例,将有助于外语学习,尤其是对词汇的掌握和理解。词的理据分为：拟声理据、语义理据、逻辑理据。Ⅰ．onomatopoeic motivation 英语中有些词是通过声音的模仿构成的，这种构词称为onomatopoeia. Stephen Ullmann把拟声构词分为两种。 1、primary onomatopoeia：鸟兽之类动物的叫声也属于这一范畴.例如：Apes gibber Asses bray 2、secondary onomatopoeia：指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。例如:词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑(slippery)的意义，如 slide， slip， slither， slush等。Ⅱ.semantic motivation 语义理据是一种心理联想，措词义的引申和比喻。以下列举几种： 1、metaphor例如： All the world's a stage．（Shakespeare） 2、metonymy英语中往往用一个词代表整个事件或整个背景，这也是一种借代方式。在现代英美报刊中常见到以地名或国名代表整个事件。例如：The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in 1968. They agreed to put pressure on the negotiations for progress on Berlin. Look Back in Anger（John Osborne's play）coincided with rock-'n'-roll， Suez and Hungary. 3、synecdoche 例如：以Wall Street（美国纽约市的一条街）代表美国垄断资本，以Bonn代表西德政府. 4、analogy 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近似词,类比构词大致可分成以下4种： 色彩类比 色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语。如由black list化出 white list和 gray list。 数字类比 由数字类比构成的词，有的数字不变，只变动被修饰语；如First Mother（指国家元首的母亲），First Family（指国家元首的一家）均系与First Lady这个原形词类比而成.如second-strike capacity（指受敌方先发制人的第一次核打击后的核还击能力）由first-strike capacity（先发制人的第一次核打击能力）引申而成； 近似类比 指类比词之间要有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。例如:gap最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap词组，这词语一经产生，引起了连锁反应；production gap、ration gap等新词相继出现. 反义类比 利用现有的反义词构成新的复合反义词。如由moonlight构成daylight.Ⅲ. logical motivation 利用传统的逻辑学下定义，把要表达的对象和与之相似的其它对象区别开来。 例句：Ever since the Watergate prosecutors began investigating ... and found clues that some of these companies had made suspiciously large, undisclosed payments overseas, a probe of multinationals' operations has been widening. 总之，英语不是象我们生活中的别的固有的东西那样一成不变的。所有语言经过一段时间就要变，其变化的原因是无法完全清楚的。除了吸收过去的俚语使之成为正式用语从而丰富语言以外，显然还需要许许多多的新词语来表达现代生活极大的并正在不断增长着的复杂性。这种复杂性是由我们所处时代的社会和技术条件急剧变化而引起的。语言忠实地反映出时代精神。
亲爱的老师，同学们： 你们好！ 中国人民永远也不会忘记，1937年7月7日日本帝国主义以士兵失踪为借口，发动了震惊中外的卢沟桥事变，从此，中国人民走上了艰难的抗战征程；中国人民永远也不会忘记一个又一个不平等的条约，使中国从一个泱泱大国变成了一只任人宰割的肥羊。中国人民不会忘记，八国联军火烧圆明园，让这座世界上最辉煌壮丽的建筑顷刻间变成一片焦土和瓦砾。中国人民永远不会忘记，有多少志士任人，多少革命先辈抛头颅，撒热血，以钢铁般的意志和无所畏惧的气概，以顽强不屈的精神和众志成城的力量战胜了帝国主义。 沧海桑田，风雨坎坷，伟大的祖国历尽磨难。我们肩负着跨世纪的历史使命，我们不甘心落后于前人，我们要继承和发扬先行者留给我们不怕困难，开括前进的大无畏精神。 少年兴则国兴，少年强则国强。我们要适应时代发展的要求，正确认识祖国的历史与未来，热爱祖国的大好河山。祖国的领土不能丢，不能被分裂侵占。 历史的书面仍在不倦地翻动，复兴中华民族的历史呼吁在古老版图上回荡不息，那雄浑的声音使每颗灼热的心为之震撼。用我们的智慧和勇气扬起理想的风帆！用我们的青春和热血谱写出前不负于古人，后无愧于千秋万代的历史新篇章！ 鲁迅先生曾经说过：中华民族自古以来就有埋头苦干的人，就有拼命硬干的人，就有舍身求法的人，就有为民请命的人------他们是中国的脊梁。一切探索救国救民的先辈们是中国的脊梁，伟大的抗战英雄是中国的脊梁，而我们，必将成为新世纪复兴中华民族的脊梁，就是因为有这么多的脊梁，中国才会有振兴的一日！ 多了你看着删吧
在英语的学习中，词汇学的课程学习更注重对词汇所承载的深层含义的理解。下面是我为大家整理的英语词汇学课程心得感想，供你参考!英语词汇学课程心得感想篇1 高中的词汇教学更重视语篇的支持，重视 文化 的影响。这些都要求学生必须寻求一种新的词汇学习策略。 刚刚进入高中的学生，在 英语学习 时往往存在着大量的生词记不住、众多的语法难理解、学习兴趣和信心下降等不能适应的现象。其中大量的词汇记忆让学生望而生畏,难以突破，成为学生提高英语水平的瓶颈。 经调查，初中学生在词汇学习方面易存在五个方面的问题。一是重视掌握教材的一词一义，忽视一词多义和一词多用。有些学生考试丢分不一定是单词背得少，而往往是记得不够细致、不够精确。二是重视认词，忽视辨词。不知道这个词与其他词，尤其是与其 同义词 和 近义词 的区别。三是重视词义，忽视使用。一个 句子 、一篇 文章 不是词的简单组合，它要求词与词、句与句之间有一种协调。记忆单词重要，掌握单词的用法更为重要。四是思维拘泥，变化不够。一个词稍有变化，马上就不识庐山真面目。比如，practice是“实践”，形容词practical的意思是“实际的，实用的”，而副词practically除了有“实际地，实事求是”的意思，还有“几乎”的意思。五是记忆机械，灵活不够。词典上的解释是死的，语言的运用是活的。 初中学生进入高中后，词汇学习又将面对两个更大的“拦路虎”。一是词汇量急剧增加，《高中英语课程标准》(八级)要求学生学会使用 3300个左右的单词和400—500个习惯用语或固定搭配。也就是说，英语教材中每个单元的单词、词组由初中不过三四十个增至高中的七八十个。二是由于缺乏语境，词汇的学习陷入了“学了就忘，忘了再学，再学了又忘，直到让多数学生失去信心”的恶性循环的怪圈。据一份调查 报告 反映：在影响阅读效率的十个因素中，“词汇量”被认为是最有影响力的因素。 鉴于此，确保初、高中英语词汇教学的顺畅衔接就成了高一新生入学后急待解决的重要问题。 一、引导学生夯实词汇学习的基础。 高一年级的教学内容不是新阶段的起点，而是基础阶段的继续。所以，我们就应该从实际出发，采取有效 措施 ，彻底地解决好初中英语词汇教学所遗留下来的问题，夯实词汇学习的基础。巩固初中所学单词。初中的单词量虽然不算太多，但却是最基本、最常用的。 二、引导学生掌握词汇学习的策略 高中的词汇学习更注重对词汇所承载的深层含义的理解，也更注重表达的灵活性和恰当性;高中的词汇教学更重视语篇的支持，重视文化的影响。这些都要求学生必须寻求新的词汇学习策略。词汇的记忆和运用的掌握方式很多，但是对于不同的单词，各种技巧的适应性不同，每个同学记忆单词和掌握用法所习惯使用的策略也存在不同程度的差别。本人在平时的教学实践中根据具体的单词 总结 了相应的几种词汇学习策略。 1.利用构词法记忆单词 高考题中会出现大量的派生词、合成词和词汇的转化，而且不作为生词处理，不加注释，而许多学生不会从构词法的角度去理解这些词汇，给阅读带来很大的障碍。有研究表明，通过3000个单音节词和1000个左右的词根词缀相组合，就能解决大家一生的词汇问题。 英语的构词法主要有三种：派生、合成与转化。派生是由词根加词缀构成的新词。词缀分为前缀、后缀。前缀加在词根前，后缀加在词根后。前缀多改变词义，后缀多改变词性。因此利用派生法，我们可以组成同根词、同前缀词、同后缀词等构词系统。因此，学生只要弄懂词根的意思，分析出前缀和后缀的意义，就可举一反三，触类旁通，记忆更多的单词。