经济学英国毕业论文范文

微观经济学侧重于基本概念、基本图形、基本理论的教授,使学生对市场运行机制的一般原理和规范行为等方面的内容有比较全面的了解。下面是我为大家整理的有关微观经济学论文，供大家参考。

有关微观经济学论文 范文 一：微观经济学课堂教学改革思考

[摘要]微观经济学作为地方 财经 类院校的专业基础课程，在经济新常态下，其教学应该结合地方院校转型思路进行改革，结合地方经济发展特色，以培养应用型人才，增强学生的就业创业能力为目标。目前的教学过程中存在教学重理论轻实践、授课 方法 单一等问题，在教学改革过程中要注重理论与实践相结合，明确课程目标层次，增强实践教学。

[关键词]微观经济学;教学效果;实验教学

一、引言

我国经济正处在以新常态为特征的新阶段，经济结构面临着重大转型，在此背景下，经济学 教育 也处在关键性的转折时期。经济学是研究资源的最优配置问题，培养面向市场并为市场服务的人才是经济学教育的最终目标。随着我国市场经济的不断发展，对经济学专业人才的需求不断扩大，且更加多元化。地方财经类院校在向应用型高校转变的过程中，应该服务地方经济社会发展，培养具有特色的、符合市场需求的创新性人才。微观经济学作为经济学基础理论课程，能够培养学生的 抽象思维 能力，从长期看有利于提高学生对经济社会的适应能力，提高其二次就业能力。但在短期内，却不能直接影响经济学专业学生的初次就业率，给学校的课程设置、 教学方法 和人才培养都带来了较大的压力。传统教学方法以传授知识为重，学生接受了大量的专业知识，但常常缺乏思考和创新能力。微观经济学作为基础课程，经历上百年的发展，逐渐成为内容广泛、前沿性强的一门学科。随着社会经济实践的不断发展，微观经济学的课堂教学也应当不断革新，以适应社会多元化的需求。国外在经济学基础理论的教学中，为了实现理论与实践的有机结合，教学模式的改革和探索主要集中在以下方面:一是从案例研究的角度进行探索，提出了构念效度、内部效度、外部效度和信度等概念。二是利用复苏情景的方法进行探讨，这种方式对于学生理解理论及课堂互动有显著作用，能够弥补案例研究的部分缺陷。三是进行经济学课堂实验。随着实验经济学的兴起，在课堂上以学生为实验对象，进行经济学实验来解释和检验微观经济学理论，成为一种新颖的教学方法，得到了美国经济学教育协会的大力倡导。诸多经济学家也针对“完全竞争的新古典理论检验”“寡头市场的价格形成”“柠檬市场”“公共物品搭便车”等问题都设计了精巧的课堂实验。国外的研究为微观经济学课堂教学改革提供了新方法和新思路，随着信息技术的迅速发展，各种实验软件和实验平台建设也为进行教学改革提供了便利条件。在课堂教学中改革教学方法，加强实践教学，提 出国 内微观经济学教学的案例和实验，有利于学生感性认识增加，促进微观经济学课堂教学效果改善。

二、微观经济学课堂教学中存在的问题

(一)课堂教学重理论轻实践

从微观经济学教学情况看，普遍存在着授课内容理论性强，与实践结合不紧密的问题。微观经济学来源于微观经济活动，要求学生了解市场机制、需求、供给等，具有很强的实践性。学生缺乏社会 经验 和社会观察力，普遍感觉经济学抽象难懂，导致许多内容难以理解。国内教材编写内容偏重于理论方面，概念、公式多，案例缺乏，习题也偏重于理论。碍于授课时间和实践条件等原因，学生经过讲授式学习，仍不能化理论为分析工具和能力。面对日常工作生活中的经济现象，不能应用所学理论。如何在教授理论的同时又让学生有所收获，启发和引导学生思考，提升学生分析经济问题的能力和经济学素养，成为改革课堂教学方法的重要目标。

