论文开题报告翻译模版

论文的开题 报告 是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料，论文的开题报告的字体以及各式等方面都有一定的要求的。下面是我为大家整理的论文开题报告的字体格式要求的内容，希望能对大家有所帮助。

1.论文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用A4纸单面打印，页面设置：左边距、右边距、下边距均为厘米;上边距为厘米。页眉、页脚均为2厘米。论文(含任务书)及附件装订成一册，一式两份。

2.页眉从正文开始。页眉左端顶格为论文标题，论文标题用宋体五号字。若为开题报告或文献翻译则在标题后面加上“/开题报告或/文献翻译”。右端右对齐为页码，用五号阿拉伯数字。

3.正文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用宋体小四号，应当达到15000个字左右。非汉字均用Times New Roman体。字间距设置为“标准”，段落设置为“单倍行距”，所有段落开头均缩进2个字。数学公式用斜体，按章节编号，如第2章第3个公式为(2-3)，并与段落右边线对齐。

4.每一章另起一页，章节采用三级标题，用阿拉伯数字连续编号，(例：1，，)。章名为一级标题，位于一页的首行居中，用黑体小二号，段前距为0磅，与紧接其后的文字或二级标题间距为12磅。二级标题用宋体四号，左对齐，断前距12磅，段后距0磅。三级标题用黑体小四号，左对齐，段前距12磅，段后距0磅。

5.图表要有名称，表名位于表的正上方，用宋体小五号粗体。图名位于图的正下方，用宋体小五号粗体;图表按章节编号。例如：表为第2章第7个图表;图3-1为第3章第1个图。图表不要跨页。凡引用的图表，需在图表名后用相应的中括号〔 〕加以标注，(如：〔1〕)。这里的标注号应与参考文献的序号为同一个号。

6.封面及任务书等由学生到(校图书馆一楼)装订处购买，封面不得复印。并在装订处装订论文。

7.除封面外，第一页是任务书，任务书下达时间是：按申请写作时间。

第二页是中文摘要(至少150字)。“摘要” 两字为黑体小二号，居中，设置段前为102磅，段后为12磅。内容用宋体五号字。 “关键词”三个字用黑体小五号，缩进2个字，后面的内容用宋体五号，一般用3-5个词组即可，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。关键词与摘要相距12磅(即设置段前12磅)。中文摘要用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

第三页是Abstract(至少500印刷字符)，“Abstract” (用Times New Roman 粗体小二号)，内容用Times New Roman 五号。Keywords用Times New Roman 粗体小五号，后面的内容用Times New Roman五号，与英文摘要内容同样相距12磅。英文摘要顺延“中文摘要”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

第四页为目录。“目录” 居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。目录页顺延“Abstract”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

目录依次为：摘要、Abstract、正文(要求列出一、二级标题，一级标题用黑体四号，二级标题用黑体小四号)、参考文献、致谢、附件1：开题报告、附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)。页码数字用小四号。

说明：中英文摘要和目录并非正文，不要设置页眉!

8.参考文献位于正文后另起一页，与正文连续编页码。“参考文献”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。参考文献主要格式如下：

书籍：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).书名.版本号(初版不写).出版社名，出版年，引用页码

提示：结束处不要加句号!

例：〔1〕胡玉明，高级管理会计，厦门大学出版社，2005年，第51页

期刊：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).题名.刊名，出版年，卷号：(期号)，起始页码～终止页码。

特别提示：凡论文中引用过的参考文献须按照顺序依次在正文引用处进行标注，标注 方法 ：位于引用处最后一句话的句号内，具 体操 作：在工具栏打开格式-字体-上标。(例：如〔1〕)。

9.致谢页位于参考文献之后，与正文连续编页码，“致谢”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。内容为宋体小四号字。

10.附件1：开题报告(包括研究背景、文献综述、技术路线、进度安排和参考文献五部分，各部分之间不需另起一页)

开题报告的标题居中，用黑体小二号粗体，段前距和段后距均为0磅。标题下为：专业、(准考证号)、姓名，均为黑体四号并居中。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求说明 ：开题报告的标题应为论文题目，而不是开题报告四个字!

