毕业论文原文及翻译信用卡问题

在知网有一篇这个文章，如果你需要我发给你，改革开放以来,伴随着经济增长、综合国力和人民生活水平的提高,政府信用状况日益受到人们的广泛关注。客观来说,当前我国政府信用的总体状况是良好的,但是由于社会环境的影响和个体思想的偏差,政府信用缺失现象仍以各种各样的形式存在,政府信用受到怀疑和挑战,从而导致其它各种社会资源在政府信用缺失下而严重损耗。本文立足于当前我国政府信用建设的客观需要,在对政府信用的理论根源、现状透视进行考察的基础上,分析了政府信用缺失的产生原因,探讨了如何对政府信用缺失进行有效治理的具体措施。我们研究的焦点从当前我国经济水平低下、传统官僚体制存在惯性、传统文化产生消极影响以及法律威慑力不强这些社会层面逐步深入到行政道德短缺的行政个体在面临行政伦理冲突时的行为成本与行为收益的比较选择上。根据缺失原因剖析,在对相应的对策进行整合之后,本文尝试从制度规范和道德文化两个方面对政府信用缺失进行系统治理,从而实现了对传统信用制度的超越。制度规范治理对策通过一系列具有可操作性的经济、政治、法律制度形成合力构建他律防线;道德文化治理对策则通过调整人的思想言行从内心唤起自律意识。只有实现他律与自律的有机结合,才能从根本上改变政府信用缺失的状况,以建立和完善...（摘要）

物流一词源于英文的”logistics”，原意是军事后勤保障，在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。物流由四个关键部分组成：实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用，主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务，中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。据统计，欧洲目前使用第三方物流服务的比例为76％，美国约为58％，且其需求仍在增长；欧洲24％和美国33％的非第三方物流服务用户正在积极考虑使用第三方物流服务。第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段，已经越来越引起人们的高度重视。一、使用第三方物流的优越性使用第三方物流产可以给企业带来众多益处，主要表现在：1、集中主业生产企业使用第三方物流可以使企业实现资源的优化配置，将有限的人力、财力集中于核心精力，进行重点研究，发展基本技术，开发新产品参与世界竞争，增强企业的核心竞争力。2、节省费用专业的第三方物流提供者利用规模生产的专业优势和成本优势，通过提供各环节能力的利用率实现费用节省，使企业能从分离费用结构中获益。生产企业随着规模的不断扩大，对营销服务的任何程度的深入参与，都会引起费用的大幅度增长，只有使用专业服务公司提供的公共服务，才能够减少额外损失。根据美国田纳西大学、英国EXEL公司和美国EMST&YOUNG咨询公司共同组织的一项调查显示：很多货主表示，使用第三方物流使他们的物流成本平均下降了％，货物周转期平均从天缩短到天，库存降低了％。3、减少库存第三方物流服务提供者借助精心策划的物流和适时的运送手段，最大限度地减少库存，改善了企业的现金流量，实现成本优势。4、提升企业形象第三方物流服务提供与顾客是一种战略伙伴关系，第三方物流提供者利用完备的设施和训练有素的员工对整个供应链实现完全的控制，减少物流的复杂性，通过自己的网络体系帮助顾客改进服务，不仅树立自己的品牌形象，而且使顾客在竞争中脱颖而出。二、我国企业在使用第三方物流方面存在的问题尽管与第三方物流公司合作有很多优势，但是很多企业并不是将更多的物流业务外包出去，原因归结为：1、抵制变化很多公司不愿意通过物流外包的方式来改变现在的精力模式。尤其是一些国有企业，物流业务外包还将意味着解雇大批员工，这对于国有企业的管理者来说意味着一个非常大的风险。2、缺乏认识企业对于第三方物流公司的认识程度普遍还很低，企业没有认识到供应链管理在企业竞争中的巨大作用。3、害怕失去控制由于供应链的实施在提高公司竞争力方面的重要作用，很多公司宁愿有一个小而全的物流部门，也不情愿将这些功能交给别人，主要原因是担心如果失去内部物流能力，会在客户交往和其他方面过度依赖第三方物流公司。4、物流业务外包本身有其复杂性供应链物流业务通常和公司其他业务，如财务、营销或生产集成在一起，物流业务外包本身就具有复杂性。对一些实际业务，包括运输和仓储的集成可能会带来组织上、行政上和实施上的一系列问题。此外，公司内部信息系统的集成性特点，使得把物流业务交给第三方物流公司来运作变得很困难。5、衡量物流外包的效果受诸多因素的影响准确地衡量物流成本对信息技术和人力资源的影响比较困难。很难确定物流业务外包到底能够给企业带来多少潜在的成本好外。另外，各个公司业务的独特性和公司供应链作业能力，通常被认为是不宜向外部公开的内部信息，很难准确地比较公司间的供应链作业能力。尽管有些生产企业已经意识到利用第三方物流可以给企业带来很多好外，但是在实际应用时往往分成几个步骤，同时选择数个物流服务提供商作为合作伙伴，以避免将业务交由一个物流服务提供商而带来的依赖性。三、我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题一个成功的物流企业，必须具备较大的运营规模，建立有效地地区覆盖区域，具有强大的指挥和控制中心，具备高水准的综合技术、财务资源和经营策略。我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以归纳如下：1、运营模式问题目前世界大型物流公司大都采取总公司与分公司体制，总部采取集权式物流运作，以业务实行垂直管理。建立现代物流企业必须有一个能力很强、指挥灵活的调控中心对整个物流业务进行控制与协调。真正的现代物流必须是一个指挥中心、一个利润中心，企业的组织、框架、体制等形式都要与一个中心相匹配。我国的物流企业在运营模式上存在问题，国外物流企业的管理模式值得国内物流企业借鉴。2、仓储或运输能力欠缺物流的主要功能是创造时间盗用和空间效用。就目前中国的第三方物流企业而言，有些公司偏重于仓储，运输能力不足；另外一些公司则是运输车辆很多而在全国没有多少仓库，靠租用社会仓库来完成对客户的承诺。3、网络问题我国有几家大的物流企业拥有全车性的仓储网络或货运网络，但是这个网络的覆盖区域并不是十全十美的。客户在选择物流合作伙伴时，很关注网络的覆盖区域及网络网点的密度问题。有关网点的建设问题应引起物流企业的重视。4、信息技术世界大的物流企业都拥有”一流三网”，即订单信息流、全球供应链资源网络、全球用户资源网络和计算机信息网络。凭借先进的计算机管理技术，这些物流客户也是高附加值产品的生产企业，国内物流企业必须在信息系统上增加投入才可以改变自己的市场定位。集中与整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势。原因是：第一，大的公司有意将供应链的主要环节外包给尽可能少的几家物流公司；第二，建立一个高效的全球第三方物流企业所需资本的投入日益增加；第三，许多第三方物流供应商都通过兼并和联合的方式来扩大其服务能力。Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great , the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of , cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock , reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost , enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the , China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, wereFlow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great , lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the , fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics , the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to , to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by , China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business 's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics , the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to , network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics , information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.可以给我分了吧？ 嘿嘿

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