求毕业论文中英文摘要

毕业论文中英文摘要的主要内容

转眼间大学生活即将结束，大学毕业前都要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，那么你有了解过毕业论文吗？以下是我为大家收集的毕业论文中英文摘要的主要内容，希望能够帮助到大家。

1.摘要的作用

摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。

2.书写摘要的基本规范和原则

(1)论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文(一般为英文)摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。

(2)多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。

(3)摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。

(4)叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。

(5)要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。

(6)摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。

3.摘要的四要素

目的、方法、结果和结论称为摘要的四要素。

(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。

(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。

(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。

4.撰写步骤

摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后，但也可以采用提早写的方式，然后再边写论文边修改摘要。首先，从摘要的四要素出发，通读论文全文，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。然后，看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，并要求语句精炼。若不足以回答这些问题，则重新阅读论文，摘录相应的内容进行补充。最后，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。

5.关于英文摘要

(1)英文摘要的写作方法要依据公认的写作规范。

(2)尽量使用简单句，避免句型单调，表达要求准确完整。

(3)正确使用冠词。

(4)使用标准英语书写，避免使用口语，应使用易于理解的常用词，不用生僻词汇。

(5)作者所做工作用过去时，结论用现在时。

(6)多使用主动语态。

6.关键词

关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容信息目的单词术语。每篇报告、论文选取3~8个词作为关键词，以显着的字符另起一行，排在摘要的左方。如有可能，尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的'规范词。为了国际交流，应标注与中文对应的英文关键词。

关键词是主题词中的一类。主题词是一种新型检索词汇，多用于计算机网络检索。

关键词分为中文关键词和与之对应的英文关键词，分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下。为便于他人的检索，不能使用过于宽泛的词语。选择关键词既可以从论文的各级标题入手，也可以从论文本身的内容选取，将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出。

【论文摘要格式】

论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。为了国际交流，还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的，具有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文.就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文.可以独立使用，也可以引用，还可以用于工艺推广。其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息.以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文，也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。

论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。为此,我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。

a.目的(Objective):简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。

b.方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。

c.结果(Results):简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。

d.结论(Conclusion):简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。

中、英文摘要前需标明中、英文文题，作者姓名(至多3名)及作者单位(邮政编码)。英文摘要应隔行打字,以便修改。

【论文摘要范文】

【论文题目】

机动车尾气污染防治对策与城市交通改善研究

【中文摘要】

本论文通过分析机动车尾气污染产生的原因，论述了采取多种防治对策以旨在减少机动车的尾气污染排放，同时对城市交通改善问题进行了深入的研究。本文首先论述了我国由于机动车尾气排放造成的城市大气污染的严重形势。论述了机动车尾气污染的产生原因。通过总结国内外机动车污染控制的发展历程、经验及教训，作者从两方面重点论述了控制机动车尾气污染的途径。其一是从机动车本身入手，在机动车生产、检验、维护保养以及采用新技术等方面对机动车加以改造，力争从尾气排放污染源加以控制;其次，作者根据我国交通的具体状况，详细分析了城市交通改善与机动车尾气排放的关系，根据翔实的数据：说明了在我国交通拥堵是造成机动车尾气污染的最主要原因。在科学交通管理的原则指导下，作者详细论述了科学交通管理的卞要措施，特别分析了对路口的交通控制策略的仿真优化过程，通过仿真结果表明，对路口的交通控制策略的优化将对尾气排放产生非常重大的影响，可以显著地减少污染排放总量。因此作者认为，科学交通管理是控制城市机动车尾气污染排放的根本出路。

Human resource plays the pivotal role in social economy development increasingly. 5P model is regarded as a very important model in human resource management, while it delivers the huge purpose and instant effect. But we have to realize that the application of 5P needs to one environment that cooperation of every department and plan the relevant policies, therefore enterprises utilize 5P model depending on practical situation. This anticle tries to realize the huge effect of 5P model very well through both discussing the content of 5P model and 洛北春酒业集团`s suessful experience.

是翻成英文吗 Civil service system is the embodiment of the management system of personnel administration regularity, is promoting the modern government and the development of administrative system of anization design, it is perfect with innovation, related to the government administration quality and efficiency improvement. China in 1993 adopted the national civil service system, began to enter the modern government personnel management track. But overall, pared with foreign countries, the civil service system of our country is still relatively primitive, theoretical research is still relatively weak, and there are many aspects need reform and innovation. Therefore, the reform of the civil service system in China has bee an important task. This paper will be based on the civil service system on the basis of theoretical study, through to the Chinese and foreign civil servants system recorded in the annealing preferred, incentive coordination, the protection mechani *** of the three major aspects of the public servant system at home and abroad, to reveal the similarities and differences, to draw lessons from foreign civil servant system beneficial experience to perfect our civil servant system design. 我只把你摘要的发来了