利用合成法，把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成合成词。一般的合成词可根据原词的意义判断出其大概意义。利用转化法，把同一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种此类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词。构词法是记忆单词的一个重要手段，而这往往是学生最容易疏忽的地方。 2.利用上下文语境猜测词义 词汇的语境指单词在毗邻单词、 短语 、句子或段落中所处的环境。研究发现，语境对于词汇的学习十分重要，因为知识的储存总是通过与其他知识建立某种关系而进行的，总是通过一定的语境来实施的。由此可见，词汇学习是以语境为依托的。比如，人们习得第一语言时，词汇学习多是在自然环境下进行的。词汇离开了具体的语境就会失去生命力，不知所云。正如语言学家吕叔湘先生所说：“词语嵌在上下文里头才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。”利用语境学习是词汇学习的主要途径，语境可以给学习者提供目标词语的意思及相关信息。词汇学习就是利用语境所提供的这些信息，定位目标词的词性，弄清目标词的搭配，理顺含有目标词的句子与毗邻句子的关系，从而掌握目标词语。例如：Security marking your bike can act a deterrent to a thief. It can also help the police find your bicycle. It should be clearly written and include your postcode and your house or flat number. This will provide a simple way to identify your bicycle.根据“act a deterrent to a thief”所处的语境，我们不难猜出其大意，即：stop someone stealing your bicycle。由此可见，“deterrent”的意思是起制止作用的(事物);遏制的(因素);威慑的(力量)。 在这种情况下，首先我经常给出一些包含该词、句的句子，让学生在具体的语境中去猜测、理解。所给出的语境应尽力和该词、句所处的语境相似，而且是学生熟悉或容易接受的，这样既可以给学生的理解以铺垫，达到帮助学生理解掌握词、句的目的，又能增强语言实践的量，也能有效提高学生的英语理解能力，有助于培养学生运用英语思维的习惯。如在 高一英语 必修4 Unit 3的词汇教学时，我把这单元的重点词汇归纳到一个语境中，给出汉语翻译，以挖空和首字母的形式让学生填空。由于该话题比较贴切生活实际，学生较感兴趣，因此填词的积极性比较高，记忆词汇的效果加强。 英语词汇学课程心得感想篇2 一. 教材分析 NSE教材是以国家《英语课程标准》对初级中学英语学习的目标及要求为依据，教材的每个模块以一个题材为中心，词汇，语法， 对话，阅读，活动，练习等都围绕这个话题展开，因而单词的出现率很高。每个模块都很注重词汇和词组的理解和运用，由听说引入到读写，体现了由浅入深，由具体到抽象的过程，符合教学由输入到输出的特点。另外，该教材注重语音和教学策略与文化意识的培养，能较好地巩固学生的基础，提高文化意识。 二. 词汇重要性 词汇是语言的三要素(语音、词汇、语法)之一，是语言的基本材料，离开词汇就无法表达思想。没有足够的词汇就不能有效地进行听、说、读、写，就无法有效地用英语进行交际。著名语言学家里弗(River)认为“词汇学习是第二语言习得的基础”，掌握足够的词汇是成功运用外语的关键，没有词汇就没有能运用所学的结构和功能的意念。Harmer说：“如果说结构是语言的骨骼，词汇就是最重要的器官和血肉。”而事实上，一个人词汇量的大小也在一定程度上表明这个人英语水平的高低。由此可见词汇的重要性。因而教师在教学过程中要注意词汇教学的策略。 三.词汇教学的策略 外研版教材的词汇实用性比较强，都是常用词与一些与时俱进的新词汇，因而学生学单词时觉得比较贴近生活，比较感兴趣，但教材的词汇量大，大大地增加了学生学习单词的难度;而大部分词汇是小学已经接触过的单词，学习成绩好的同学都能够读出来，但往往会套用以前学习单词的 方法 ――死记硬背。因而教师不是为教单词而教，而是在教单词的过程中教会学生学习，记忆单词的方法与策略。正所谓“授之于鱼不如授之于渔。” 下面具体谈谈词汇教学的策略： 1、利用语音教单词，使学生建立良好的语音知识。 英语的拼读和拼写是密不可分的，它们之间有着一定的规则。因此，在开学第2，3 周，教师应重点进行音标教学，教会学生用音标音节拼读和记忆单词，如：coffee-co-ffee，happen-ha-ppen， decorate-de-co-rate等。每个模块有着相同读音规律的单词，教师可归纳将此类单词放在一起教授，帮助学生通过拼读练习，发现和掌握元音字母和辅音字母在单词中的读音规律，常见字母组合的拼读规则，再总结并掌握有关语音的规律和规则，教会学生推断单词的读音;从单词的读音来判断其拼写形式，使学生初步形成独立拼读的能力。如：教授Module 1 中的单词：sleep, see, greeting, street放在一起教授，让学生多读几遍，再总结出这几个单词的字母组合ee发元音/i:/, 又如：lake-face-date-page-gate-name-hate，学生不难发现a发字母a /ei/ 的发音。经过一段时间的训练，学生会慢慢形成良好的语音知识，从而学会了运用音标将单词记牢。另外，英语和母语都是属于语言范畴，初学英语者如同呀呀学语的幼儿，都是以听为前提的，因而，教师在教授单词时也要给学生多听，听多了学生便有比较敏锐的语音辨认能力，形成良好的语音知识结构。 2.利用直观教具教单词。 直观教学是采用如图片、实物、玩具、幻灯片等一系列辅助教具及手势、动作、表情开展的手段，对于一些表示具体事物的名词、表示具体动作的动词、表示情感的动词及形容词一般可采用直观教学。每个module的单词可以按照名词，动词，形容词来分类教学。名词是可以通过实物或图片进行教学， 人对事物的第一印象是最深刻的，甚至可以过目不忘，所以学生能很好并长时将单词记住。教Module 1 时，地点名词部分有pub、restaurant、street、the Great Wall;物质名词有thing、photo、postcard、work、hot dog、coffee 等都可以运用实物或图片的方法。对于动词或动词短语，如：Module 1& 2， take photos, put on, sweep away, cut, wash, drive等可操作性比较强，则可以教师做动作，学生猜;或叫学生上台表演，让下面的学生猜，较抽象的动词则可以通过多媒体用flash呈现。表情感的形容词则可以通过表情让学生掌握，如：happy, sad, exciting, boring,等。部分可以通过学生触摸或感受的就让学生亲身体验，如教hot, cold时,可放杯冰水与热水，让学生感受，说出感觉，再教单词。这样不但激发了学生 学习英语 的兴趣， 还能很好地使学生记住和掌握单词。此外， 还可以以儿歌的形式让学生将单词记牢，教Module 10的12个月份时，因部分单词较长且比较难读，以歌曲的形式，琅琅上口，学生也快速地将单词记牢，并且课堂达到高潮，活跃了课堂气氛，从而激励了学生积极参与学习。 3. 利用构词法教单词。 英语词汇总量虽上百万，但基本构词成分却是有限的。各个词汇之间是有联系的，而且系统性很强，教师在教学中也应该利用词汇的这些特点，立足于词汇系统之上，当然对于这些特点教师也不能够直接把它们说出来，最好能在集中教学词汇时呈现出来，让学生自己去总结、发现，这样的学习使学生亲自的参与，更能培养学生的自主学习能力。如：secessful-seccess, helpful-help, useful- use, careful- care 等由此可使学生归纳出-ful是后缀，放在动词后面构成相应的形容词，以后遇到类似的词学生便能做到举一反三，掌握后缀的规律。此外还有形容词+ly变成副词的规则， 例如： slow-slowly, loud- loudly, quick- quickly, quiet-quietly等， 前缀un(表示 “不”),如：happy-unhappy, fair- unfair, popular-unpopular, friendly-unfriendly等;如学习care这个单词，可用构词法，引申出care –careful-carefully-carefulness-careless 这样不但减轻了学生记忆的负担，也学得了词汇的知识。英语与汉语也一样，很多单词比较相似或读音相同，学生使用的过程中往往容易出现“张冠李戴”的错误，如：quite-quiet, quick-quiet,或their-there, know-no, hour-our等。 将此类单词让学生自己归纳就避免了在使用单词时出现低级的错误。学生也逐渐掌握一定的构词方法，远远减轻了学生记忆单词的负担，为以后的英语学习打下扎实的基础。 此外，外研版的教材提倡以word map的方式记忆单词，通过这种方法记忆 英语单词 ，可以把有关联的单词串联起来一块记忆，既方便复习，又可以清楚分辨词义，利于写作选词。同时，它非常适用于期终考试前对学过的知识归类整理。