论文开题报告的字体格式要求： 开题报告中紧接着是摘要(只需中文)和关键词。“摘要”和“关键词”用黑体小四号，“摘要”内容用宋体小四号，“关键词”包含3至5个词组，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。这里摘要和关键词均不需要开头缩进。然后是正文，正文与关键词之间的距离为12磅。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求： 开题报告和文献翻译中，一级标题不需要另起页，一级标题设置段前、段后均为12磅，其余格式与正文同。

论文开题报告的字体格式应该注意 ：开题报告和文献翻译的页码要根据正文的页码进行连续编码。

11.附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)25000个字符左右，先中文(可比照论文格式)，标题应为所翻译 文章 的标题，用黑体小二号粗体，居中。这里文献翻译标题下面是原文作者的(英文)姓名，用小三号Times New Roman体加粗，居中。中文译稿结束后空两行注明外文资料来源，文字内容为“外文资料来源：书籍/期刊(按参考文献格式)”，资料来源结束处不要点句号!空2格写：某某译。字体用宋体小四号加粗(非汉字均用Times New Roman体加粗)右对齐。

摘要：音乐是舞蹈的灵魂，同时舞蹈和音乐又很好地统一在一起。优美的音乐可以激发舞蹈者的灵感和想象，同时跳动的音乐节奏又可以提示舞蹈者的动作。而在舞蹈中，舞蹈者的形象也是通过和谐一致的听觉和视觉才引起人们的欣赏美感的。如果没音乐，舞蹈也就失去了生命力。由古至今，音乐是舞蹈的声音，而舞蹈是音乐的表现形式，音乐和舞蹈是紧密相连的不同的艺术，都具有一定的美学价值，而音乐和舞蹈的完美配合，又可以带给人们一场盛大的听觉和视觉盛宴。

关键词：音乐 舞蹈 跳跃 和谐

音乐与舞蹈是紧密联系在一起的，舞蹈者优美的动作和音乐是分不开的。在不同音乐的刺激下，人的听觉通过中枢神经会做出相应的心理反应，从而引起联想。在编排舞蹈时是从音乐开始的，音乐和舞蹈结合在一起，是把舞蹈者的感情突破空间的穿透力而表现出来，让舞者身心交融进而会产生共鸣。因此，在二者的关系中，音乐是舞蹈里不可分割的一个重要部分，音乐以其多样的风格、鲜明轻快的节奏以及优美的旋律而赋予舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现。舞蹈者在优美的音乐中展开优美的舞蹈动作，不仅可以享受美丽，而且还能够陶冶精神。同时，舞蹈者对伴奏音乐的理解也影响着舞蹈的艺术表现，所以在实际中就需要把舞蹈和音乐和谐的结合在一起，促进二者的共同发展。

一、音乐在舞蹈中的重要地位

(一)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者表达情绪，烘托气氛

音乐的加入可以很好的激发强化舞蹈的表达，如果离开了音乐，舞蹈就不能够充分的表达出感情。由于音乐的一个直接的特点就是渗入人心，因而人们在欣赏时就会经常把音乐中表现出来的感情作为自己的内心感情来体验，而舞蹈在跳舞之前就会先对音乐进行深刻的体验，所以当这种对音乐的理解与感受激发起舞蹈者内心的感情时，这种感情就会通过丰富的舞蹈动作表现出来。这样，音乐的介入，就会首先打动大众观众的感情，也让观众对舞蹈有了更深的理解。另外，音乐的丰富情感也给了舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现，也拉近了观众和舞蹈的距离。