(二)授课形式相对单一

目前微观经济学教学以课堂讲授理论为主要形式，学生的参与度和主动性都比较弱，难以调动学生的学习积极性和学习热情。根据学习金字塔理论，知识保持率最高的是主动性学习，模拟实际案例，主动做事和参与的有效率高达90%;讨论和演讲的知识保持率达到50%;如果仅是被动听讲，知识保持率仅为20%。改变传统的听讲课堂，教师设计以探究性、任务驱动式的教学方法和自主性学习模式来完成学习任务，提高学生的参与度，活跃课堂气氛。可有效运用分享与参与的理念，结合学生的学习基础和专业背景，以个性化学习和自主学习为主，激发学生的学习兴趣和参与度。例如以项目汇报演讲的形式鼓励学生分享学习成果和学习体验，给学生提供充分的机会进行交流和讨论。目前各高校的经济学实验教学日益重视，还可借助实验室资源进行教学实践。教师在课堂教学中应该充分利用这些实验资源和辅助教学手段，根据知识的传播、人的认知特点来培养学生的能力。

(三)课程教学目标层次模糊

国外微观经济学教学培养目标清晰，学科设置在不同学习阶段差别化特征较为明显。例如，哈佛大学、剑桥大学及耶鲁大学等名校课程的设置层次鲜明，分为基础课程、高级课程和研讨班。相比之下，国内地方财经院校微观经济学教学课程设置的层次不够明显，多数将其统一设置为专业基础课程。面对层次、基础、目标各不相同的学生，作为专业基础课，微观经济学在教学过程中也缺乏教学目标、教学难度渐次提高的特点。其次，国外微观经济学教学比较注重学科和理论发展前沿，注重培养学生的实际分析能力。在教学中鼓励培养学生运用经济学和其他学科的理论和方法共同分析相关领域的实际问题，以问题分析为导向，以能力培养和鼓励思考为目标，注重学科交叉和知识结构的系统性，使学生的知识结构更加完整，思维模式更加多元和活跃。国外经济学本科教育课程设置丰富，一年级多为通识教育，经济学原理作为公共课，在随后二年级进入专业课的学习后，将系统学习中级微观经济学。经济学专业本科课程目标定位细化，如斯坦福大学强调三项目标定位:熟知现代社会各类经济现象、掌握分析经济问题的技能、具有评估公共政策的实际才能。相比之下，我国各学科间的划分界限仍比较严格，微观经济学作为基础学科与其他学科的交叉较少，对学科发展前沿关注度也不够高。

三、微观经济学课堂教学内容优化与授课方法改进

(一)课程目标定位以“直觉为主”“工具为辅”“突出实践”作为社会科学的基础理论，微观经济学是研究如何实现资源有效配置的理论，即基于经济人假设，在约束条件下如何实现最优选择。微观经济学的教学与学习中，应始终贯穿着对经济人的经济行为以及相关社会问题的分析。微观经济学的教学目标，应围绕各种现实，培养学生经济学思维，运用理论分析经济问题的能力。在微观经济学课程目标设定上，要以“直觉为主”“工具为辅”“突出实践”。“直觉为主”指的是在相应的课程设置和教学方面应该注重培养学生的“经济直觉”。“经济直觉”就是一种用经济思维思考问题的能力。凯恩斯曾说过，经济学不是一种教条，只是一种方法，一种心灵的容器，一种思维的技巧，帮助拥有它的人得出正确的结论。学习微观经济学，不仅是了解基本原理，更是 思维方式 的训练。对于初学经济学的学生，应该把重点放在培育经济学直觉上，对其经济学素质的构建将大有裨益。“工具为辅”指在强化经济思维培养的同时使学生掌握和运用必要的数理分析，培养 逻辑思维 能力，掌握必要的分析工具。但是与经济思维相比，数理工具处于“辅助”的地位。“突出实践”意味着微观经济学的课程建设必须本着理论与实践相结合的精神，把所学理论应用于解决现实问题。在掌握微观经济学的基本原理和基本概念的基础上，帮助学生培养运用理论分析现实经济问题的能力，实现从“黑板经济学”到“生活中的经济学”的飞跃。

(二)综合利用各种实践教学方法，改变单一的理论讲授教学方法微观经济学作为一门实践性很强的学科，需要将理论还原到现实经济生活，使学生在生动活泼的情境、案例、实验中理解和接受理论知识。课堂实践教学方法主要包括案例教学和实验教学两种方法。

1.以复苏情境法进行案例教学

采用“复苏与再生”情景法，选取经典和成果案例，结合环境、结合情景和结合演化三部分构成，设计“模拟表演”“模拟设计”，把交易过程再现，尝试生成和测试案例，尽可能使案例研究结论贴近现实，加强学生对现实的认识与分析。在案例的选取上应结合当前我国经济和社会发展实际情况设计案例。微观经济学教学中有众多经典案例，但大多来自于西方国家，还有一些案例年代久远，会让学生觉得脱离现实，说服力不强。从报刊、网络上选取当下新闻 热点 为案例，取材于日常生活，又能反映热点问题，本土案例的设计使学生有身临其境感，激发学习热情。案例在体现知识性和时代性的同时，表现出了趣味性和实践性。如以 春节 期间购买回家火车票的案例，增强学生对需求规律及需求、供给弹性的理解;以明星演唱会门票价格变化的案例，体现价格歧视和消费者剩余的理论分析。以情境复苏法进行案例分析，还原真实经济情境，理论与所设的经济情境相呼应，激发学生的经济学直觉，增强对经济情境的思考和体验，也加深了对理论的理解。使得微观经济学教学回归真实世界，增强学生对真实世界问题的敏感性，又锻炼了用理论解释现实的能力。

2.进行经济学实验教学

实验教学运用游戏和角色扮演的方式进行，学生在游戏中深刻理解经济理论，激发学生学习的主动性和积极性，变被动学习为主动学习，使学生成为学习过程的主体。国内诸多著名研究型大学也纷纷将经济学实验引入课堂，通过实验课堂，学生主动参与并思考反馈，改变被动式听讲的单向信息流动，激发了学生学习与研究潜能，提高学生的独立思考和创新能力。例如在我校的经济学综合实验课堂上，学生通过软件模拟企业生产经营，通过原材料采购、产品研发、市场竞价销售等环节实景模拟参与某个产品的生产、买卖过程，对市场竞争中价格机制如何通过供求作用自发形成及背后的深刻原因有了亲身体验。通过模拟实验启发了学生对所学理论知识深入思考，经过实践-理论-再实践-再理论的循环，实现了理论与实践的紧密结合。

四、结语

培养学生的经济学思维和应用创新能力，是未来经济学教育改革的重要方向。改变传统教学方法，明确课程目标层次，增强实践教学内容，改进实验方法和条件，是目前课堂教学改革的主要趋势。微观经济学的学科特点决定了课堂教学改革的独特性，以能力培养为主线，以实践教学为主要方法的思路应贯穿于整个教学过程始终。从人才培养目标出发，清晰多层次教学目标，建立以能力培养为主线，理论教学与实验教学相互衔接的教学系统。教学过程力求将“知识、能力、素质”培养并重结合，与国际先进的教学模式和方法接轨，培育学生的学习积极性和主动性，让学生成为课堂的主体，以主动式学习改变大学学风，使学生的素质和能力培养与社会需求接轨，培育真正学有所得学以致用的创新性实践人才。

参考文献:

[1]王庆.实证中的思辨———论经济类实验教学[J].扬州大学学报(高教研究版)，2013(4).

[2]吕晓英，蒲应龚.实验教学在西方经济学课程中的应用研究[J].中国电力教育，2013(16).

[3]王尉东.微观经济学教学的几点思考[J].绍兴文理学院学报，2010(5).

[4]马先标.经济学教育的国际化与本土化问题探讨.中国大学教学[J]，2012(2).

[5]逄锦聚.妥善处理经济学教育教学和人才培养中的一些关系[J].中国大学教学，2007(1).