如果平时也能运用该方法多做单词整理，考试前学生可以完全抛掉课本，把已归纳好的单词，通过发散、联想等方法记忆。这样学生记单词绝非是一件死记硬背、枯燥无味的事情，而是非常轻松且创意的趣事。 4.利用语境教单词。 语言学家吕叔湘先生所说：“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。”由此可见语境教学法可使学生通过语境更加深刻地理解单词的用法和多种意义，从而对于单词的记忆更加牢固。当遇到讲授新单词water这个词，在讲授时可以借助一些教具或动作，如花洒、浇水的动作和喝水的动作等，这些都必须是学生熟悉的行为，再呈现以下的句子。如： (1)I’m very thirsty, I want to drink some water. (2) The flowers are dry, I must water them every day. (3) There is some water in the bottle. We can drink it. 从语境中我们可猜测出(1)、(3)句中的water 是水，(2)句的是浇水的意思，从中学生便知道water 不同的词性和用法。 利用上下文教单词的道理也是一样，比如教dumpling时，可以用下面这段文字：Dumpling is the kind of food people in the North China eat during the Spring Festival, while sweet rice pudding is the kind of food people eat in South China eat during the Spring Festival. It is called “jiaozi”这样把dumpling放段落中学习，不但教会了学生这个单词，而且培养了学生的思维能力,尤其是提高学生的阅读能力以及判断词义的能力。 此外，教师还可以利用情景教单词，这是中学生比较喜爱的一种方法，因为情景虽然是模拟的，但至少也像置身于真正的交际情景中，这些可以使学生真正参与的活动，也是他们日常熟悉的场景，比如说，学习打电话用语时便可拿两部会响的电话，让他们好像真的在打电话一样，在交际中，学得了知识。学习交际用语还可以有购物、借物、问路、邀请和看病等情景可以用。这样学生不但兴致勃勃地学知识，让他们多参与，既能说，又能听，还能激发他们的英语学习的积极性。当然使用语境教学法，教师的工作量是比较大，而且对教师的自身素质要求较高。首先课前准备要充分，所使用的英语单词是学生学过而且比较熟悉的，上课时尽量使用全英教学，轻松自如地用英语解决上课遇到的问题。 三. 结束语 总之，英语教师必需按照有关教学大纲的要求，遵循中学英语词汇教学的原则，认真地分析学生学习英语词汇中存在的问题，因应不同的情况，采用灵活多样的词汇 教学方法 ，才能使学生对英语词汇学习感兴趣，发展学生的思维，培养学生自主学习的能力，从而提高英语词汇的教学效率，为学生的终身学习奠定基础。 英语词汇学课程心得感想篇3 在一次学习中,看过这样一个教学案例，授课老师在做 话题 作文 前，首先提出了一个brainstorming 的课堂活动。这个活动要求全班学生一起想出与“earthquake”有关的词汇，并引导学生对想出的词语进行一一分类。学生们很快就想到了ruins, disaster, survivor, destroy, rescue, dig out, hope, shocked, terrible , strange等词。这些词语为后面的任务写作做了一个很好的铺垫。通过这样的教学，学生能够运用了所学的词汇，使得它们有了一个语言的环境，我觉得这样的教学活动目的性很强，让学生复习了词汇并且马上应用到写作中，比较实用，对学生写作养成良好的语言应用习惯。 教育 部20XX年颁布的新课标对词汇教学提出了较高的要求，体现在词汇教学的“质”(即掌握词汇的深度)和“量”(即词汇量的多少)两个方面。要求学生掌握的词汇量显著增加，对词汇学习的要求不仅仅限于辨认、识记和理解，还在于运用和表达;词汇教学不仅要扩大学生的词汇量，还要提高学生运用已知词汇的熟练程度。词汇学习室贯穿于整个英语学习的过程，是英语教学的基础，因此这就对于英语词汇教学也提出更高的要求。 1. 词句结合，语篇综合，在语境中深化 词汇的意义存在于特定的语境中，只有在上下文中词义才能明确和具体。如果脱离语境进行词汇教学，即使学生记住了词汇的形式和意义，也很难将其运用于实际交际活动中。因此，词汇教学应融入到句子和语篇的教学中，做到词不离句，句不离篇。我们在教学应为学生创设运用所学语言的环境，帮助学生在语境中熟悉词义，掌握其用法，深化对词汇的理解。 2. 学以致用，学用结合，在运用中掌握 不管用什么方法来学习词汇，都要学以致用。只有在语言使用(包括听、说、读、写)中才能深化和巩固词汇知识。在词汇教学中不应仅呈现例句，讲解用法，还应为学生提供运用词汇的机会。教学中应组织形式多样的任务型或体验式的的课堂教学活动，设计口头和笔头的词汇练习，使学生在学习中用，在用中学习。 3. 课内课外并举，隐性显性结合，拓展词汇学用 渠道 引导学生在阅读、视听等语言学习活动中习得词汇。教学中要鼓励和引导学生把词汇学习从课内延伸到课外，充分利用各种学习工具和学习资源，特别要通过广泛的阅读，开展词汇自主学习活动，从而有效地扩大词汇量，拓宽知识面。 在日常的词汇教学中，我还应用传统的一个模式，要求学生记忆单词，然后进行听写，默写，或者以试卷的形式发给学生，利用课前10分钟的时间进行小测，以达到让学生巩固词汇学习的目的。另一方面，我会让学生根据一个词根，按照平时上课说讲到的构词法，加前缀或者后缀，把一个词根拓展开，写出相关的单词，这无形也能够让学生学会自我学习，增加词汇量的目的。 但是，在创设情境让学生记单词这一环节上，我还要加以学习和研究，以便更直观的呈现给学生。而且在句子训练上还没有充分的考虑到要与学生的词汇学习紧密联系，这些都是值得探讨和有待解决的问题。 英语词汇学课程心得感想篇4 有些孩子的英语足够好，但是你问他的家长这孩子是怎么学的，很多家长会说，也不知道是怎么学的，就是跟着英语老师学习，但为什么大家都跟着老师来学习，那为什么有的孩子就学的不错，有的孩子就学的差呢?我想这也许会因为一个人的成长的环境不同而不同吧! 过了12岁如何学习英语?听说学习英语的最佳年龄在12岁之前，那么如果你的孩子错过了此年龄该怎么办呢? 我们家的鱼儿就过了此年龄，他在12岁之前可谓是对数学感兴趣，英语可没能么上过心，由于马上就要中考了，我这个当妈的也不得不 反思 一下了，想想鱼儿小的时候，我真的可以说是他的数学方面的启蒙老师，但对于英语，由于我对英语方面的忽视与不坚持，造成孩子在这一方面偏弱。 对于鱼儿的这次英语考试成绩，我问了周围许多英语考的不错的孩子家长，大多数人的回答都没有让我满意。可能有些家长真的说不出什么，也可能是人家的孩子在英语方面被领上了道。 对于鱼儿的英语，我想对于我这个孩子我是知道的，现在在语法上，通过去年的补习还算是可以，但也不算太精，因为毕竟要大量的练习才行，应付初中的考试倒还说的过去。但对于单词，倒是他的软肋，所以这几天，通过长时间的考虑，我和鱼儿商定，先把他们老师以前让买的1600词拿出来背一背，这个“背”可和那种单独地背单词不一样，这回要连书中举的例句一起背会。这个前提是你得和他商量，时机是在他英语考的不太好的时候，在这个时候他比较容易接受这个建议。 我们的方法是这样的，按字母的顺序排列，先从字母A开始，先复习字母A打头的单词，比如考“能力”这个单词，让他写出英文，写对了后再把书上的例句“他能讲几种外语”这句话让他翻译并写出来，一天进行五页，也可根据单词的简易程度来安排练习的量。最开始在书店看英语单词的书时，我还对书下有例句不理解，但随着孩子的渐渐长大，我理解了此书的重要性，还是前人走过的路得以借鉴啊!因为在孩子小的时候，我个人认为书中的句子有点难，不太适合年龄稍小的孩子，说明他还是适合初中生的，当然这也和孩子自身的水平有关，现在明白也不算晚! 通过这几天的练习，我和鱼儿都感到这种方法很好，既能记忆单词又能练习句子，而且通过这几天的练习我们都感到巩固了某些介词在句子的应用，把“in”、“on”等介词以及定冠词的用法等等得到了巩固，我想随着以后的练习还会把 其它 混淆的内容练好的。 今天中午，鱼儿上课外英语补习班时，我把他的这次期未英语考试卷子拿给老师，老师说鱼儿的语法方面还可以，就是同义词、近义词方面错的比较多，我一下子就联想到还是单词量的事，说明这几天我们的主打方向还是对的。 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语词汇学学习方法 2. 学习初中英语新课标心得 3. 英语词汇学论文 4. 外语专业个人简历范文
网上可以搜索的，而且词汇学课本里面就有相关内容，然后再多举一些例子就可以了，三、四百字应该很好解决的