(二)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者组织动作

音乐和舞蹈具有相同的韵律、节奏以及情感内容，并且在展示时也是同步进行的，因此就要求二者必须做到高度的协调统一。在设计舞蹈动作之前是就必须有音乐的，而不是先有了舞蹈动作之后再配备的音乐。在舞蹈中运用的音乐主要有两种形式，首先可以是为既定的舞蹈情节与主题来创作相关的音乐，其次是可以利用现成的音乐。其中普遍采用的方法是按照音乐来编排舞蹈。例如古典芭蕾就是根据音乐的旋律灵魂来展开的动作技巧，这也称作是舞蹈音乐，主要是利用和谐匀称的音乐来展示舞蹈的动作，但是也要注意，舞蹈并不是仅仅服从于音乐的。这主要表现在，首先如果是为了专门构思的舞蹈来创作音乐，就需要根据舞蹈编导的要求来进行创作。其次舞蹈的配乐也要有选择，因为不是所有的音乐都适合于舞蹈。第三，舞蹈编导在具体编制可以根据舞蹈内容要求对音乐进行相应的修改。

(三)音乐有利于舞蹈的构思创作

由于音乐的丰富性作用，一听到音乐就很容易想起舞蹈，所以舞蹈构想也就产生了。在实际中却还面临着听到的音乐是否可以立即成为伴奏音乐。如果听见音乐就想跳舞，这是对听到的音乐触发的灵感，而这种灵感就推动去创作舞蹈动作。音乐是由时间、感情以及节奏组成的，所以就可以把音乐直接变成舞蹈来应用，所以音乐其实具有伴奏与创作的双重性特征。例如在实际中听到了贝多芬的《命运交响曲》，有人就想创作出和命运有关的舞蹈，于是就产生了《命运》舞蹈。在一定程度上，舞蹈是对音乐的形象化表现，二者是相互依存的，如果没有了音乐，舞蹈就是半成品。同时，所有的曲子都可以自由的跳，这就是根据现成的音乐对舞蹈进行的创作。

二、舞蹈对音乐的升华作用

(一)舞蹈需要音乐的节奏和旋律

音乐是一门单独的艺术形式，但是在舞蹈中的音乐，是舞蹈者对音乐的再创作，舞蹈者在听到音乐之后，根据自己的理解而进行的和音乐一致的肢体动作，就是舞蹈的音乐的诠释、表现。但是这种肢体展示并不是根据音乐中的每个音符用人体来表现出来，而是对音乐精神和情感的展现。另外，音乐与舞蹈的一个共同点就是相同的节奏，而节奏也是舞蹈与音乐相结合的重要基础。在实际中，舞蹈是需要通过音乐来加强动作的展示与情感的渲染的，在表演舞蹈时，也需要有一定的节奏伴奏。在舞蹈中肢体舞动的位移因素就是因为节奏的存在，而任何形式的肢体动作都是在经过节奏加工后才会形成比较优美的肢体动作，而这些是形成舞蹈动作的一个重要前提。音乐的变化比较快，音乐是一门时间艺术，而舞蹈却是空间与时间的艺术，舞蹈不是对音乐中每一个细微的变化做出的机械反映。舞蹈与音乐的另外一个共同点就是抒情。舞蹈与音乐都是对感情的直接表达，但是音乐的表达一般具有抽象性，因而不会对舞蹈具体的感情表达产生干扰或者是矛盾，而是可以和舞蹈有完美结合。由于人具有丰富的情感，任何一种对感情的表现都一个产生到逐渐变化的过程，尤其是把生活中的喜怒哀乐搬到舞台上，就更需要借助一定的表现形式才能把这些情感表达出来。舞蹈中产生的一切肢体动作，都需要围绕人的主体来进行，并根据自然界的规律，对肢体动作进行升华。舞蹈中的任何情绪都是编导者通过对舞蹈作品进行构思之后形成的，然后在进行一定的创编，由舞蹈演员来把握其中的感情，把要表达的情感在舞蹈中呈现、抒发出来。并在此基础上把舞蹈与音乐结合在一起，也把其中的情感结合在一起，因而在选择相应的舞蹈音乐时创作者也需要具备一定的审美能力。

