膳食平衡论文英文文献

清调补---完整的健康理念 随着生活水平的越来越高，人们越来越关注生活的质量，注重保健的人也就越来越多，为了满足市场的需求，各种保健品、各种保健理念纷纷登场，搞得广大消费者云里雾里迷失了方向，在市场上形成了一种跟风的现象。特别是市场的不成熟，加上个别生产厂家的误导性宣传，使消费者对保健品的期望值非常高，并由此引发了一系列问题，对保健品的信誉造成了损伤。 其实，大家要全方位地去理解保健，明白保健品到底起什么作用，如何才能起作用，那需要从清、调、补三个方面同时入手。首先要保证不管用的是什么保健品，吸收不好，作用肯定就会大打折扣，为什么一些保健品效果不理想，不是产品不好，是吸收不好。又因为人体内各种物质发生生化反应，不单单各种营养素要符合人体生化反应的比例，同时还要人体八大系统来正常的发挥作用，为生化反应的顺利进行创造条件，所以一定要清调补同时进行。 清---主要是清肠。消化道是人体吸收营养素的主要地方，由于长期饮食不均衡、生活习惯不好，造成消化道正常功能受损，微生物平衡被破坏，大量宿便的积存及消化道疾病，造成消化吸收功能的障碍，导致很多营养素吸收不畅，吃了也没用，所以恢复消化道正常功能就显得尤为重要。 那么，肠道功能障碍是怎么来的呢？权威的看法是，肠道内大量的宿便是主要原因。所以有效的清除肠内宿便，是肠道功能恢复的关键所在。市面上清除肠道内宿便的产品很多，根据人类遗传学，人体结构是自然选择的结果，是与人的生存环境、饮食习惯等密切相关的。所以最符合人类本质的清肠方法，就是饮食疗法。由于饮食结构的改变，是导致今天肠道功能障碍的主要原因，所以采用符合饮食金字塔的膳食搭配，可以有效地解决这一问题。但是我们很难在日常生活中达到符合客观规律的要求，这样就出现了富含膳食性纤维的保健品，通过增加膳食纤维的摄入量，促进肠道蠕动的加剧，及膳食纤维膨胀后，肠道蠕动过程中的裹带作用，可以有效的达到清除肠内宿便的作用，可以使肠内毒素大量减少，从而保证肠道粘膜细胞正常的吸收，同时也为微生物的生存、再生创造有利的条件，有效的减少致病菌，从而减少肠道疾病的发生。同时由于纤维吸水后会膨胀，很容易产生饱涨感，可有效的减少体内产热素的摄入量，而且可以延缓对糖的吸收，及阻止对胆固醇的吸收。所以在清肠的同时，也对身体的其他机能起到很好的作用。含膳食性纤维的植物很多，其中西莲壳是世界上含膳食性纤维最多的植物。故多食用含西莲壳多的保健品，对恢复肠道功能是大有帮助。 调---其实就是对自身各系统功能的一种调理，使其由不平衡状态达到平衡状态，从而保证功能正常，生化反应能正常进行，这从以下几个方面入手： 先是消除炎症，炎症所引发的疼痛、发热等都会导致体内系统不能正常工作，特别是一些慢性炎症，其具有很强的抗药性，这种情况下，功能性保健品，特别是其中含有杀菌成份的原料，在这方面功效显著，象芦荟等。其次是疏通通道，保证血液循环系统正常工作及排泄系统及时地把有害物质排出体外，同时保证呼吸系统正常，特别是一些循环系统由于排泄不畅或生化反应不彻底，积存物质过多导致沉淀堵塞，引起功能障碍，需要首先恢复其功能。这时需要保健品中含清血排毒，洁净泌尿系统等功能的成分。象是芦荟、沙棘等在这方面是处于领先位置的。再就是保证体内生化反应的正常进行。首先是各种营养素要符合生化反应的比例，某种单一营养素的量过多会在一定的程度上改变生化反应的速度，但是长此以往，势必导致新的不平衡出现，所以营养素一定要均衡。然后就是人体生化反应的速度与人体的激素水平是否正常有密切关系。所以人体内含有足够的、满足生化反应需求的激素就显得尤为重要，这就需要保健品中含有多种活性物质，保证正常的激素水平。象芦荟、沙棘、蜂王浆都含有多种活性物质。VC、矿物质等也能促进激素合成及促进生化反应。最后，就是对体内的创伤，能够促使细胞活性的提高而及时的修复，最大程度的提高肌体自愈能力，从而真正的达到强身健体的要求。 补----主要是均衡体内营养素，使其符合膳食宝塔，特别是由于饮食的不均衡，人的膳食结构呈倒金字塔状，营养结构严重失调，已使肌体机能受损，生化反应进行不彻底及一些废物过多积累，增加了各系统的负担。所以要根据中国人现在的饮食习惯、饮食结构有针对性的补。人需要七大营养素，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质、水、纤维素。根据目前大家的饮食情况，前三种我们基本不缺，甚至过剩，所以选择保健品时一定要慎重。因为不缺甚至已经过剩再继续补，不但无益还会增加解毒系统的负担，甚至出现过敏及中毒现象。补主要应该针对后四项营养的不均衡来进行。 同时我们人是来自于自然的，我们长成今天这个样子是几千年来自然选择的结果，人在自然界中就是以天然的植物为食物的，我们身体的各个系统也都是和这样的食物相搭配的。所以一些精练的、不用消化就能被吸收的高科技产品，会使得人自身本能性的一些本能或减少、或丧失。所以，即使是保健品，也应该尽可能的保持其天然性，只有这样才更符合客观规律。 人作为一个有机的整体，可以进行清调补，一个系统作为一个局部也可以进行清调补，甚至一个器官（口腔都可以按照清调补的理念进行局部保健，从而达到整体保健）所以，清调补从微观到宏观的保健都更符合客观规律，真正的验证了分子矫正医学的理念：细胞的健康决定了人体的健康。产品的领先首先取决于保健理念的领先。所以，懂得了清调补的保健理念，就知道了选择什么样的保健品进行正确保健，少受一些误导，少一些纠纷，吃出真正的健康来。

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

[1] 王维群.营养学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003..[2] 中国营养学会.平衡膳食宝塔及其应用[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000..[3] 中国营养学会.中国居民膳食指南[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1998..[4] 中国营养学会.中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2000..

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