迷茫的小羔羊Little lamb lost人生，何谓人生？有的人认为人生是创造，有的人认为人生是追求功名利禄，有的人认为人生是给予。但我认为人生就是生下来，有自己的目标活下去。Life, what is life? Some people think that life is creation, some people think that life is the pursuit of high official positions and riches, some people think that life is given. But I think life is born, have their own goals and live.有的人早已为自己的人生制定了一个完美的人生计划了，并去实施这个计划了。但人生对我来说很迷茫。我也曾为我自己制定了一个人生计划。我的人生计划是这样的：初中毕业之后就去学技工，将来出来工作了，攒些钱，然后自己再开个店。或许在别人看来我这个人生计划很好。但我很纠结，担心自己学不好。我也想过在毕业之后就直接去打工了踏入社会磨练一番，然后有可能去当兵。家里的父母长辈也希望我去学技工。我很反感我的人生被别人主宰，但我却对未来一片迷茫。Some people have for their own life made a perfect life plan, and to implement the plan. But life for me is very confused. I have my own make a life plan. My life is like this: after graduating from junior high school to learn the craft, will come out to work, save some money, and then they open a shop. Perhaps in the eyes of others I this life plan is very good. But I got so nervous, afraid of bad science. I also thought that after graduation directly to work into the community to hone a, then there may be go to be a soldier. Parents want me to study at home mechanic. I hate my life being dominated, but I have a confused about the future.人生总想要一个完美的答案，却总是迟迟不能做出决定，人生本来就没有多少日子，当我们还在犹豫的时候，却不知青春已然在悄悄的离去。当我们在迷茫犹豫中挣扎着醒过来的时候，却发现天已经黑了，属于我们的蓬勃青春的日子已经成为历史的尘埃了。The life always want a perfect answer, but always can't make a decision, there is not much time, when we are still hesitant, but I do not know it has quietly leave. When we struggle to wake up in the confused hesitation, but found it was dark, belong to our vigorous youth day has become the dust of history.或许在若干年后，我们回首过去，才发现黑夜中的迷雾已经被黎明的曙光驱散了。但这时的你还有多少时光可以挥霍了呢？Maybe in a few years, we look back on the past, only to find the night fog has lifted the dawn. But when you have too much time to waste?人生的舞台不管你愿不愿意，我们都要站在台上演绎我们的独特人生。迷宫不是不可以走出的，走对了路，也总会找到出口的。The stage of life, whether you like it or not, we have to stop our unique interpretation of life on the stage. You can not get out of the maze, walk on the road, but also find export.正确的选择自己的人生之路吧，切勿让黑夜迷失了自己，相信黎明了，就会找到回家的路了。我的人生我做主，选择自己要走的路，就是选择了自己的未来。Their way of life to choose right, do not let the night lost myself, believe that the dawn, they will find the way home. My life I call the shots, to choose their own way to go, is to choose their own future.相信迷途的羔羊也会找到回家的正确路径的。
1 Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,2 Department of Health, Student Health Service, 4/F Lam Tin Polyclinic, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,3 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE Introduction Passive smoking can cause death from lung cancer and coronary heart disease, but there is little evidence for associations with other causes of death in never smokers. A recent study showed increased all cause mortality with exposure to secondhand smoke at home but did not examine associations with specific causes of death and dose-response We have published estimates of the mortality attributable to active smoking in Hong Kong2 and now present the related findings on passive smoking at home. Participants, methods, and results Details of the sample selection and data collection have been Each person who reported a death in 1998 at four death registries was given a questionnaire which asked about the lifestyle 10 years earlier of the decedent and of a living person about the same age who was well known to the informant. Passive smoking was identified in the interview with the question, "Ten years ago, in about 1988, excluding the decedent/control, how many persons who lived with the decedent/control smoked" Decedents or controls who lived with one or more smokers were classed as exposed. Cause of death was obtained from the death certificate. We selected never smoking decedents and controls aged 60 years or over because there were few younger controls. To avoid selection bias, we included only cases and controls who had a living spouse at the time of reporting. We used logistic regression to derive odds ratios adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined. What is known on this topic There is strong evidence that passive smoking is causally associated with death from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all causes, and also