建筑给水排水论文题目

MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT STADIUM 1.给排水设计 饮用水和污水 Design Water and sewage water .设计基础 - 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图 - 建筑专业提供的条件图 - 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章 .Design bases Design Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client. Condition drawings from architectural discipline. Current national design codes and related stipulations 2. 给水系统 通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水. 2. Water supply system For water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks. 设计范围 包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防. Design scope Design scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line. 给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设. Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth. 3.用水量标准 - 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K= - 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K= - 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K= - 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K= - 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日 - 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计 - 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计 - 消防用水: 消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时; 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时 卷帘水幕用水升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时; Water consumption standard - Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K= - Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K= - Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K= - Staff 25L/person·day K= - Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·day Make-up water for cooling tower: 2% of the actual cold water consumption. Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the daily water consumption. Water for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration time is 3h; Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h; Drencher for rolling shutter: ·m, fire duration time is 3h; 在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房 设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败. 在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵. 在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水. 为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头. Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration. Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot water circulating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water. Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing. Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning. 4.用水量 最大日用水量:日 最大时用水量:220m3/时 Water consumption demand Maximum daily water consumption: Maximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour 却循环系统 冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量 9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供. Cooling water circulation system There are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network. 在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心. 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙. In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby). Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages. 消防用水 消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计 卷帘水幕用水量 升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3; 自动喷洒用水量为 m3; 卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3; 一次火灾用水量为; Water for fire protection Water consumption standard for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3h Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1h Drencher for rolling shutter: ·m, fire duration is 3h Water consumption for fire protection Hydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively Sprinkler: m3 Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3 Water consumption for one fire: m3 消火栓的布置 在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器. Hydrant arrangement Necessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided. Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system. 消防系统 防水泵房及消防水池 供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装 一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为. Fire protection system Water pump room and water pool for fire protection The lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is . 自动喷淋系统 自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内. Sprinkler system Sprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments. 除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外. Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided. Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors. 排水系统 为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天. 9. Drainage system Main vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank, then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day. 卷帘水幕系统 地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外 Drencher system for rolling shutters Rolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system. 地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制. 地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网. There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps. Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers. Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks. 在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统. Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms. 在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器. According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box. 在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外. Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps. 雨水系统 雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水. 雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=(1+)/(t+)计算. 沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井. 10. Rainwater system Pressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system. Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula: Q=(1+)/(t+) Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells. 11.管材 - 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接. - 直饮水管采用不锈管. - 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接. - 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接. -二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接. - 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接. Pipe material Copper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers. Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes. Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes. Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes. Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes. Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage. 当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池. When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins. 围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池. 此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约 m . 喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里. The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield and as reservoir for outdoor greening. The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about m . The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building. 制冷 Cooling 冷源: 空调冷负荷(估算): 本工程建筑面积共平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW. Refrigerating source Cooling load of air conditioning system Total floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW. 每台1200kW制冷机配一台 流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵 一次泵采用压差旁路控制. 通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水. A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pump Via earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded. 冷源的选择: 根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%. 冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C. Selection of refrigerating source According to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity ( kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted. Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C. 二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路. 二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速. 二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式. Secondary pump system: Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions. Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes. Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps 空调冷冻水系统 由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统. Chilled water system Due to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system. 管材: 水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管. 本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接. Pipe and duct materials The water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes. Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges. 一次泵系统: 供应楼冷冻机房 2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵. Primary pump system: Chiller room supply building A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. 保温材料: 空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温. 空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温. - 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充. Thermal materials phenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes. Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers. Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through. 消声与隔振: 冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪. 在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接. - 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离. Noise reduction and vibration isolation Shock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise. Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators. Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes. 空调和通风系统 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems 方案设计范围 Scope of schematic design 空调设计 Air Conditioning Design 在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为: 西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室 东侧地下二层酒店门廊 地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区. 首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救 In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdivide themselves as follows: VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2 Hotel lobby in the east of level –2 Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1 Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0

关于给排水的给排水科学与工程（Water Supply And Drainage）是工科学科中的一种，简称给排水。给排水科学与工程一般指的是城市用水供给系统、排水系统（市政给排水和建筑给排水)，好完善的，

2)多年来我国《建筑给水排水设计规范》中的给水设计秒流量计算公式一直沿袭平方根法，计算某些建筑物时计算数值偏大，存在明显缺陷和不足。如我们按照目前美、俄等国在计算给水设计秒流量时采用的概率法计算，又因中国人的生活习惯、饮食结构不同，其计算结果也不合理、不科学。因此，目前国内科研工作者对现行的给水设计秒流量计算公式提出了多种修改、修正式，以弥补原计算公式的欠缺和不足。这些新的修正式，结合实践试算，其结果比原计算公式接近用水的实际工况，宏观上步入了概率的计算方法，但现尚缺乏概率法涉及的计算参数，如高峰期用水定额、高峰期时段历时、用水保证率、传统生活习惯和饮食结构等诸多影响计算式结果的因素，所以采用符合国情的概率法计算给水设计秒流量的工作尚需作大量的调查、统计和科研工作。� 2 开展建筑给水水质保障技术研究� (1)提高了生活饮用水水质标准。随着国家经济实力地增长，卫生部修改了1985年制定的GB5749-85《生活饮用水标准》。修改后标准的相关指标比原水质标准有了较大的提高，如浊度由3 NTU提高到1 NTU；新增了一个对水中总有机物量的限值指标——耗氧量(以CODmn表示)，限值为3 mg/L。“标准”提高了，意谓原水处理程度提高、资金投入增加，涉及面较多，需协调处较多。目前，该标准是卫生部发布的。据说，对“标准”规定的水质指标及其带来的各种问题，各部委之间认识还不统一。� (2)为了与各种瓶装商品水，各种功能水区别，同时也从国情出发，建设部制定了CJ94-1999《饮用净水水质标准》行业标准并已于2000年3月1日起实施。一段时期以来，各种水商品充斥市场。喝什么水好，什么水有益于人体健康?众说纷纭，莫衷一是。相信《饮用净水水质标准》的颁布与实施将有利于居高和生活饮用水管道分质供水工程的正常发展。由中国建筑设计院、清华大学等5个单位承担的建设部《建筑及居住小区优质饮用水供应技术》科研课题已经完成，除上述水质标准成果外，在净化工艺及净水机开发、自动控制、系统设计秒流量公式推导及系统设置、管材、管件等方面均取得了突出成果。� (3)国家科委、建设部设立“建筑(居住)区内水质状况调查分析及水质污染途径”的研究课题，并且取得了积极成果。根据污染途径的研究，采用如下防止生活饮用水二次污染的具体措施，是课题成果之一。� ①淘汰钢筋混凝土和钢板水箱。推荐使用FRP水箱、搪瓷钢板水箱、不锈钢水箱及复合钢板水箱。目前市场上又出现自动开闭水箱、充气密闭水箱等新型卫生水箱。� ②为减少二次污染途径，推荐采用变频调速供水系统，取消传统高位水箱。� ③如条件允许，推荐直接从市政干管吸水，采用变频调速供水系统，取消贮水池，不仅充分利用了市政供水压力，还消除了水的二次污染源。� ④推荐选用水质保障设备，如除氟、除铁、除锰设备；推荐选用多种饮用净水设备，如臭氧、活性炭、微滤、超滤纳滤及KDF活性炭、陶瓷过滤等终端处理设备。� ⑤推荐选用多种防二次污染的消毒设备，如臭氧、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠及紫外线等处理设备。