汽车保养毕业论文英文版

一、毕业论文的选题选题是论文写作的首要环节。选题的好坏直接关系到论文的学术价值和使用价值，新颖性、先进性、开创性、适用性以及写作的难易程度等。下面重点谈谈选题的原则：1．要客观需要，颇有价值。选题要根据我国经济建设的需要，具有重大的理论和实用价值。例如“企业联盟问题研究”，就是这样。正如一汽集团李启祥副总经理说，我国汽车与国外的汽车竞争，无论是技术、质量、品牌、功能、成本和规模经济等都比不过人家，只能靠一体化，战略联盟，与“大众”合资进入世界大汽车集团，靠国外发展自己。因此，关于战略联盟的研究，既满足了我国经济建设的需要，又具有重大的理论和实用价值。2．要捕捉灵感，注重创新。论文的生命在于创新。创新的含义非常广泛，是指一种新的观点，创立新说，新的论据(新材料)，新的补充，新的方法，新的角度。也有人说创新指研究的内容是新的，方法是新的，内容与方法都是新的。还有人认为创新指独特见解，提出前人未曾提出过的问题，纠正前人的错误观点，对前人成果进一步深化、细化、量化和简化等。由上可见，一篇论文总要有一点创新，否则就算不上真正的论文。创新靠灵感，灵感靠积累。只有在长期的艰苦砥砺中才能偶然产生一点思想的火花，而这稍纵即逝的思想火花就可能变成学术创新的起点。

具体的范文模板链接： 提取码: ne8r

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm～1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!( mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110～170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very poor. WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design . Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new car. There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept cars. Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough attention. It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto industry. Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design. 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new models. Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept cars. It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also unbearable. Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile industry. Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on display. It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the car. But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the matter. 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of development. Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider space. Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of time. Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological level. human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human body. Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment system. Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, etc.) position and dimensions of the relationship between layout. Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human comfort. Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of fatigue. Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving information. Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and size. According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and layout. Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the environment. virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept car. Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and development. Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to 14. Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and manufacturing. Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming modifications. Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development time. If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new car. Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the past. the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 million. People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the essential. Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control system. The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen fuel. In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment green. Green car recycling manufacturers. Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has overlooked. Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design predictability. Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious factors. Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new car. At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers thinking. Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept car. Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change cars. Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "feelings." Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for you. Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the world. At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical problems. With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept cars. Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems developed. The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the problem. The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage performance. From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds design. 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider choice. Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and needs. Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing forward. References 1尹定邦. Introduction to Study Design [M]. Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣. Auto Design [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had denitrification. --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002

学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文，供大家进行参考：范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》摘要：目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车，它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先，随着汽车电控化程度的提高，特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展，汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面，面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时，只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白，才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路，找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同，这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。关键词：混合动力汽车，检测，维修混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”，简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议，混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源，至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车，它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车)，是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源，通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机，而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行，输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源，而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说，它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统，这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂，电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造，这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型，原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用，所以，作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验，不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养，将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?首先，随着汽车电控化程度的提高，特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展，汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面，面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时，只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白，才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路，找到正确的维修方法。其次，多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来，多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构，认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点，将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。再次，勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型，应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结，日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同，这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项普锐斯采用的是高压电路，动力电池组的额定电压为，发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中，高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色，而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志，注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点：(1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;(2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套，不能有破损，哪怕针眼大的也不行，不能有裂纹，不能有老化的迹象，也不能是湿的);(3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码，有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来，因为与传统内燃机汽车一样，断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);(4)拆下检修塞，并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管，这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处，造成意外;(5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关，否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;(6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作，因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;(7)在进行高压系统的作业时，应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志，以提醒他人注意安全;(8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体，以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;(9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好，保证其完全绝缘;(10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;(11)完成对高压系统的操作后，在重新安装检修赛前，应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具，并确认高压端子已拧紧，连接器已插好。论文格式。2、普锐斯的基本检修程序(1)车辆进入车间。(2)分析各户所述的故障。(3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。(4)读取故障码和定格数据，并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。(5)清除故障码。(6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。(7)进行基本检查，查阅相关资料。(8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断，找出故障原因。(9)排除故障。(10)确认故障排除。3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修(1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。(2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查①检查变频器查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖，断开端子A和B。将电源开关拨到IG位置，此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压，同时用欧姆表测电阻。②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮，则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。③检查速度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻，其值应符合标准值，否则更换变速驱动桥总成。④检查温度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻，应符合标准值，否则更换变速驱动桥总成。⑤检查加速踏板位置信号将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压，应符合标准值，否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成：动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。动力电池组：普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组，它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成，每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池，可以得到的高电压。论文格式。电池ECU：电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电，并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作，确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。电池组冷却系统：电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇，一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度，若温度升高到一定值，电池ECU将启动冷却风扇，直到温度下降到规定值，从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。检修塞：检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间，在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路，可以保证维修期间的人员安全。系统主继电器(SMR)：系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成，两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2，一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时，SMR1和SMR3工作，而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。辅助蓄电池：普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池，它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似，负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感，对其充电时应将它从车上拆下，用丰田专用的充电机充电，普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能，有可能毁坏电池。参考文献[1] 陈清泉，孙逢春 编译. 混合电动车辆基础[M]. 北京：北京理工大学出版社，2001.[2] 张金柱. 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M]. 北京：化学工业出版社，2008.[3] 耿新. 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J]. 汽车维修与保养，2008.[4] Jon Munson. 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J]. CompoTechChina，2008(10)[5] 陈宗璋，吴振军. 电动汽车动力源类型[J]. 大众英雄，2008，(3)