with acute stroke What this study adds The dose-response relation between passive smoking and mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and all causes of death, strengthens the causal link We identified 4838 never smoking cases (55% male) and 763 never smoking controls (55% male). All controls were used in the analysis for each specific cause of death. We found significant dose dependent associations between passive smoking and mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and from all cancers, all respiratory and circulatory diseases, and all causes (table). The association between mortality and passive smoking did not differ between males and females. Deaths due to injury or poisoning were not associated with passive smoking. Number of subjects who were or were not exposed to secondhand smoke at home and odds ratios (adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined) for mortality in people aged 60 or over, Hong Kong. Values are odds ratio (95% confidence interval) unless indicated otherwise Comment Dose dependent associations between passive smoking and causes of death are consistent with previous findings for lung cancer and coronary heart disease and extend the evidence on stroke. Previous studies have shown associations between passive smoking and first acute strokes,3 4 and we have now shown a dose-response relation with mortality from stroke. Previous studies focused on ischaemic strokes but Chinese populations have a greater incidence of haemorrhagic stroke than do white populations,5 implying that many of the strokes in our study may have been non-ischaemic. Passive smoking probably affects all stroke subtypes, as does active smoking. Our finding of a 34% increase in all cause mortality is consistent with but higher than that (15%) in the New Zealand Exposure to secondhand smoke at home is higher in Hong Kong than in New Zealand due to crowded living conditions. Before the 1990s, awareness of the danger of passive smoking was lower and smokers smoked freely at home. We focused on passive smoking at home because the proxy reporter could most reliably supply these data, and we adjusted for education, which was also reliably recorded2 and is a good proxy for social class in Hong Kong. As data on cases and controls were derived from the same proxy, reporting bias should be If our results are not due to residual confounding, they provide further evidence that the dose-response associations between passive smoking and stroke and all cause mortality are likely to be causal. See Editorial by Kawachi This article was posted on on 27 January 2005: We thank W L Cheung for help with analysis; the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for data and assistance; and, in particular, the relatives who provided information. Contributors: THL, SYH, AJH, KHM, and RP designed and carried out the study on which this analysis was based; SMcG, MS, LMH, and GNT planned and carried out this analysis; and all authors contributed to writing the paper. SMcG and THL are guarantors. Funding: Hong Kong Health Services Research Committee (#631012) and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Competing interests: THL is vice chairman and AJH a former chairman of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Ethical approval: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong. References Hill SE, Blakely TA, Kawachi I, Woodward A. Mortality among never smokers living with smokers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9. BMJ 2004;328: 988-9. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323: 361-2. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelson T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999;8: 156-60. Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23: 38-44. Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, Wong HY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. Stroke subtypes among Chinese living in Hong Kong: the Shatin stroke registry. Neurology 1992;42: 985-7.