有关微观经济学论文范文二：课程改革微观经济学论文

一、微观经济学课程的特点

首先，微观经济学理论的研究主要以定量分析为主，并结合定性分析，其理论的得出往往受到多种因素的制约与影响，变化较多，学生理解起来不太容易。其次，在很多经济学理论的求证中，往往是大量使用数学知识推导得出因变量对自变量变化的反应程度，数学基础比较薄弱的学生掌握这些也有一定的难度。再次，微观经济学课程中使用大量的图形来说明变量之间的关系及变化过程，很多图形比较相似，学生不容易牢固掌握。

二、教学过程中的主要问题

通过长期的教学实践，笔者认为在本科阶段的微观经济学在教学过程中主要有以下几方面问题。

(一)切合实际的案例比较少

微观经济学是在马歇尔的均衡价格理论基础上，吸收美国经济学家张伯仑及英国经济学家罗宾逊的垄断竞争理论以及其他理论逐步建立起来的。教材中主要也采取西方国家的经济案列，缺少对于亚洲特别是我国当前热点和焦点问题的案例(如土地价格、房地产行业问题等)。这使得在教学过程中，学生对于案例的理解有距离感，仅停留在表面层次，不够深入，很难运用所学理论解释现实经济问题。

(二)课时相较与内容偏少

从教学时间的安排来看，相对于这一课程的特点、学生情况和教学内容，48学时较为紧张。学生往往要在一堂课掌握近一章的内容。即使课前进行了预习，学生完全吸收课堂内容难度也较大。这就导致前一章内容还未掌握好，教师已进入下一章赶教学进度。由于课程内容的连贯性，学生往往陷入囫囵吞枣的恶性循环，教学和学习的效果大打折扣。

(三)缺乏对学生实践能力培养

由于教学教过的评估方式主要以期末考试为主，这就决定了学生以书本为主、教师以应试为主，从而忽略了课堂教学的真正意义。作为解释现实问题的经济理论，其初衷是为了解决社会问题服务的。因此，对于理论的学习并不仅仅是弄懂数学公式的推导，或是概念的死记硬背，更重要的在于学会应用已掌握的理论分析现实问题，并尝试给出解决途径和方法。

三、微观经济学课程改革的几点建议

结合微观经济学教学中存在的以上一些问题，笔者提出以下几点建议，以提高微观经济学的教学质量。

(一)精心设计课堂内容

由于微观经济学内容庞杂，因此教师在授课过程中要对教材内容有所取舍，精心设计好每一堂课，包括如何引入话题、如何突出重点、如何引导学生思考、如何对学生提出问题等。遵循由浅入深、由抽象到具体、由理论到实践的原则，让学生既能紧扣课本地掌握重点知识点，又能从抽象理论中体会其真正含义。讲课过程中，以价格决定机制为主线，让各章内容贯穿于这一体系当中，让学生在学习过程中，心中始终有一条明确的主线。

(二)丰富教学手段

借助多媒体教学手段的优点，对教材进行梳理、归纳，通过动画、短片、图片等形式引入课程改革内容，并通过课件的制作使学生清晰微观经济学理论脉络、重点概念、定理等内容，加强学生感性认识，激发学生学习的积极性。多媒体教学往往节省了大量的画图时间，且能够使学生更清楚地认识到变量的变化过程及相互间的影响，教会学生如何看图、看表。其次，加强课堂互动。微观经济学课程本就是实践性较强的课程，从提出和分析现实经济中的焦点、热点问题入手，教师引导、学生参与的信息双向交流过程，能够将枯燥的理论讲解转化为活跃的理论讨论，并能够培养学生独立获取知识、提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，提高学生在课堂中的参与度。

(三)注重理论与实践的结合

在教学活动中，根据教学目的的需要选择生动的案例课程改革，能够生动演示所学理论。从教学实践来看，引入我国当前的热点问题的案例能够调动学生的积极性，教学效果好，学生对微观经济理论的理解程度更深入了。案例教学在现在教育领域已被广泛使用。今后不仅要加强对西方经济社会的研究，也要注重对我国经济事件的研究，分析我国消费者行为、生产者行为、企业组织与管理等的新变化。例如，生产理论中谈及资本和劳动的替代关系及对产量的影响，就可适当引入我国沿海地区产业升级转型，由劳动密集型向资本、技术密集型产业的转型这样就很好地解释了这一理论。

