中英禁忌语比较论文文献综述

英语和汉语最主要的区别在于两者的思维方式是不同的。用形象的说法，汉语的思维方式就像星星散布在天空上，而英语就像是一条直线，通过时间等关系，将语言推进。两者的区别主要表现为：01英语重结构，汉语重语义这是汉英语言最显著的差异。 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)我们看一看下面的例子：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。02英语多长句，汉语多短句由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。03英语多从句，汉语多分句英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only if...首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件……，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。

英语中有些禁忌和汉语是一致的,但由于中西方的历史发展状况、社会制度和价值观念等方面的差异,也使语言禁忌的内容和形式在许多方面存有不同。下面本文从四个方面进行分析。(一) 称谓方式禁忌言语交际中怎样称呼对方是一个很重要的问题。汉语中称谓禁忌主要涉及讳名的风俗,祖先和长辈的名字都不能直呼。一般来讲,晚辈称呼长辈时应以辈份称谓代替姓名称谓,而且不论有无血缘关系均可以亲属称谓相称。如叫“爷爷、姥姥、奶奶、叔叔、伯伯”等。在人际交往中,不但晚辈忌呼长辈的名字,而且在不很熟识的同辈之间也忌直呼对方的名字,以示对对方的尊敬,通常人们以“先生”、“同志”、“师傅”相称,如此等等。而英语在称谓方式上不像汉语有那么多忌讳,基本上不存在忌讳问题,但也有一些严格的规则,特别是对王室成员、地位很高的神职人员的称呼是马虎不得的。当然,在大多数情况下用Mr 或Mrs ,Ms ,Miss 加姓即可。然而,如果已经了解到对方是社会地位高的人,譬如是doctor ,professor ,judge ,governor 等就得用其头衔加上姓或单用头衔称呼。(二) 词汇禁忌在涉及身体长相、体态方面的用词上英美人也大有讲究。他们一般不用ugly 来形容长相和体态不佳的人。而用plain ,ordinary 来代之,忌讳体态fat 或skinny 时,用 chubby ,plump 或slim ,slender 代之。在汉文化中,我们常用“你最近胖了”、“发福了”来恭维某人身体健康,但英语很少用fat 来表示体态发胖。因为说英语的人特别是女士们,对自己的体重和身体是很敏感的,你若说她胖了,她会很不高兴的。(三) 数字禁忌大家都知道数字4 、7 谐音的字“死”、“气”,所以人们在一般情况下不愿使用这两个数字。在选电话号码时,末尾是4 、7 的号码很少有人愿意选用;而6 、8 被认为是“顺”、“发”的数字,则被人们看重,末尾带6 、8 的电话号码曾一度被人们出高价抢购。“久”是9 的谐音,所以自古以来上层统治者都希望国泰民安,江山稳固,以便久治天下。于是紫禁城门上便有九颗大门钉,恰如所谓“九九归一”的说法。由于《圣经》中载有第13 个人犹大出卖耶稣的故事,英美人普遍反感“13”这个数字,因此在公寓旅店等高层建筑物上很难找到第13 层。(四) 禁忌话题英汉两种语言在这方面的差异较大,这主要是因为在汉民族和讲英语的民族看待事物的观念大相径庭。讲英语的人很重视privacy ,英语中有一句谚语:A man’s home ishis castle. 其意思说:一个人的家(个人空间)是神圣不可侵犯的,未经允许不得入内,尤其是bedroom。而在中国并非如此。例如在北方的农村,请客人“上炕”是对客人的盛情款待。英美人办公桌上的东西都属于个人所有,外人一般不能随便看,即使一份报纸,也要征得对方的同意才能借来看。在中国人眼里并不如此。有的人未经允许就欣赏外教的影集,或看给学生作业上写的评语。对我们而言似乎是些平常之事,而对西方人来说,却被认为是对别人个人空间的侵犯。因此在与操英语的人谈话时,谈及对方年龄、经济、收入、体重、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、政治倾向等方面涉及个人的生活和隐私方面的话题是不得体的,除非非谈不可的情况(如在宾馆、医院、拘留所) 。

你好啊，你的开题报告选题定了没？开题报告选题老师同意了吗？准备往哪个方向写？你的开题报告格式要求下载下来了没有？学校开题报告要求看了没有？因为每个学校开题报告格式要求都是不一样的？最后祝你选题顺利通过选题意义和目的一般作为开题报告里面的第一块内容,是阐述你所研究的这个选题有没有研究价值或者说讨论价值的, 写开题报告的目的，其实就是要请导师来评判我们这个选题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷.写意义的时候根据你的选题来决定形式可以分现实意义和理论意义也可以不细分,把目的和意义和在一起写,总之突出你观点的新颖和重要性即可建议可以从这两点来叙述,不过要根据自己的选题,不要生搬硬套:1. (你的选题)是前人没有研究过的,也就是说研究领域中一个新颖有意义的课题,被前人所忽略的2. 前人有研究过,或者说阐述过但是没有阐述论证的足够全面,你加以丰满,或者驳斥前人的观点,总之,意义和目的一定要叙述的清晰并且是有一定新意的其次注意自己所使用的理论,你是用什么理论证明你的观点也要叙述清楚,否则难以有说服力在做文献综述和国内外研究水平的评价等等也要有翔实的根据这样才能衬托出你的选题的意义所在

我也是英语专业，论文选的也是委婉语，看了一些文献，给你参考下：英语委婉语研究发展至今，主要是从修辞学的角度出发，集中在分析委婉语的分类情况、构成方式，有些学者从不同国家委婉语的使用差异分析中西文化差异，有些研究翻译等。个人觉得关于禁忌语的比较容易着手且有趣，虽然不能避免类似论文太多，但论文的结构方面可以根据自己的思路与众不同，提出新意。祝写作顺利！

好不好写不重要，是否被人写的太多也不重要，重要的是你喜不喜欢这个题目，想不想写，能不能投入到其中。付出了一定会有收获

For today's Christian, the origin of Christmas is, and should be, the birth of Jesus Christ as recorded in the Bible. Nothing more and nothing less. However, most of what we witness on December 25th each year has absolutely nothing to do with that blessed day, which probably occurred in late summer or early fall about 2,000 years ago. In fact, most of the customs and traditions of Christmas actually pre-date the birth of Jesus, and many of them are downright deceptive in their meaning and origin. Anyway, who cares when Christ was born? Christmas Day,the 25th of December,is the biggest festival(节日)celebrated in the Christian countries of the everyone enjoys Christmas Day,it is particularly enjoyed by children,who get very excited because of the presents they know they are going to children believe that their presents are brought by Father Christmas(圣诞老人).Father Christmas is a kind of old man who,the children are told,lives at the North travels through the sky on a sleigh(雪撬) which is pulled by reindeers(驯鹿) and loaded with(装满) on the roof of houses,he enters by climbing the chimney(烟囱).When small children go to bed on Christmas Eve,they hang a stocking at the end of their parents warn them not to try to look at Father Christmas,or he will not leave them they wake,they find their stockings filled with are very excited on Christmas morning and always wake up early. Christmas is also a family any members of the family as possible gather to eat,play party games and watch the special Christmas programmes on TV. Christmas The Feast of Christmas It is not easy to pin-point the origins of the Christmas feast, today the more important feast of the Christmas season in most western Christian churches. One can only say for certain that the birth of Jesus Christ was being celebrated in Rome by the year 336 .; afterwards the feast was celebrated in other Christian churches throughout the world. Why it was celebrated on December 25th is another question. No date for the birth of Jesus can be found in the New Testament, which is concerned more with the question "Who is Jesus?" than the date of his birth. Early Christian speculation about his birth date was influenced by the symbolism of the changing seasons, then popular in religious thought, which paid careful attention to the equinoxes and solstices of the sun. Christian scholars speculated that Jesus was conceived at the spring equinox (March 25th) and therefore was born on December 25th, the date of the winter solstice. In many of the Christian churches, March 25th is still the Feast of the Annunciation, when the Angel Gabriel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of Jesus. Possible impluse for the feast of Christmas may have came too from the establishment of the pagan feast of the "Unconquered Sun-God" by the Emperor Aurelian in 274 . to be celebrated on December 25, the day of the winter solstice in Rome and throughout the empire. In response, Christians could celebrate the feast of the "Sun of righteousness" (Malachi 4,2), Jesus Christ, who called himself " the light of the world." Father Christmas It is said that in the year of 300 AD, there was a kind old man and his name was Saint Nicholas. He was always ready to help the poor and often gave presents to them. Today, Father Christmas is an imaginary figure, but nearly all young children believe in him. They think he is a happy old man with a long white beard and a long red robe. On the night of the twenty-fourth of December every year, Father Christmas from some cold northern land comes down the chimney of the fireplace to put presents by the beds of children or to fill their stockings. So when children go to bed that night, they hang up their stockings, and on Christmas morning they wake to find them full of presents. Of course, it's really their parents who fill the stockings. Another name for Father Christmas is Santa Claus.||：此外的书籍有《从日常生活禁忌语看中西文化差异》论文文献综述，需要杜学增的《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较》， 唐纳的《西方禁忌大观》，郁龙余的《中西文化异同论》。【采纳后赞一下！】