means of mum`s loveTime is running out for my friend. While we are sitting at lunch she casually mentions she and her husband are thinking of starting a family. "We're taking a survey,"she says, half-joking. "Do you think I should have a baby?" "It will change your life," I say, carefully keeping my tone neutral. "I know,"she says, "no more sleeping in on weekends, no more spontaneous holidays..." But that's not what I mean at all. I look at my friend, trying to decide what to tell her. I want her to know what she will never learn in childbirth classes. I want to tell her that the physical wounds of child bearing will heal, but becoming a mother will leave her with an emotional wound so raw that she will be vulnerable forever. I consider warning her that she will never again read a newspaper without thinking: "What if that had been MY child?" That every plane crash, every house fire will haunt her. That when she sees pictures of starving children, she will wonder if anything could be worse than watching your child die. I look at her carefully manicured nails and stylish suit and think that no matter how sophisticated she is, becoming a mother will reduce her to the primitive level of a bear protecting her cub. I feel I should warn her that no matter how many years she has invested in her career, she will be professionally derailed by motherhood. She might arrange for child care, but one day she will be going into an important business meeting, and she will think her baby's sweet smell. She will have to use every ounce of discipline to keep from running home, just to make sure her child is all want my friend to know that every decision will no longer be routine. That a five-year-old boy's desire to go to the men's room rather than the women's at a restaurant will become a major dilemma. The issues of independence and gender identity will be weighed against the prospect that a child molester may be lurking in the lavatory. However decisive she may be at the office, she will second-guess herself constantly as a mother. Looking at my attractive friend, I want to assure her that eventually she will shed the added weight of pregnancy, but she will never feel the same about herself. That her own life, now so important, will be of less value to her once she has a child. She would give it up in a moment to save her offspring, but will also begin to hope for more years—not to accomplish her own dreams—but to watch her children accomplish theirs. I want to describe to my friend the exhilaration of seeing your child learn to hit a ball. I want to capture for her the belly laugh of a baby who is touching the soft fur of a dog for the first time. I want her to taste the joy that is so real it friend's look makes me realize that tears have formed in my eyes. "You'll never regret it," I say finally. Then, squeezing my friend's hand, I offer a prayer for her and me and all of the mere mortal women who stumble their way into this holiest of callings.时光任苒，朋友已经老大不小了。我们坐在一起吃饭的时候，她漫不经心地提到她和她的丈夫正考虑要小孩。“我们正在做一项调查，”她半开玩笑地说。“你觉得我应该要个小孩吗？”“他将改变你的生活。”我小心翼翼地说道，尽量使语气保持客观。“这我知道。”她答道，“周末睡不成懒觉，再也不能随心所欲休假了……”但我说的绝非这些。我注视着朋友，试图整理一下自己的思绪。我想让她知道她永远不可能在分娩课上学到的东西。我想让她知道：分娩的有形伤疤可以愈合，但是做母亲的情感伤痕却永远如新，她会因此变得十分脆弱。我想告诫她：做了母亲后，每当她看报纸时就会情不自禁地联想：“如果那件事情发生在我的孩子身上将会怎样啊！”每一次飞机失事、每一场住宅火灾都会让她提心吊胆。看到那些忍饥挨饿的孩子们的照片时，她会思索：世界上还有什么比眼睁睁地看着自己的孩子饿死更惨的事情呢？我打量着她精修细剪的指甲和时尚前卫的衣服，心里想到：不管她打扮多么考究，做了母亲后，她会变得像护崽的母熊那样原始而不修边幅。我觉得自己应该提醒她，不管她在工作上投入了多少年，一旦做了母亲，工作就会脱离常规。她自然可以安排他人照顾孩子，但说不定哪天她要去参加一个非常重要的商务会议，却忍不住想起宝宝身上散发的甜甜乳香。她不得不拼命克制自己，才不致于为了看看孩子是否安然无羔而中途回家。我想告诉朋友，有了孩子后，她将再也不能按照惯例做出决定。在餐馆，5岁的儿子想进男厕而不愿进女厕将成为摆在她眼前的一大难题：她将在两个选择之间权衡一番：尊重孩子的独立和性别意识，还是让他进男厕所冒险被潜在的儿童性骚扰者侵害？任凭她在办公室多么果断，作为母亲，她仍经常事后后悔自己当时的决定。注视着我的这位漂亮的朋友，我想让她明确地知道，她最终会恢复到怀孕前的体重，但是她对自己的感觉已然不同。她现在视为如此重要的生命将随着孩子的诞生而变得不那么宝贵。为了救自己的孩子，她时刻愿意献出自己的生命。但她也开始希望多活一些年头，不是为了实现自己的梦想，而是为了看着孩子们美梦成真。我想向朋友形容自己看到孩子学会击球时的喜悦之情。我想让她留意宝宝第一次触摸狗的绒毛时的捧腹大笑。我想让她品尝快乐，尽管这快乐真实得令人心痛。朋友的表情让我意识到自己已经是热泪盈眶。“你永远不会后悔，”我最后说。然后紧紧地握住朋友的手，为她、为自己、也为每一位艰难跋涉、准备响应母亲职业神圣的召唤的平凡女性献上自己的祈祷A Box Full Of Kisses Once upon a time, a man punished his 5-year-old daughter for using up the family's only roll of expensive gold wrapping paper. Money was tight, and he became even more upset when on Christmas Eve, he saw that the child had pasted the gold paper so as to decorate a shoebox to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the next morning the little girl, filled with excitement, brought the gift box to her father and said, "This is for you, Daddy!" As he opened the box, the father was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction. But when he opened it, he found it was empty and again his anger flared. "Don't you know, young lady,” he said harshly, “when you give someone a present there's supposed to be something inside the package!" The little girl looked up at him with tears rolling from her eyes and said: "Daddy, it's not empty. I blew kisses into it until it was all full." The father was crushed. He fell on his knees and put his arms around his precious little girl. He begged her to forgive him for his unnecessary anger. An accident took the life of the child only a short time later. It is told that the father kept that little gold box by his bed for all the years of his life. Whenever he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child who had put it there. In a very real sense, each of us as human beings have been given an invisible golden box filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family, friends and God. There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.