有关微观经济学论文相关 文章 ：

1. 关于微观经济学的论文

2. 微观经济学论文

3. 大一微观经济学论文

4. 关于市场经济的论文范文

5. 西方经济学论文

6. 经济学论文

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources,[1] typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviours affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices; and how prices, in turn, determine the supply and demand of goods and services.[2][3] Macroeconomics, on the other hand, involves the "sum total of economic activity, dealing with the issues of growth, inflation and unemployment, and with national economic policies relating to these issues"[2] and the effects of government actions (such as changing taxation levels) on them.[4] Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon 'microfoundations' — . based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behaviour. One of the goals of microeconomics is to analyze market mechanisms that establish relative prices amongst goods and services and allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results, as well as describing the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general equilibrium, markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory. Also considered is the elasticity of products within the market system. Assumptions and definitions The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. This implies that there are many buyers and sellers in the market and none of them have the capacity to significantly influence prices of goods and services. In many real-life transactions, the assumption fails because some individual buyers or sellers or groups of buyers or sellers do have the ability to influence prices. Quite often a sophisticated analysis is required to understand the demand-supply equation of a good. However, the theory works well in simple situations. Mainstream economics does not assume a priori that markets are preferable to other forms of social organization. In fact, much analysis is devoted to cases where so-called market failures lead to resource allocation that is suboptimal by some standard (highways are the classic example, profitable to all for use but not directly profitable for anyone to finance). In such cases, economists may attempt to find policies that will avoid waste directly by government control, indirectly by regulation that induces market participants to act in a manner consistent with optimal welfare, or by creating "missing markets" to enable efficient trading where none had previously existed. This is studied in the field of collective action. It also must be noted that "optimal welfare" usually takes on a Paretian norm, which in its mathematical application of Kaldor-Hicks Method, does not stay consistent with the Utilitarian norm within the normative side of economics which studies collective action, namely public choice. Market failure in positive economics (microeconomics) is limited in implications without mixing the belief of the economist and his or her theory. The demand for various commodities by individuals is generally thought of as the outcome of a utility-maximizing process. The interpretation of this relationship between price and quantity demanded of a given good is that, given all the other goods and constraints, this set of choices is that one which makes the consumer happiest. [edit] Modes of operation It is assumed that all firms are following rational decision-making, and will produce at the profit-maximizing output. Given this assumption, there are four categories in which a firm's profit may be considered. A firm is said to be making an economic profit when its average total cost is less than the price of each additional product at the profit-maximizing output. The economic profit is equal to the quantity output multiplied by the difference between the average total cost and the price. A firm is said to be making a normal profit when its economic profit equals zero. This occurs where average total cost equals price at the profit-maximizing output. If the price is between average total cost and average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, then the firm is said to be in a loss-minimizing condition. The firm should still continue to produce, however, since its loss would be larger if it were to stop producing. By continuing production, the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fixed cost, but by stopping completely it would lose the entirety of its fixed cost. If the price is below average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, the firm should go into shutdown. Losses are minimized by not producing at all, since any production would not generate returns significant enough to offset any fixed cost and part of the variable cost. By not producing, the firm loses only its fixed cost. By losing this fixed cost the company faces a challenge. It must either exit the market or remain in the market and risk a complete loss. [edit] Market failure Main article: Market failure In microeconomics, the term "market failure" does not mean that a given market has ceased functioning. Instead, a market failure is a situation in which a given market does not efficiently organize production or allocate goods and services to consumers. Economists normally apply the term to situations where the inefficiency is particularly dramatic, or when it is suggested that non-market institutions would provide a more desirable result. On the other hand, in a political context, stakeholders may use the term market failure to refer to situations where market forces do not serve the public interest. The four main types or causes of market failure are: Monopolies or other cases of abuse of market power where a "single buyer or seller can exert significant influence over prices or output". Abuse of market power can be reduced by using antitrust regulations.[5] Externalities, which occur in cases where the "market does not take into account the impact of an economic activity on outsiders." There are positive externalities and negative externalities.[5] Positive externalities occur in cases such as when a television program on family health improves the public's health. Negative externalities occur in cases such as when a company’s processes pollutes air or waterways. Negative externalities can be reduced by using government regulations, taxes, or subsidies, or by using property rights to force companies and individuals to take the impacts of their economic activity into account. Public goods are goods that have the characteristics that they are non-excludable and non-rivalous and include national defense[5] and public health initiatives such as draining mosquito-breeding marshes. For example, if draining mosquito-breeding marshes was left to the private market, far fewer marshes would probably be drained. To provide a good supply of public goods, nations typically use taxes that compel all residents to pay for these public goods (due to scarce knowledge of the positive externalities to third parties/social welfare); and Cases where there is asymmetric information or uncertainty (information inefficiency).[5] Information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party. For example, used-car salespeople may know whether a used car has been used as a delivery vehicle or taxi, information that may not be available to buyers. Typically it is the seller that knows more about the product than the buyer, but this is not always the case. An example of a situation where the buyer may have better information than the seller would be an estate sale of a house, as required by a last will and testament. A real estate broker purchasing this house may have more information about the house than the family members of the deceased. This situation was first described by Kenneth J. Arrow in a seminal article on health care in 1963 entitled "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care," in the American Economic Review. George Akerlof later used the term asymmetric information in his 1970 work The Market for Lemons. Akerlof noticed that, in such a market, the average value of the commodity tends to go down, even for those of perfectly good quality, because the buyer has no way of knowing whether the product they are buying will turn out to be a "lemon" (a defective product). [edit] Opportunity cost Main article: Opportunity cost Although opportunity cost can be hard to quantify, the effect of opportunity cost is universal and very real on the individual level. In fact, this principle applies to all decisions, not just economic ones. Since the work of the Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser, opportunity cost has been seen as the foundation of the marginal theory of value. Opportunity cost is one way to measure the cost of something. Rather than merely identifying and adding the costs of a project, one may also identify the next best alternative way to spend the same amount of money. The forgone profit of this next best alternative is the opportunity cost of the original choice. A common example is a farmer that chooses to farm his land rather than rent it to neighbors, wherein the opportunity cost is the forgone profit from renting. In this case, the farmer may expect to generate more profit himself. Similarly, the opportunity cost of attending university is the lost wages a student could have earned in the workforce, rather than the cost of tuition, books, and other requisite items (whose sum makes up the total cost of attendance). The opportunity cost of a vacation in the Bahamas might be the down payment money for a house. Note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives, but rather the benefit of the single, best alternative. Possible opportunity costs of the city's decision to build the hospital on its vacant land are the loss of the land for a sporting center, or the inability to use the land for a parking lot, or the money that could have been made from selling the land, or the loss of any of the various other possible uses—but not all of these in aggregate. The true opportunity cost would be the forgone profit of the most lucrative of those listed. One question that arises here is how to assess the benefit of dissimilar alternatives. We must determine a dollar value associated with each alternative to facilitate comparison and assess opportunity cost, which may be more or less difficult depending on the things we are trying to compare. For example, many decisions involve environmental impacts whose dollar value is difficult to assess because of scientific uncertainty. Valuing a human life or the economic impact of an Arctic oil spill involves making subjective choices with ethical implications.

毕业论文本科范文示例：

国民财富的定义。

英国剑桥大学的著名经济学家帕瑟达斯古柏塔（Parthas Dasgupta）教授认为，如果在任意一个时间点，社会福利不下降的话，发展的道路是可持续的。

这样的阐述体现了可持续发展所包含的代际公平内涵，即在谋求当代福利提高的同时，也不应损害未来人们谋求这种福利的能力。当前的国民财富存量被认为是未来消费的现值，也是未来社会福利实现的基础。

由此可见，可持续发展就是创造、保持和管理财富的过程。这样可持续发展与财富之间的关系就明确了：为了实现可持续发展就必须保持财富存量不减少，即要求当期的财富流量不能为负，在特定阶段，一国可持续发展应表现为其国家财富的非负增长。

毕业论文注意事项：

由于可持续发展强调社会、经济、自然环境3个系统之间的相互协调，因此，财富不应仅限于经济学的经济资产，应全面包括自然方面、人力方面和社会方面。因此，世界银行有关专家认为，国家财富应是一国所拥有的生产资产、自然资产、人力资源和社会资本的总和。