Abstract The core petitiveness of enterprises is the basis of the sustainable development of enterprise and the source of petitive advatages. As a growth point of China's national economy, Real Estate directly affects the national economic development and the people's livelihood. Therefore, the construction of real estate enterprises'core petitive ability should be paid profound attention. Depending on a bination of core petence theory, this paper is in view of the status quo of the estate enterprise'core petitive ability in China,then bines the author's opinion under the help of the related books,documents and the teacher, and finally turn out the means of the construction of enterprises'core petitive ability . Keywords The Core Competiveness of Enterprises Brand Strategy Enterpise Culture

Urban vulnerable groups is in the interests of the economic system transformation relative damage, marginalized groups, with social transformation, economic restructuring and social factors such as industrial restructuring, urban vulnerable groups is being increasingly prominent, and has affected our economy development and social equity. Based on the situation of vulnerable groups of urban studies, that the size of the vulnerable groups in recent years in increasing the survival of the city status of vulnerable groups have not been effective improvement, therefore, an urgent need for government-led, to establish and improve various policies and mechani *** s to protect the basic rights of vulnerable groups in order to achieve the goal of building a well.

Along with continuous development of market economy and intensive structural reform of publish industry, financial management play a more and more important role on the development and management of publishing enterprise. Publishing enterprises must change their concepts and pay attention to financial management, building and insisting on the sense of innovation and human-oriented financial management, actively exploring and building a sound financial management system which is adaptive to market economic management system and operation mechani *** . Publishing enterprises must try a variety of ways and means to resolve the outstanding issues in financial management, making effort to improve the qualities of financial workers, strengthening the informational construction of financial management, realizing continuous innovation on financial centralized management and aounts receivable management, so as to promote the publishing industry develop in a healthy and good direction.

Abstract: The woman known as half of the sky in an era of growing concern in the feminist context, hold up half the sky in other men - their pressure, their difficulties, their sad, seems to have been used to And even taken for granted. But Chili as one of the representatives of women writers, she works in many men have expressed the concern of this group. Loss of life, questions of love, of self-worth of confusion, as the mon challenge facing the hero. Thus, character. environment. the fate of one man without the image of the intersection in question to the reality: our way is, Where is tomorrow? 摘要还必须包括关键词的。

英文摘要可以用百度翻译，然后复制上去，目录设定很简单，在word或者wps里面有目录设定，选中目录点选那个目录设定可以来设定是一级目录还是二级目录的。

[Abstract] In the 1980s and 1990s last century, the economy developed at a high speed with the sacrifice of damaging the environments which caused serious environmental problems and social problems. Gov and society began to think about it, therefore in the process of production and manufacturing, enterprises should take the corporate social responsibility (CSR). With the improvement of social system, many enterprises have realized the problem of social responsibility. More and more enterprises find that it is not contradicted beeen achieving the individual economic goal and fulfilling the social goal. To enhance the consciousness and initiative of fulfilling the social responsibility, enterprises should fulfill the social responsibility to convey related information to the society. It plays a key role to develop the social responsibility and social responsibility investments because it can better bring in the public opinion pressure and Gov supervision. High moral standards aord with the enterprises’ long-term benefit which will help gain reputation and trust in the daily operation and long-term cooperation. Enterprises can really catch the advantage of taking the social responsibility, the policy and regulation that push the enterprises to fulfill the social responsibility so that to find appropriate conduct system. Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility, corporate obligation, significance of social responsibility, harmonious society

This thesis presents a detailed *** ysis of the current situation of the private enterprises of Chaoshan, gave emphasized *** ysis on both the advantage of its development and problems lied in, and found out the advantages as well as limitations of the district of Chaoshan. On the basis of this, this thesis also studied on the New Wenzhou Mode, while in the meantime proposed advices on the future development of private enterprises of Chaoshan district in view of strategy.

The purpose of this study is mainly for the oxygen - acetylene flaming combustion process to produce the effect of the combustion process problems. Its main forms in the combustion process is caused due to high temperature flamer tempered, once this happened is not achieve ideal result, welding is easy to make flame back to burn the dangers. Therefore a control device of the phenomenon is quite is mainly due to the relatively high temperature flamer caused by such devices a jacket. Mainly in oxyacetylene cutting installed in the gun fire. This device is concise, outer wall and inner choose copper and iron welding formed by choice, outer wall hollow ferroalloy were used for welding of inlet and outlet water two ZuiZi. It forms a hollow internal cooling device, the coolant testing the device installed in flames shot after the fire after cutting temperature are obviously different. Install the device is not install the device than lower temperature burning, after. Through testing the device can be found after temperature control by gun fire, burning full, easy cause tempering. This device such as recognized by acetylene flame cutting to oxygen, the production process, the main advantage of low cost, easy to manufacture. But there may be confined to small-scale human : oxyacetylene cutting clamp