从前,一位父亲惩罚了自己5岁的女儿,因为她用光了家里仅有的一卷昂贵的金色包装纸。家中余钱无多，在圣诞前夜来临时，父亲变得更加心烦意乱，他看到了圣诞树下的一个鞋盒，女儿原来把金纸贴在了这个鞋盒上做装饰。然而，圣诞日的早上，小女孩满是兴奋得把这个圣诞礼盒呈到了父亲面前，说到：“爸爸，这个送给你！”当父亲打开礼盒时，他为自己先前的过度反应而局促不安着。但是当他打开盒子后，发现里面是空的，他的怒火再次爆发了。“你不知道吗，小丫头，”他严厉地说，“当你送人礼物时，盒子里面应该是有东西的！”小女孩抬头看着气头上的父亲，泪水在她的眼眶中打圈：“爸爸，它不是空的。这里面装满了我的吻。”男人顿时被击垮了。他跪下双膝，双手环抱着自己珍爱的小女孩，祈求她的原谅。之后不久，一场事故夺走了小女孩的生命。据说，父亲便将那个小金盒子放在床头，一直陪伴着他的余生。无论何时他感到气馁或者遇到难办的事情，他就会打开礼盒，取出一个假想的吻，记起漂亮女儿给予了自己特殊的爱。从一个非常真实的意义上说，我们每个人都被赠与过一个无形的金色礼盒，那里面装满了来自子女，家人，朋友及上帝无条件的爱与吻。人们所能拥有的最珍贵的礼物莫过于此了。Love and Time Once upon a time, there was an island where all the feelings lived: Happiness, Sadness, Knowledge, and all of the others, including Love. One day it was announced to the feelings that the island would sink, so all constructed boats and left. Except for was the only one who stayed. Love wanted to hold out until the last possible the island had almost sunk, Love decided to ask for was passing by Love in a grand boat. Love said,"Richness, can you take me with you?"Richness answered, "No, I can't. There is a lot of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place here for you."Love decided to ask Vanity who was also passing by in a beautiful vessel. "Vanity, please help me!""I can't help you, Love. You are all wet and might damage my boat," Vanity was close by so Love asked, "Sadness, let me go with you.""Oh . . . Love, I am so sad that I need to be by myself!"Happiness passed by Love, too, but she was so happy that she did not even hear when Love called her. Suddenly, there was a voice, "Come, Love, I will take you." It was an elder. So blessed and overjoyed, Love even forgot to ask the elder where they were going. When they arrived at dry land, the elder went her own way. Realizing how much was owed the elder, Love asked Knowledge, another elder, "Who Helped me?""It was Time," Knowledge answered."Time?" asked Love. "But why did Time help me?"Knowledge smiled with deep wisdom and answered, "Because only Time is capable of understanding how valuable Love is."从前有一个岛，所有的情感都住在那里：幸福、悲伤、知识和所有其它的，爱也不例外。一天，所有的情感听说小岛即将沉没，因此建造小船，纷纷离开，除了爱。爱是唯一留下来的，因为它希望能坚持到最后一刻。小岛即将沉没了，爱决定请求帮助。富有驾着一艘大船从爱身边经过，爱说，“富有，你能带上我么？”富有回答说：“不行，我的船上载满金银财宝，没有你的地方。”虚荣坐在漂亮的小船中从爱身边驶过，爱问：“虚荣，你能帮助我么？”虚荣说：“不行，你全身湿透，会弄脏我的船。”悲伤的船靠近了，爱问：“悲伤，请带我走吧。”“哦... 爱，我太难过了，想一个人呆着。”幸福经过爱的身边，它太开心了，根本没听见爱在呼唤。突然，一个声音喊道：“来，爱，我带你走。” 声音来自“年老”。爱太高兴了，甚至忘了问他们即将去何方。当他们来到岸上，年老自己离开了。爱突然意识到“年老”给了它多大的帮助。于是，爱问另一位老者--知识：“谁帮助了我？”知识说：“是时间。”“时间？”爱问：“但是时间为什么帮助我？”知识睿智地微笑道：“因为只有时间了解爱的价值。”The paradox of our time in history is that we have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrower viewpoints; we spend more, but have less; we buy more but enjoy less. 我们这个时代在历史上的说法就是我们拥有更高的建筑，但是有更暴的脾气；我们拥有更宽阔的高速公路，却有更狭隘的观点；我们花费得更多，拥有得却更少；我们购买得更多却享受得更少。 We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. 我们的房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利越来越多，时间却越来越少；学位越来越多，感觉却越来越少；知识越来越多，观点却越来越少；专家越来越多，问题也越来越多；药物越来越多，健康却越来越少。 We drink too much, spend too recklessly, laugh too little, drive too fast, get too angry too quickly, stay up too late, get up too tired, read too little, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom. 我们喝得太多，花钱大手大脚，笑得太少，开车太快，易怒，熬夜，赖床，书读得越来越少，电视看得越来越多，却很少向上帝祈祷。 We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. 我们常常夸夸其谈，却很少付出爱心，且常常心中充满了仇恨。我们学会了如何谋生，而不知如何生活。我们延长了生命的期限，而不是生活的期限。 We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space; we’ve done larger things, but not better things. 我们登上了月球，并成功返回，却不能穿过街道去拜访新邻居。我们已经征服了太空，却征服不了自己的内心；我们的事业越做越大，但质量却没有提高。 We’ve cleaned up the air, but polluted the soul; we’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice. We write more, but learn less; we plan more, but accomplish less. 我们清洁了空气，却污染了灵魂；我们分离了原子，却无法驱除我们的偏见；我们写得更多，学到的却更少；我们的计划更多，完成的却更少。 We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but, lower morals. 我们学会了奔跑，却忘记了如何等待；我们的收入越来越高，道德水平却越来越低。 We build more computers to hold more information to produce more copies than ever, but have less communication; we’ve become long on quantity, but short on quality. 我们制造了更多的计算机来存储更多的信息，制造了最多的副本，却减少了交流；我们开始渴望数量，但忽视了质量。 These are the days of two incomes, but more divorce; of fancier houses, but more broken homes. 这个时代有双收入，但也有了更高的离婚率；有更华丽的房屋，却有更多破碎的家庭。 These are the days of quick trips, disposable diapers, throw away morality, one night stands, overweight bodies, and pills that do everything from cheer, to quiet, to kill. Where are we heading...? 这个时代有了快速旅游，免洗尿布，却抛弃了道德、一夜情、超重的身体，以及可以从快乐中走向静止和自杀的药物。我们将走向何方……？ If we die tomorrow, the company that we are working for could easily replace us in a matter of days. But the family we left behind will feel the loss for the rest of their lives. 如果我们明天就死掉，我们为之工作的公司可能会在一天内很轻易地找人代替我们的位置。但是当我们离开家人后，他们的余生将会在失落中度过。 And come to think of it, we pour ourselves more into work than to our family an unwise investment indeed. 考虑一下吧，我们将自己的时间更多地投入到工作中，而放弃与家人在一起的时光，实在并非明智之举。 So what is the morale of the story?那么这则故事的主旨是什么呢?Don’t work too hard... and you know what’s the full word of family? 不要工作得太辛苦，你知道家的全称吗？ FAMILY = (F)ATHER (A)ND (M)OTHER, (I) (L)OVE (Y)OU.