� ⑥推荐选用防水质污染的新型给水管道(详见本论文3)、管道附件如倒流防止器等。� 3 积极开展新型管材、管件研究和推广� 建筑住宅内给水管道采用传统的镀锌钢管已有近百年的历史，镀锌钢管对中国自来水行业的发展作出了突出贡献。但随着经济的迅猛发展，人们的生活质量不断提高，对自来水的水质要求也日趋提高。人们对自来水的“红水”、“黑水”等现象反映强烈。导致管网水质恶化的主要原因是建筑物内给水管道的锈蚀严重。冷镀锌钢管一般使用寿命不到la就锈蚀，铁腥味严重。从个别用户水龙头的水样分析化验中得知，细菌总数、大肠菌群严重超标，居民纷纷向政府部门投诉，造成一种社会问题。� 20世纪80年代以前，建筑(住宅)内排水管道主要采用手工砂模承插排水铸铁管，该管材生产方法劳动强度大，生产效率低，产品质量差，影响周边环境质量，也是急待治理的社会问题。 鉴于上述情况，建设部、国家经贸委、国家质量技术监督局和国家化学建材局于1999年12月联合颁布了“建住房〔1999〕295号”文《关于在住宅建设中淘汰落后产品的通知》，文中规定：自2000年6月1日起，在城镇新建住宅中，淘汰砂模铸造排水管用于室内排水管道，推广应用硬聚氯乙烯(PVC-U)塑料排水管和符合《排水用柔性接口铸铁管及管件》(GB/T12772-1999)的柔性接口机制铸铁排水管；禁止使用冷镀锌钢管用于室内给水管道，并根据当地实际情况逐步限时淘汰热浸镀锌钢管，推广应用铝塑复合管、交联聚乙烯(PE-X)管、三型无规共聚聚丙烯(PP-R)管等新型管材。伴随这一政策的出台，市场上也涌现出多种管材，如薄壁铜管、薄壁不锈钢管、PVC-U、CPVC、PE、HDPE、PE-X、PAP、PP-H、PP-B、PP-R、PB、ABS、FRP、各种钢塑复合管及柔性排水铸铁管等。各种管材群雄割据、并驾齐驱。与新型管材配套的管接头，品种繁多、结构和选材各异，各厂家质量参差不齐。各种新型管材和管件虽有良好的发展机遇，但在市场经济条件下，他们能否保持强大的生命力将由建材市场检验。4 积极推广节水节能技术� 水资源匮乏已成为制约我国经济发展的瓶颈。节约能源是我国的国策。在建筑给水排水中，节能节水技术得到了较大的推广与突破。� (1)水资源匮乏地区加强污水资源化和提高水的复用率。中水按回用对象及水质要求，其处理工艺已由传统的二级生化法，发展到三级处理(即增加了过滤和消毒)，对要求高的复用水水质，如作为饮用水水源和补充水，可采用高级深度处理工艺，如微滤、反渗透等处理方法；雨水截留、利用技术和建设生态小区，利用湿地处理雨水和生活污水的研究已到工程应用 阶段。� (2)淘汰了升降式铸铁水嘴，推荐采用陶瓷片密封水嘴，推荐公共场所采用感应式或延时自闭式水嘴。� (3)淘汰了9L以上冲洗水箱，推荐采用6L的冲洗水箱。开发了多种节水型卫生洁具和配件，如无冲洗水箱的喷射式便器。� (4)各种高精度的干、湿式水表、IC卡水表、远传水表及用于饮用净水系统，精度达1L/h的远传干式水表等均已问世，且一定要安装分户水表计量考核，既方便了居住区物业管理和居民生活，也杜绝了水资源的浪费。� (5)各种循环冷却水系统的研究成果广泛应用在空调系统中，如射流式冷却塔和喷雾式冷却塔的开发；各种水质稳定剂的研究及系统的智能化控制等也取得较好的进展。� (6)利用海水冲厕。� (7)供水压力应减压至～。� (8)建筑热水系统中对各种热(能)源的开发取得了显著成效。加强余热利用，推荐使用电源。地热和太阳能研究成果已用于工程中。目前，我国已成为全世界太阳能热水器年销售量第一的国家。各种新型间接加热设备已广泛用于集中热水供应系统，如汽——水、水——水换热的浮动盘管式或波节管式半容积和半即热式及板式水加热器及燃油燃气热水机组等。� (9)热水系统水泵、阀门、配套附件等产品开发均取得较大进展，如，平均无故障工作时间达8000h热水泵的问世、各种高灵敏度的温控阀的研制成功等。� (10)从节水、节电、节地角度，开展建筑热水系统模式研究，如干管、支管循环，电伴热热水供应系统研究均取得了一定成果。同时探讨合适的热水供应温度，既能缓解结垢和腐蚀、节能节水，同时又能抑制热水中军团菌等的滋生。 5 建筑给水、建筑热水设备技术热点简介� (1)供水设备：� ①微处理器，实现电机软启动、软制动、节能；� ②变频器自带PLC；� ③直接自市政供水干管吸水、无吸程、无负压、节能；� ④射流泵辅助变频调速供水、节能；� ⑤带有触摸屏的可视化控制；DCS控制系统；� ⑥美观、一体化、、不锈钢化；� ⑦水箱密闭、自动呼吸；� ⑧符合GB/T17219；� ⑨各种优质水处理机组。� (2)热水设备：� ①浮动盘管换热器改进型，如单元组合式、一壳多管式换热器，换热量大，占地面积小； ②波节管、波纹管换热器，传热系数大；� ③当热媒不回收时，直混式换热器，换热效率高；� ④地热技术；� ⑤太阳热水器及其辅助设备；� ⑥管壳式、半即热式、半容积式、容积式及板式换热器共荣共存、分别适应不同工况。 ⑦温度控制阀，精度、价格；� ⑧换热设备的检修、传热元件的振动、磨损脱焊和积垢；� ⑨对半即热式换热器是否设有温度、压力双控制的安全措施。� 6 美化环境、隔振降噪� 治理、保护和美化环境，维持生态平衡是可持续发展的关键。� (1)作为城市景观的重要标志——大型多功能喷泉，如彩色音乐喷泉、激光水幕电影、趣味游戏旱泉等等，在全国各大城市涌现，她集中了水工艺、建筑、动画、声光、机械、自控等多种学科的先进技术。水景喷泉技术的发展对丰富人民文化生活、创造优美生活环境作出了重大贡献。� (2)城市绿地、花园草坪的喷洒工艺出现多种形式喷头，并可通过GPS自动定位和PLC自动控制。� (3)水泵、管道隔振降噪技术已有成熟的工程经验。� (4)为克服塑料排水管噪声大的缺憾，开发出许多新产品，如PE静音排水管、芯层发泡管、螺旋形芯层发泡排水管等，不仅可作单立管排水增大排水流量，同时也可以大幅度降噪。� 7 建筑消防技术方面应用的动态� (1)在消火栓仍作为建筑物消防的主要手段前提下，加强了自动喷淋灭火的力度，为其向消防主体过渡打下了基础。自动喷水灭火系统，是当今世界上公认的最有效的自救灭火设施，是应用最广泛的自动灭火系统。原GBJ84-85《自动喷水灭火系统设计规范》自1985年颁布执行以来，对指导系统的设计，发挥了良好的作用。但随着新技术新情况和新问题不断涌现，公安部会同有关部门修编了该规范，并自2001年7月1日起施行。新规范编号为GB50084-2001。该规范的问世对我国自救式消防技术的充实与完善是一重大进步。� (2)消防泵有了行业标准，规范了消防泵生产。切线泵以其恒压变流量特性引起业内人士极大关注。� (3)《建规》、《高规》、《建筑内部装修设计防火规范》和《人民防空工程设计防火规范》进行了局部修订。为了不断总结经验教训，遏制公众聚集场所，特别是公共娱乐场所和地下商场火灾事故的发生，保护人身财产安全，公安部经商建设部同意对上述四项国家标准进行了局部修订。自2001年5月1日起施行。此次局部修订的条文内容均为强制性条文。� (4)自从国家要求限制和逐步淘汰卤代烷灭火剂、灭火器和灭火系统以来，究竟用哪一种替代物取代卤代烷，至今国家未给出明确技术法规，相关的“气体灭火设计、施工及验收规范”尚未出台。但研究工作，试点工作，在各地方消防部门的积极支持下，已取得了一定的成果，并已应用到工程中。� 8 大屋面雨水排除技术的重大进步� 屋面雨水排除，特别是对大面积车间、厂房屋面雨水排除，经技术经济比较后认为采用内排水时，按传统的重力法计算方法，宜采用单头排水，如采用多斗时，最多不能超过4个。按该计算要求，既使对缺雨的北方大屋面雨水排除，也要有多条雨水悬吊管和立管，除要消耗大量金属管材外，对车间、厂房设备的布置和生产均有较大影响。目前，在中外合资大跨度机库、大剧场、大车间屋面雨水设计中，采用了压力式(虹吸式)雨水斗，采用压力法计算方法，结束了单斗排水或最多4斗排水系统，摒弃了传统的重力法计算方法，使大面积屋面雨水内排水的悬吊管不受雨水斗数量限制，不受坡度限制。压力式(虹吸式)雨水斗的出现和压力法的计算方法的采用，是一重大的技术进步。� 9 积极开展技术和产品的规范、标准、标准图的制定、宣传和执行工作� (1)宣传、学习、贯彻执行有关强制性规范、标准，对工程质量的保障起了重大作用。 (2)《建筑给水排水设计规范》、《游泳池设计规范》、《中水设计规范》、《给水排水制图标准》等国家和行业规范正在修编。� (3)按照“多出、快出、出好”的要求，各种给水排水设备产品的行业标准，如PP-R管、PE管、PAP管、薄壁不锈钢管、径向加筋PVC-U排水管、倒流防止器及地漏等标准及其设计、施工验收规范将陆续颁发执行。� (4)在建设部成立了全国工程建设标准设计领导小组，下设给水排水标准设计委员会、组织编(修)各种国家标准图，提高工程质量和设计效率。 建筑给排水技术是水工业中的一个重要分支，她的发展是与社会进步、国力增强密切相关的。建筑业，尤其是住宅产业的发展，是拉动国民经济新的增长点的支柱产业之一，申奥成功、加入WTO、2008年在北京主办奥运会，为建筑给排水技术的发展提供了绝好的机遇和广阔的市场。我们坚信21世纪是高新科技发展的世纪，是贯彻以人为本、注重环保的世纪，随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，建筑给排水技术这支奇葩将会绽放得更加绚丽多彩。