定量研究英文论文模板

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定性方法Qualitativeapproach，定量方法Quantitativeapproach英语论文中的研究方法一、 外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法（一）定性方法Qualitativeapproach定性研究的基本情况：1． 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框；2． 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象，让一切事情让本来的规律去发生，发展，研究者不加控制和干扰；3． 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动；4． 在一般性的调查之后，可以进行深入的个案调查casestudy；5． 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法，最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律（即提出假设或结论） 。（二）定量方法Quantitativeapproach通过一连串的数字，表格，图标来说明问题，如《广告语言中的语用预设》，陈新仁1998分类：统计方法statisticalmethod：人口普查实验方法experimentalmethod：交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况：1．定量法通常是从假设出发，事先有个看法；2．定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的；3．定量强调研究的客观性，远离数据，远离当事人，是局外人的视角；4．所得数据信度高，具有可重复性；5．所得结论具有普遍性。（三）定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1． 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验；2． 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为；3． 了解就是移情；4． 依赖定性数据。1． 强调用实验方法来获取数据；2． 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系；3． 了解要保持距离；4． 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1． 从部分到整体；2． 整体观；3． 面向内部结构；4． 了解过程；5． 假设一种动态现时。1． 从整体到部分；2． 成分观；3． 面向外部结构；4． 了解结果；5． 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1． 以观察材料为出发点；2． 事先没有形成看法；3． 探索性的，扩展性的，描述性的；4． 可以生成假设；5． 成果，描述或假设。1． 以假设为出发点；2． 事先进行预示；3． 简约性的，推断性的，验证性的；4． 假设检验；5． 成果，理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1． 观察面广，但较分散；2． 变量不加控制，有利于了解变量的复杂关系，但也容易顾此失彼；3． 注意内容，但容易忽视形式；4． 主观，但解释力强；（四）定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1．观察observation: participant and non‐participant observation not knowing what is notknownandstructuredobservation访谈interview:openstructuredandsemi‐openinterview2． 笔记和日记log:detailiseverythingchronologicalorder3． 录音和录像4 ． 口 头 自 陈 verbal reporting: 边 想 边 说 think aloud 内 省 introspection ， 回 忆retrospection5． 问卷questionnaire:openclosedandsemi‐closed（五）实验研究真正的实验研究：研究者对自变量的控制；对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 quasi‐experimental research 和 前 实 验 研 究pre‐experimentalresearch准实验研究 交际法比传统的翻译法好 Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好 Subjects: 两组（班）学生，各种条件（年龄，性别等）都是等值的，尤其是成绩也差不多。 Instruments： Procedure: 前测，分别教学一段时间，后测 Resultsanddiscussion二、文献综述重要作用 让研究者总观全局，跟上形势； 明确研究方向； 吸取他人教训，避免同类错误；如何写文献综述 选出与课题最相关的研究； 把这些研究的结果揉在一起， 使其相关性十分明显。 不可把每项研究的摘要分段列出，似乎它们之间毫无联系； 让人看后感到，该领域还不完整，有待摘要：英语论文中的研究方法，外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法 定性方法Qualitativeapproach，定量方法Quantitativeapproach扩展，这样就为日前的研究做了铺垫； 一方面文献都应该有出处，另一方面，也不可能把评述写成一串引语； 不可把文献按时间顺序排列，而应按其与课题的相关性组成一个整体； 告诉读者那些文献最为相关，那些文献相关性差些； 结尾是要略加概括与评论，画龙点睛。5． 接近现实，但所需时间较长。1． 观察面窄，但较集中；2． 观察面窄，但较集中了解它们的因果关系，但容易把问题简单化；3． 注意形式但容易忽视内容；4． 客观，但解释力弱；5． 所需时间较短，但人为成分较大。描写性 推断性1． 没有干扰的自然观察；2． 归纳数据，进行描写；3． 旨在发现规律或模式；4． 效度高，信度低；5． 可概括成度低：个案研究。 1． 有控制的实验；2． 归纳数据，进行土断；3． 旨在验证已有的假设；4． 信度高，效度低；5． 可概括成度高：多元观察。举例《图式理论与英语阅读教学》在英语学习中， 阅读是一个极其重要的技能和环节， 因此在英语教学中如何提高阅读教学的质量和效果，培养和提高学生的阅读能力是一个值得深入研究和探讨的问题。对阅读理论的研究，国外学者.给予了极大的关注。马博森（1995）归纳为三个基本的阶段：强调语篇处理的自下而上（bottom‐up）模式，注重读者自身知识作用的自上而下（up‐bottom）模式，以及主张把以上两种模式结合的交互作用（interactive）模式。以上这些模式认为阅读是一个复杂的心理过程和积极主动的思维过程， 而不是传统意义上的被动的字符辨认过程， 因而它们在一定程度上对指导阅读教学起到了积极的作用。在此基础上，Carrell（1983）等人提出了图式理论（schematheory） 。该理论指出，任何语篇本身并没有任何意义，它只是给读者某种方向，指导读者该如何运用自己已有的知识去捕捉、组建该语篇的意义，换句话说，阅读理解是一个读者的已有知识与语篇间相互作用的过程。 图式理论不仅强调了读者的主动积极性， 而且强调了读者本身已具备的知识与语篇之间的相互作用， 为阅读理论研究和教学实践开辟了新的道路。图式理论一提出，国内学者（王初明，1990；林挺，1996；叶为尔，1998 等）就寄予了极大的热情， 从介绍，评论，翻译和应用研究等方面对其进行了广泛的探讨， 尤其在教学方面，大量的文章论述了该理论对听力，写作，翻译和阅读教学的指导作用。然而，纵观国内英语教学现状，传统的阅读教学仍然占据主导地位， 即阅读过程是一个从字母——词——句子——语篇的有序的自下而上的理解过程。 语篇理解必须依赖于对构成该语篇的句子的理解， 而对句子的理解又依赖与对词的理解，对词的理解离不开读字母的识别。因此，仍有必要进一步探讨图式理论在英语阅读教学中的指导作用。

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英语论文格式模板

英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。

字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。

参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

基本论文格式

论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。

1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。

2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。

3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。

4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。

5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。

6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。

7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。

8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。

9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。

10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。

11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。

文献注释

注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：

①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。