If the Dream is Big EnoughI used to watch her from mykitchenwindow, she seemed so small as she 1)muscled her way throughthecrowd of boys on the playground. The school was across thestreetfrom our home and I would often watch the kids as theyplayedduring recess. A sea of children, and yet to me, she stoodout fromthem remr the first day I saw her playing in wonder as she ran circles around the other to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into boys always tried to stop her but no one begantonotice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing practice 2)dribbling and shooting over and overagain,sometimes until dark. One day I asked her why she practicedsomuch. She looked directly in my eyes and without a momentofhesitation she said, “I want to go to college. The only way Icango is if I get a scholarship. I like basketball. I decided thatifI were good enough, I would get a scholarship. I am going toplaycollege basketball. I want to be the best. My Daddy told me ifthedream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” Then she smiledandran towards the court to 3)recap the routine I had seen overandover , I had to give it to her—she was her through those junior high years and into week, she led her 4)varsity team to day inhersenior year, I saw her sitting in the grass, head cradled inherarms. I walked across the street and sat down in the coolgrassbeside her. Quietly I asked what was wrong. “Oh, nothing,”came asoft reply. “I am just too short.” The coach told her that at5’5”she would probably never get to play for a top ranked team—muchless offered a scholarship—so she should stop was heartbroken and I felt my own throat tightenas Isensed her disappointment. I asked her if she had talked to herdadabout it lifted her head from her hands and told methather father said those coaches were wrong. They just didnotunderstand the power of a dream. He told her that if shereallywanted to play for a good college, if she truly wantedascholarship, that nothing could stop her except one thing — herownattitude. He told her again, “If the dream is big enough, thefactsdon’t count.”The next year, as she and her team went totheNorthern California Championship game, she was seen by acollege5)recruiter. She was indeed offered a scholarship, a fullride, toa Division I, 6)NCAA women’s basketball team. She was goingto getthe college education that she had dreamed of and workedtoward forall those ’s true: If the dream is big enough,the factsdon’t count. 我以前常常从厨房的窗户看到她穿梭于操场上的一群男孩子中间，她显得那么矮小。 学校在我家的街对面，我可以经常看到孩子们在下课时间打球。尽管有一大群的孩子，但我觉得她跟其他的孩子截然不同。 我记得第一天看到她打篮球的情景。看着她在其他孩子旁边兜来转去，我感到十分惊奇。她总是尽力地跳起投篮，球恰好越过那些孩子的头顶飞入篮筐。那些男孩总是拼命地阻止她，但没有人可以做得到。 我开始注意到她有时候一个人打球。她一遍遍地练习运球和投篮，有时直到天黑。有一天我问她为什么这么刻苦地练习。她直视着我的眼睛，不加思索地说:“我想上大学。只有获得奖学金我才能上大学。我喜欢打篮球，我想只要我打得好，我就能获得奖学金。我要到大学去打篮球。我想成为最棒的球员。我爸爸告诉我说，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。”说完她笑了笑，跑向篮球场，又开始我之前见过的一遍又一遍的练习。 嘿，我服了她了——她是下定了决心了。我看着她这些年从初中升到高中。每个星期，她带领的学校篮球代表队都能够获胜。 高中那会儿的某一天，我看见她坐在草地上，头埋在臂弯里。我穿过街道，坐到她旁边的清凉的草地上。我轻轻地问出什么事了。“哦，没什么，”她轻声回答，“只是我太矮了。”原来篮球教练告诉她，以五英尺五英寸的身材，她几乎是没有机会到一流的球队去打球的——更不用说会获得奖学金了——所以她应该放弃想上大学的梦想。 她很伤心，我也觉得自己的喉咙发紧，因为我感觉到了她的失望。我问她是否与她的爸爸谈过这件事。 她从臂弯里抬起头，告诉我，她爸爸说那些教练错了。他们根本不懂得梦想的力量。他告诉她，如果真的想到一个好的大学去打篮球，如果她真的想获得奖学金，任何东西也不能阻止她，除非她自己不愿意。他又一次跟她说：“心中有目标，风雨不折腰。” 第二年，当她和她的球队去参加北加利福尼亚州冠军赛时，她被一位大学的招生人员看中了。她真的获得了奖学金，一个全面资助的奖学金，并且进入美国全国大学体育协会其中一队女子甲组篮球队。她将接受她曾梦想并为之奋斗多年的大学教育。 是的，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。
英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。） 【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） 1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, . 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, . A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48
在Word里面有template的，theses就是了。
英语专业毕业论文标准格式模板免费下载英语专业毕业论文范文的方法英语专业毕业论文不限量免费下载的方法中国知网免费入口不限量免费下载英语专业毕业论文的方法英语专业毕业论文职称论文范文的不限量免费下载方法参考文献的标准格式的免费不限量下载方法【超实用】
一、英语论文的标题一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中).如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:english 734或british novel).打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此).就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方.第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同).接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白).二、英语论文提纲英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐.主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出.各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐.需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有ⅰ应有ⅱ,有a应有b,以此类推.如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码).三、英语论文正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约.段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起.正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格.在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格.四、英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性.引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用.无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处.目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处.现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下.五、英文参考文献格式单一作者著作的书籍:姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍:姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章:Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码):Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码):姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章:Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.(学术堂提供更多论文知识)