(二)舞蹈中需要音乐的辅助作用

舞蹈艺术是利用肢体的运动形式来表现语言的方式，而对事物事件的发展过程也是通过肢体的移动来实现的，因而运用舞蹈语言也可以把整件事情来表达清楚，但是舞蹈艺术的表现形式却不能够把事件所处的时代背景与发生的环境表现出来。而这一点，却可以通过音乐来弥补。由于音乐具有一定的听觉特征，音乐的表现和创作形式也会留下鲜明的时代情感表现与音乐特征，同时这种时代感也会给欣赏者带来一定的时代感受，比如我们在听到《红星闪闪》、《黄河协奏曲》时就很容易联想到那一代的事情，因此音乐就很好的把舞蹈中表现的事件就做出了交代。在实际中舞蹈艺术是以音乐的节奏和比较夸张的气口来作为肢体动作切入点的。而舞蹈的韵味和感觉都是通过肢体语言来表现的，所以在舞蹈时舞蹈者就会完全释放自己的肢体，另外，舞蹈者还根据音乐的节奏来表现蕴含的情感，而根据明快的节奏舞蹈者在实际舞蹈时也会不停的变换肢体动作，利用强烈的情感张丽给观众一种舞台是空的、舞台上只存在一种情绪的感觉。同时，舞蹈又很好的结合了写意与写实，利用肢体的动态变换过程来传递信息，也通过一定的个性化肢体动作来体现情绪。

(三)舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一

音乐形象主要是由情绪音乐的形象体育主体音乐的形象相互结合而形成的。在舞蹈的艺术中音乐其实与舞蹈的文学形象具有同样重要的地位，益音乐形象也是舞蹈的一项主心骨，如果舞蹈没有了音乐，舞蹈就会失去色彩和灵魂，所以在舞蹈中离不开音乐的衬托。舞蹈中的舞蹈形象，首先则是舞蹈的主体音乐形象。在一部舞蹈作品里主体音乐形象一般是贯穿始终的一个主要线索，而舞蹈表现的现象也是在以这个线索为中心根据相应的文学形象支配来进行拓展创作的，舞蹈中主体音乐形象是对文学形象的一个很好的诠释，因此舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一集合就可以让观众通过看和听来欣赏舞蹈艺术，进而陶冶情操，形成美好的精神感受。另外，主体音乐形象与舞蹈音乐形象结合在一起，又可以使舞蹈的形象更加具有个性化与典型化，形成完美统一的舞蹈艺术效果。

三、结语

综上所述，舞蹈动作和音乐是紧密联系在一起的，音乐不仅可以对舞蹈的动作做出提示，还可以给舞蹈者一定的灵感启发。舞蹈中利用听觉与视觉的结合来引起艺术美感的，如果没有了音乐的配合，舞蹈表现也就失去了生命力。因而成功的舞蹈是需要音乐的配合的，有了音乐优美和谐的伴奏，就很容易点燃跳舞者的激情，把舞蹈的内涵完美的呈现出来。

参考文献：

[1]汤晓宁.舞蹈艺术与实践[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2009.

[2]宋小璐.音乐是舞蹈的灵魂——试论音乐在舞蹈中的重要性[J]. 文化 月刊，2009，(07).

[3]慕羽.当代舞蹈编导类群的价值定位——兼谈舞蹈编导的社会责任问题[J].北京蹈学院学报，2005，(04).

[4]陈佩玲.视觉艺术与听觉艺术-论舞蹈钢琴伴奏教学的特点[J].舞蹈，2009，(04).

[5]张娟.乐者舞之魂一舞蹈钢琴伴奏艺术探微[J].西安音乐学院学报，2010，(04).

1. 论文开题报告字体格式要求

2. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体的要求

3. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体

4. 毕业论文开题报告格式要求格式

5. 论文开题报告的打印格式要求

商务英语论文开题报告范文

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。 function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms