手势语论文英文文献

Gestures An Introduction Do we expect other cultures to adopt our customs or are we willing to adopt theirs? This might translate to how business or even foreign relations are to be conducted. Do we compromise or force others peoples to deal only on our terms? We may not have time to hear a language , but taking time to learn the "signals" is a powerful communicator. As the global village continues to shrink and cultures collide, it is essential for all of us to become more sensitive, more aware, and more observant to the myriad motions, gestures, and body language that surround us each day. And as many of us cross over cultural borders, it would be fitting for us to respect, learn, and understand more about the effective, yet powerful "silent language" of gestures. The world is a giddy montage of vivid gestures- traffic police, street vendors, expressway drivers, teachers, children on playground, athletes with their exuberant hugging, clenched fists and "high fives." People all over the world use their hands, heads, and bodies to communicate expressively. Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless. The social anthropologists Edward T. Hall claims 60 percent of all our communication is nonverbal. In that case, how can we possibly communicate with one another without gestures? Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words- maybe even more effectively. We use gestures daily, almost instinctively, from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business presentation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot into the jetway or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach to) a child. Gestures are woven inextricably in to our social lives, but also that the "vocabulary" of gestures, can be at once informative and entertaining... but also dangerous. Gestures can be menacing (two drivers on a freeway), warm (an open-armed welcome). instructive(a police man giving road directions0, or even sensuous (the liquid movement of a Hawaiian hula dancer). Bear in mind that the following gestures are in general use, but there may always be exceptions. In recent years, Western and contemporary values and ideas have become more popular and has either influenced, altered, and even replaced, some of the more traditional gestures, understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any gestures there will probably be a minority within a given nationality who might say "Well, some might attach that meaning to it, but to me it means..." and then they will provide a different interpretation. In the world of gestures, the best single piece of advice is to remember the two A's - "Ask" and be "aware." If you see a motion or gesture that is new or confusing , ask a local person what it signifies. Then, be aware of the many body signs and customs around you. Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The Ultimate Gesture According to Roger G. Axtell, the "ultimate gesture" carries certain welcome characteristic unlike any other single gestures. First, this "ultimate gestures" is known everywhere- and I stress "everywhere"- in the world. It is absolutely universal. Second, it is rarely, if ever, misunderstood. Primitive tribes and world leaders alike know and use this gestures. The tribesmen - like you, no doubt - recognize it in others and use it themselves. Third, scientists believe this particular gesture actually releases chemicals called endorphins in to the system that create a feeling of mild euphoria. Fourth, as you travel around the world, this gesture may help you slip out of the prickliest of difficult situations. What is this singular signal, this miracle mien, this giant of all gestures? It is quite simply, the smile. Use it freely , use it often. Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Managerial skills needed by the year 2000 RESPECT: This mean the capability of demonstrating respect in whichever way a specific culture requires: respect for age, respect in manner of speech, respect with eye contact, respect with hand or body gestures, respect for personal privacy, and so on. TOLERATING AMBIGUITY: This refers to the skill of reacting positively to new, different, and at times, unpredictable situations. RELATING TO PEOPLE: This means placing the management of people on an equal level with "getting the job done." Too often, American managers are totally result-oriented without sensitivity to the " people ingredient." BEING NON JUDGEMENTAL: This is the ability to withhold judgment until all information is accumulated, while also taking into account cultural idiosyncrasies that could color judgment. PERSONALIZING ONE'S OBSERVATION: This is the skill of recognizing that each person sees the world from his or her own platform of observations. EMPATHY: This skill, the ability to place yourself in another person's shoes, is on of the higher level skills in intercultural relationships. PERSISTENCE: This is the companion word to "patience." Both are firm requirements in dealing with people from other societies around the world. - Brent R. Ruben A global statesman who cares about people encompasses the several skills above plus three more-dignity, professionalism , and propriety. "A statesmen is a person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to the trip." Source: Hariis, Phillip R. and Robert T. Moran. Managing Cultural Differences. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston. 1977. Elevator Behavior Next time you walk on to a crowded elevator, don't turn around and face the door. Instead, just stand there facing the others. If you want to create even more tension, grin. Very likely the other passengers will glare back, surprised, grim, and upset. Reason? You have broken the rules. This demonstrates how, even in the most mundane situations, we have a silent set of rules for bodily behavior in public settings. When _____ people enter an elevator, they each... one or two ...lean against the walls of the elevator. four ...occupy a corner. five or six ...all turn to face the door. ...get taller and thinner. ...hands and purses and briefcases hang down in front of the body, or "fig leaf position." ...must not touch each other in any way unless the elevator is crowded, and then only at the shoulder or lightly against the upper arm. ...have a tendency to look upward at the illuminated floor indicator. Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Return to the top of this page. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Asian Gestures Asian Pacific Cultural Values Filial piety or respect for one's parents or elders. Unquestioning respect for authority. One is taught to respect those who lead, to be loyal, trustworthy and to follow through on assignments. Patriarchial authority of the elder. The parents define the law and the children are expected to abide by their requests and demands. The father is generally authoritarian, distant and reserved but his position is respected. Extended family - an extension of filial piety. Asians in the past have valued large families. Extended family included the immediate family and relatives. it is the responsibility of the family members to provide for the elders. in the Asian family, as one approaches old age, it is the beginning of relaxation and respect. Loyalty to family. Independent behavior that may disrupt the harmony of the family is highly discouraged. Concept of shame. One must not bring dishonor or disgrace to one's self or family.. Also, this concept is used as a controlling factor in the behavior of the family. Vertical authority - Goes from top to bottom in the extended family. One is not encouraged to criticize or confront an individual publicly. Father and son relationship is important because sons are valued to continue on the family name. Control of emotions, self discipline and self control is emphasized. This suppression of emotions gave rise to the stereotypical nation of "the inscrutable Asian." One should only speak when spoken to, speak only if one has something important to say, have inner stamina/strength to tolerate crises. be a solid performer and not show any emotion. Asian women are expected to carry on domestic duties, marry and have children. Education is highly valued. Children learn to obey at home and are expected to do so at school. They are taught to follow all the rules and regulations, respect authority and to spend all of their time studying to obtain high grades. Scholastic achievement is highly prized and co-curricular activities are given low priority, Group consensus is valued in the decision-making process. Collective decision-making, collective responsibility and teamwork are stressed. Rugged individualism is not esteemed. Interdependence not individualism is valued. Put group/family needs before individual needs. Perserverance, conformity, loyalty, hard work and frugality are values sough after. Fatalism. Acceptance of ambiguity and uncertainty. Willingness to be patient accept things are they are. Humbleness. The visibility of the group not the individual is stressed. Power is shared collectively. Not polite to accept public recognition or to call attention to oneself. Hard work will be recognized and rewarded. Success syndrome. Becoming successful is paramount. Find the safest and least visible routes to success. Choose careers that are safe but respectable. Fear of failure and fear of brining shame to the family are dominant forces. Risk taking is not encouraged. Success = Stability/Respectability. Source: Leadership Management Institute(LMI). "Asian Pacific Cultural Values." Leadership Education for Asian Pacifics. (1990). Common Asian Gestures GREETINGS GESTURES Handshaking Bowing Avoid direct eye contact BEKONING GESTURES To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion. Avoid using fingers in pointing to an object. TOUCHING GESTURES Not touch oriented societies Avoid public display of affection Pushing (bumping) in crowds OTHER NON VERBAL GESTURES Respect to elderly people Smiling often can cover a gamut of emotions: happiness, anger, confusion, apologies , or sadness. Displaying an open mouth (such as yawning or a wide-open laugh) is considered rude, especially with women who cover their mouths when giggling or laughing. Try to maintain a balanced posture, stand or sit erectly or squarely. Don't slouch or put on the ground with arms in the lap or on the armrest. Crossing the legs at the knees or ankles is the preferred form rather than with one ankle over the other knee. Silience (listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversations, be especially careful about interrupting. China GREETINGS GESTURES The western custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often s nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient. Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon. Business cards are often exchanged, and yours should be printed in your own language and in Chinese. Also, it is more respectful to present your card (or a gift or any other article) using both hands. The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders. You may be greeted with group clapping, even by small children. When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for that person to return the applause or a "thank you." When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in the larger cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares. TOUCHING GESTURES Genrally speaking, the Chinese are not a touch-oriented society (especially true for visitors). So avoid touching or any prolonged form of body contact. Public displays of affection are very rare. On the other hand, you may note people of the same sex walking hand-in-hand, which is simply a gesture of friendship. Don't worry about a bit of pushing and shoving in stores or when groups board public buses or trains. Apologies are neither offered or expected. Personal space is much less in China. The Chinese will stand much closer than Westerners. BECKONING GESTURES To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion. Avoid use the index finger, palm up and toward you, in a back forth curling motion toward your body. That gesture is used only for animals and can be considered rude. The open hand is used for pointing (not just one or two fingers,) Also, avoid using your feet to gesture or to move or touch other objects because the feet are considered lowly and dirty. OTHER NONVERBAL GESTURES Avoid being physically intimidating (be humble), especially with older or more senior people. Posture is important, so don't slouch or put your feet on desks or chairs. Silence is perfectly acceptable and customary. Silence (listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversations, be especially careful about interrupting. Chinese like to avoid saying "no." A gesture that is often used to signal "no" or that "something is very difficult" (pausing to rethink) is to tip the head backward and audibly suck air in through the teeth. On public streets, spitting and blowing the nose without the benefit of a handkerchief is fairly common, although the government is waging a campaign to reduce this in the cities. It used to be regarded as ridding the body of a waste- an act of personal hygiene . However, today it is a sign of "low" class or uneducated. Japan In summary, for most visitors the Japanese are complex and difficult to understand. Remember two things: (1) style, or the way things are done, is just as important as substance, or what is being done; and (2) watch your Japanese hosts carefully and follow their example. GREETING GESTURES The graceful act of bowing is the traditional greeting. However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, albeit with a light grip and perhaps with eyes averted. Meanwhile, to show respect for their customs, it would flatter them to offer a slight bow when being introduced. Avoid hugging and kissing when greeting. It is considered rude to stare. Prolonged direct eye contact is considered impolite or even intimidating. It is considered rude to stand with your hand or hands in your pockets, especially when greeting someone or when addressing a group of people. The seemingly simple act of exchanging business cards is more complex in japn becuae the business card represents not only one's identity but one's station in life. Yours should be printed in your own language and in Japanese. TOUCHING GESTURES The Japanese are not a touch-oriented society, so avoid open displays of affection, touching or any prolonged form of body contact. Queues are generally respected; it is only in crowded train and subway stations where the huge volume of people causes touching and pushing. BECKONING GESTURES It is considered insulting to point to someone fingers extended and the thinb folded into the palm. To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion. OTHER NONVERBAL GESTURES Because of the high regard for graciousness and restraint, one should not shout, raise the voice in anger, or exhibit any excessively demonstrative behavior. Among the Japanese, smiling often can cover a gamut of emotions: happiness, anger, confusion, apologies, or sadness. Displaying an open mouth (such as yawning or a wide open laugh) is considered rude in Japan, especially with women who cover their mouths when giggling or laughing. Try to maintain a balanced posture stand or sit erectly or squarely. Do not slouch or put your feet on desks or chairs. When seated have both feet squarely on the ground with arms in the lap or on the armrests. Crossing the legs at the knee or ankles is the preferred form rather than with one ankle over the other knee. Silence is perfectly acceptable and customary. Silence (listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversations, be especially careful about interrupting. One way to show concentration and attentiveness is to close the eyes in contemplation and nod the head slight, up and down. Japanese men like to avoid saying "no", but one gesture that is often used ti signal "no" or that "something is very difficult" is to tip the head backward and audibly suck air in through the teeth. OTHER NONVERBAL GESTURES A gesture saying "I do not know," or "I don't understand" or "No, I am undeserving" is waving the hand back and forth in front of one's own face (palm outward). The "." gesture in Japan may be interpreted as the signal for "money" or "give me change in coins." Blowing your nose in public is considered rude. The handkerchief is used primarily for wiping the mouth or drying the hands when leaving the washroom. Paper tissues are used for blowing the nose and then discarded. When entering a private home or traditional restaurants with tatami (bamboo mats) floors, it is usually customary to remove your shoes and place them with the toes pointing toward the outdoors. BOWING Many westerners view the bow as an act of subservience, but in Japan that would completely wrong. For the Japanese a bow signals respect and humility, two qualities coveted throughout Asia. Although it is not absolutely necessary, but a slight bow demonstrate that you respect their customs. And in Japan, where style and grace and courteousness are revered, that simply act would surely be noted, appreciated, and probably remembered. WHO BOWS FIRST? AND HOW LOW DOES ONE BOW? In Japanese, it is extremely important to know the rank of people with whom you come in contact. "The person of lower rank bows first and lowest." "The higher the rank of the person facing you, the lower you bow." "The lower the bow and the longer one holds the position, the stronger is the indication of respect, gratitude, sincerity, obeisance, humility, contriteness, etc." With equals match bows, adding an extra one when you want to show a slight edge of respect. When unsure of status, the safest move is to bow a shade less low than the other person. The proper form is to bow (about 15 degrees) with hands sliding down toward the knees or at the sides, back neck stiff, and eyes averted. The formal bow (about 30 degrees) with palms on knees and often bobbing up and down. Never bow with a hand (of both hands) in your pockets. Sources: Axtell, Roger E., ed. Do's and Taboos Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1993. Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991. DeMente, Boye. Japanese Etiquette & Ethics in Business. Passport Books, 1987. Korea GREETING GESTURES Among themselves, bowing is the traditional form for both greeting and departing. Western and Korean male friends usually greet with both a slight bow and shaking hands. When shaking hands, both hands are sometimes used. Women usually do not shake hands, especially with men, but usually just nod slightly. The senior person offers to shake hands first, but the junior person bows first. However, shake hands with a light grip and perhaps with eyes av

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跨文化交际论文篇3 试论跨文化交际中的肢体语言 论文摘要：肢体语言与学外语一样，都是文化的一部分。除一些世界公认的肢体语言外，不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。跨文化交际时，相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。本文简单对比中美肢体语言的差别，并介绍了一些国外常用的肢体语言，以此来说明在学习外语的同时，多了解一些国外常用的肢体语言是会有帮助作用的。 关键词： 肢体语言;跨文化交际;外语学习 肢体语言 (body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能，因为它简便、迅捷、直观，在现实生活中的使用极其广泛，而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。 1.面部表情语言的运用。 达尔文说 :“面部与身体的富于表达力的动作，极有助于发挥语言的力量.”法国作家罗曼.罗兰也曾说过:“面部表情是多少世纪培养成功的语言，是比嘴里讲的更复杂到千百倍的语言。”心理学家阿尔伯特。玛洛比恩发明了一个规则:总交流量=7%的文字交流 38%的口头交派 55%的面部表情交流。通过脸色的变化，眉、目、鼻、嘴的动作，能极好地实现信息交流。 2.手势动作语言的运用。 手势动作语言是一种表现力极强的肢体语言，它不仅丰富多样化，而且简便、直观性强，所以运用范围广、频率高、收效好。一个很好的例子就是荣获2005年中央电视台 春节 联欢晚会最受观众喜爱的歌舞类节目特别奖的《千手观音》，二十一位生活在无声世界里的姑娘用她们的手势语向全国亿万观众传递信息，表达了新春的祝福. 3.身体姿态语言的运用。 身体姿态语言是通过身体各种动态或静态的姿势传递交流信息的一种形式.俗话说“坐有坐相站有站相”、“坐如钟立如松”，这都是对身体姿态的要求。我们同别人交际时，交际的手段不只是局限于话语，尽管我们有时没有意识到这一点。我们的表情、手势、身体其他部分的动作都向周围的人传递信息。微微一笑伸出手表示欢迎，皱眉表示不满，点头表示同意，挥手表示再见，听报告或讲演时，身子往椅背上一靠，伸一下舌头表示厌烦，不感兴趣。这些都是交际手段的一部分。肢体语言与学外语一样，都是文化的一部分。 “跨文化交际”的英文名称是cross-cultural communication或intercultural communication，指的是不同文化背景的人之间所发生的相互作用。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，各自的语言环境便产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等诸语境因素，因而在不同的文化中，肢体语言的意义也不完全相同。各民族有不同的肢体语言交际方式。例如：法国人讲话就像个浪漫法国人，而英国男子和美国男子翘腿的样子，是否绅士风度，就不一样。美国人讲完一句话时可能会低一下头或垂一下手，还可能垂一下眼帘。他们问完一个问题会抬一下手或昂起下巴或睁大眼睛。近年来，随着改革开放步伐的加快，特别是我国加人WTO以来，对外交往日益频繁，国与国之间的交流越来越广泛，国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨文化交际。 跨文化交际研究的基本内容之一就是非语言交际，而肢体语言又是非语言交际的重要内容，因此，在跨文化交际中，如果肢体语言信息处理不好，有时会产生误解。作为外语学习者，在学习、运用外语进行跨文化交际的时候，同样应了解外国常用的肢体语言，以免造成误解，闹出笑话。下面就是几则在跨文化交际中发生的有趣的事情: 案 例 一 : 一个日本人问一个美国旅客，机场是否提供行李车服务。美国人想告诉他，机场不但提供行李车服务，而且还是免费提供!于是他用了人人皆知的表示“OK”的圆形手势作答。然而对那个日本人来说，这个手势表示“钱”，因此，日本人断定行李车服务收费昂贵。而这时，旁边一位突尼斯人看到了这一幕，于是认为美国人在对日本人暗示“他是一个卑鄙无耻的小偷”，让他小L点，否则杀死他。瞧，真够乱的。 案 例 二 : 一名撒丁女子向一位英国男子询问，在希思罗机场是否很容易找到出租车。她得到的回答是英国式的翘大拇指。她即刻甩起手提包，狠狠地揍那可怜的男子，因为她认为他做了诬蔑性的暗示。顺便说一句，这个例子正好说明了为什么在撒丁岛用这个手势搭拦便车不是个好主意。因此，要用外语进行有效的交际，在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势、动作、举止等所表示的意思。笔者在此从“身体距离”、“目光接触”、“手势动作”等几个方面比较一下各国的异同。 1)身体距离。 我们可以观察一下阿拉伯人同英国人的谈话。阿拉伯人按照自己的民族习惯认为站得近些表示友好。英国人按照英国的习惯会往后退，因为他认为保持适当的距离才合适.阿拉伯人往前挪，英国人往后退。谈话结束时，两个人离原来站的地方可能相当远了! 在这个例子里，双方的距离是关键。不同的民族或种族的人在谈话时，对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法。据说，在美国进行社交或公务谈话时，有四种距离表示四种不同情况:关系亲密，私人交往，一般社交，公共场合。交谈双方关系亲密，那么身体的距离从直接接触到相距约45厘米之间，这种距离适于双方关系最为亲密的场合，比如说夫妻关系。朋友、熟人或亲戚之间个人交谈一般以相距45-80厘米为宜。在进行一般社交活动时，交谈双方相距 米至3米;在工作或办事时，在大型社交聚会上，交谈者一般保持1. 30米至2米的距离。 在公共场合，交谈者之间相距更远，如在公共场所演说，教师在课堂上讲课，他们同听众距离很远.多数讲英语的人不喜欢人们离得太近，当然，离得太远也有些别扭.离得太近会使人感到不舒服，除非另有原因，如表示喜爱或鼓励对方与自己亲近等，但这是另一回事。记住这一点很重要。在 英语 国家里，一般的朋友和熟人之间交谈时，应避免身体任何部位与对方接触，即使仅仅触摸一下也可能引起不良的反应。如果一方无意中触摸了对方一下，他(她)一般会说:'Sorry" ;"Oh,I'm sorry" ; "Excuse me”等表示“对不起”的道歉话。 中国人喜欢抚摸别人的孩子以示喜爱，而西方妇女却对这种抚爱“毫不领情”。不论是摸摸、拍拍，或是亲亲孩子，都使那些西方的母亲感到别扭。她们知道这种动作毫无恶意，只是表示亲近和爱抚而已，所以也不好公开表示不满。但在她们自己的文化中，这种动作会被认为是无礼的，也会引起对方强烈的反感和厌恶。所以，遇到这种情况，西方的母亲往往怀着复杂的感情站在一旁不说话，感到窘迫，即使抚弄孩子的是自己的中国朋友或熟人。 除轻轻触摸外，再谈一谈当众拥抱的问题。在许多国家里，两个妇女见面拥抱亲吻是很普遍的现象。在多数工业发达的国家里，夫妻或亲人久别重逢也常常互相拥抱。两个男人应否互相拥抱，各国习惯不同。阿拉伯人、俄国人、法国人以及东欧和地中海沿岸的一些国家里，两个男人也热烈拥抱、亲吻双颊表示欢迎，有些拉丁美洲国家的人也是这样。不过，在东亚和英语国家，两个男人很少拥抱，一般只是握握手。 若干年前，发生了这样一件事:当时日本首相福田纠夫到美国进行国事访问，他在白宫前下车，美国总统上前紧紧拥抱，表示欢迎.福田首相吃了一惊，日本代表团成员也愣住了.许多美国人也感到奇怪，这种情况少见，完全出乎人们的意料。如果美国总统按日本人的习惯深鞠一躬，大家也不会那么惊讶。因为在美国和日本，男人之间很少用拥抱这种方式表示欢迎。在英语国家，同性男女身体接触也是个难以处理的问题。一过了童年时期，就不应两个人手拉手或一个人搭着另一个人的肩膀走路，因为这意味着同性恋。 2) 目光接触: 肢体语言的另一个重要方面是目光接触。在这一方面可以有许多“规定”：看不看对方，什么时候看，看多久，什么人可以看，什么人不可以看。这里引用朱利叶斯.法斯特的《肢体语言》一书中的两段，很有意思，可供参考:“两个素不相识的人面对面坐着，在火车餐车里他们可以 自我介绍 一下，吃饭的时候，说些无关紧要或者是无聊的话;也可以互不理睬，极力避免与对方的目光相遇。”有个作家在一篇 文章 里描写过这种情况:“他们翻来覆去地看菜单，摆弄刀叉，看着指甲—好像头一回看见它们.免不了目光相遇时，立即转移视线，注视窗外沿途景色。”该书作者指出，对素不相识的人的态度是：我们既应避免盯着看，也要避免显出不把他们放在眼里的样子，要看他们一下表示看见了，随后立刻把目光移开。 注视对方的不同情况，决定于相遇的场所。如果在街上相遇，可以看着迎面走来的人。直到八英尺远时再移开视线走过去。但在到达此距离之前，双方都用眼睛暗示一下自己要往哪边走，打算往哪边走就往哪边看一眼。然后，双方侧身略变方向，即可错开，顺利通过。根据美国习惯，同相识的人谈话时，说话的人和听话的人都应注视对方。 任何一方不看对方，都可以表示某种意味，如:害怕对方，轻视对方，心神不定，感到内疚，漠不关心等。甚至在对公众讲话时也要时时直视听众，和许多人的目光接触。如果演说的人埋头看讲稿，照本宣科(许多中国人往往是这样的)，而不抬头看看听众，人们就会认为他对听众冷漠，不尊敬别人。在谈话的时候，听的人一般要注视着说话的人的眼睛或脸，表示自己在听。如果对方说的话比较长，听的人要不时发出“嗯”、“啊”的声音，或者点头表示自己在注意听着。如果同意所说的观点，可以点头或微笑。如果不同意或者有所保留，可以侧一下头、抬一下眉毛或露出疑问的神情。 在英语国家，盯着对方看或看得过久都是不合适的。即使用欣赏的目光看人— 如对方长得漂亮— 也会使人发怒。许多外国人到其他国去旅行，因当地人盯着他们看而恼火、很别扭，认为那里的人“无礼”，而感到气愤.殊不知在该国是常事，看的人不过是好奇而已。许多在华的讲英语的外国人对此流露过不满情绪.笔者有一次陪几位“外教”参观青州的范公亭公园，当时有好几位群众围观，甚至有几位还一直尾随其后，弄得“外教’，很是尴尬。 “眉目传情”(或“目语”)是青年或成年男女之间传递感情最常用的古老的方法之一，在美国尤其讲究。有人对此作过详细研究：人们对异性怎样表示感兴趣或不感兴趣，怎样表示鼓励或拒绝，怎样表示赞成或不满，怎样表示爱慕或厌恶。然而，在美国也有许多差别。男人用眼睛的方式就和妇女不一样。不同年龄、不同阶级、不同社会阶层、不同地域的人在这一方面都有差别，不同种族的人也有差别。在一些国家里，人们认为能直视对方的眼睛是很重要的。在一部关于列宁的著名电影里有这样一幕：有一个肃反委员会的工作人员叛变了，肃反委员会主席捷尔任斯基得知情况询问他时，此人不敢正视对方的眼睛。根据这一点捷尔任斯基认为证实了他有罪。 许多美国人也同样重视目光接触的作用。有过这样一件事:有个十来岁的波多黎各姑娘在纽约一所中学里读书。有一天.校长怀疑她和另外几个姑娘吸烟，就把她们叫去，尽管这个姑娘一向表现不错，也没有做错什么事的证据，但校长还是认为她做贼心虚，勒令退学。他在报告中写道：“她躲躲闪闪，很可疑。她不敢正视我的眼睛。”校长查问时，她的确一直注视着地板，没看着校长的眼睛.而英美人有“不要相信不敢直视你的人”这样一句格言.碰巧有一位出生于拉丁美洲家庭的教师，对波多黎各文化有所了解，他同这个姑娘的家长谈话后对校长解释说：“就波多黎各的习惯而言，好姑娘‘不看成人的眼睛’这种行为是尊敬和听话的表现。”幸而校长接受了这个解释，承认了错误，妥善处理了这件事.这种目光视向不同的含义给他留下了很深的印象，也使他记住了各民族的文化是多种多样的。“目语”的规定很多，也很复杂。从上面介绍的一些情况可见一斑。 3)手势动作。 手势是个很难办的事。打手势时，动作稍有不同，就会与原来的意图有所区别;对某种手势理解错T.，也会引起意外的反应。在第二次世界大战中，领导英国进行战争的首相温斯顿·邱吉尔曾作了一个手势，当时引起了轰动。他出席一个场面盛大而又重要的集会，他一露面，群众对他鼓掌欢呼。邱吉尔做了一个表示"victory" (胜利)的“V”形手势— 用食指和中指构成“V”形。做这个手势时，手心要对着观众。不知邱吉尔是不知道还是一时失误，把手背对着观众了。群众当中，有人鼓掌喝倒彩，有人发愣，有人忍不住哈哈大笑。这位首相所做的手势表示的是别的意思，那不是表示“胜利”的“V”形，而是一个不礼貌的动作，表示侮辱、轻视之意。 另一个例子同尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫有关，他是50年代后期到60年代初期苏联的领导人。在美国访问期间，他的言论和举止引起一些争议。引起争议的手势之一是:他紧握双手，举过头顶，在空中摇晃。他的意思显然是表示问候，表示友谊。但是，在场的人和电视观众对此并不欣赏。美国人很熟悉这个动作一一这是 拳击 手击败对手后表示胜利的姿势。在此之前，赫奋晓夫曾说过要埋葬美国资本主义的话，许多美国人认为，这种手势表示他好像已经取得胜利，洋洋得意，难怪许多人感到不快。可见，有些肢体语言在不同民族表示的意义的差异有多大。笔者在此对中美常见的一些肢体语言做一下对比研究。中美肢体语言有相似的地方。如男子相逢时不拥抱，一般见面时握手即可;挥手表示再见;皱眉表示不高兴;耸耸鼻子表示不喜欢、讨厌或不快;点头表示“是”，摇头表示“不”;嗽嘴表示不痛快、情绪不佳、忿恨;拍拍男人或男孩子的背表示赞扬、夸奖、鼓励;咬牙表示生气、愤怒或下决心.现将不同之处举例如下: A. 动作一样，意义不同 (1) 跺 脚 汉语意义：气愤;恼怒;灰心;悔恨 英语意义 :不耐烦 (2) 观众和听众鼓掌，表演或讲话人也鼓掌 汉语意义 ：谢谢，互相表示友好感情 英语意义 :为自己鼓掌，被认为是不谦虚 (3) 目不转睛地看 汉语意义：好奇;有时是惊讶 英语意义 :不礼貌;使人发窘;不自在 (4) 发 “嘘 ”声 汉语意义 ：反对;责骂;轰赶 英语意义 :要求安静 (5) 拍别人的脑袋 汉语意义 ：(少见;一般见于成人对孩子)疼爱;(对成人或青年，会引起反感，是侮辱人的动作) 英语意义：安慰;鼓励;钟爱 B. 意义相同，动作有差异 (1) “过来 ”(叫别人过来) 中国的肢体语言：把手伸向被叫人，手心向下，几个手指同时弯曲几次。 美国的肢体语言：把手伸向被叫人，手心向上，握拳用食指前后摆动(中国人对此反感)。 (2) “丢人 ”“没羞”(半开玩笑) 中 国的肢体语言:伸出食指，用指尖在自己脸上划几下，象搔痒，不过手指是直的， 美 国的肢体语言:伸出两只手的食指，手心向下，用一个食指擦另一个食指的背面。 (3) “我吃饱了，’(吃饭后) 中国的肢体语言:一只手或两只手轻轻拍拍自己的肚子;美国的肢体语言:一只手放在自己的喉头，手心向下(常同时说“到这儿}") C.只存在于美国文化中的动作。 (1)顺指甲 意义：重大思想负担;担心，不知所措 (2)用大拇指顶着鼻尖，其他四指弯着一起动 意义：挑战;蔑视 (3)摇动食指(食指向上伸出，其他四指收拢) 意义：警告别人不要作某事，表示对方在做错事 (4)把胳膊放在胸前，握紧拳头，拇指向下，向下摆几次 意义：反对某一建议、设想;反对某人;表示强烈反对 (5)眨眼(很快地合上一只眼，微微一笑点点头) 意义：表示会意;赞许;鼓励;传递信息;团结等 D.只存在于中国文化中的动作 (I)用食指点点或指指自己的鼻子 意义 ：“ 是我”，“是我干的”(西方人认为这个手势有点可笑) (2) 说话时用一只张开的手遮着嘴(一般是老年人用) 意义 ：说秘密话(有时没有明显的意义) (3 )两只手递(即使可以用一只手拿起的)东西给客人或别人 意义 ：表示尊敬 (4) 别人为自己倒茶或斟酒时，张开一只手或两只手，放在杯子旁边 意义 ：表示感谢 (5) 伸出两个竖起的食指在身前慢慢接近(往往在戏曲中出现) 意 义 ：男女相爱;匹配良缘 这里所举的例子不全，但是可以说明肢体语言的差异，也说明了解另一种语言中的肢体语言的重要性。对肢体语言的研究有助于对语言的研究，对前者的理解可以加深对后者的理解，有些权威人士认为两者相互依存.在多数情况下这是对的，但在某些情况下，人体动作与说的话可能不一致，口头说的话与肢体语言表达的意思不一样。这时要借助其他信息或从整个情景中猜测说话人的意思，从某种意义上说，一切肢体语言都要放在一定的情夙下去理解，忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。作为外语学习者，在学好外语知识的同时，还应多了解一下国外常用的肢体语言，以便更好地交际。在此汇总几种国外常用的肢体语言，有些与国内习惯一致，但有些情况与国内不符，必要时，大家也只能“人乡随俗”了。 【参考文献】: 顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1997. 贾雨新.跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语 教育 出版社，1997. 郑树堂，胡全生.新视野英语教程·读写教程第一册[M].北京:外教研社，2004. 猜你喜欢： 1. 跨文化交际期末论文 2. 跨文化方向的论文 3. 跨文化交际毕业论文 4. 跨文化交际方向论文