Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.
土木工程的key哀,速度,
据调查,到2007年底,世界人工翻译市场将达115亿美元,机器翻译市场将达1.34亿美元。2003年中国的翻译市场产值为110亿元人民币,2005年突破200亿元人民币。目前我国高素质的翻译人才缺口巨大,翻译作品质量良莠不齐。刘习良告诉记者,“目前市场上的许多翻译作品不仅不能达到高水平,就连错译、滥译、乱译、甚至抄袭剽窃之作也非鲜见”。国际译联副主席、中国译协副会长黄友义表示,解决现在的问题有两种办法,一靠市场机制来调解,二由政府进行市场规范化管理。而政府也往往成为翻译企业的客户,造成监管的难度。目前国内没有一个完善的行业标准,国内翻译企业准入标准太低,造成市场混乱。因此,需要相关法律规定的出台。外交部翻译室副主任张建敏也现身论坛。他说,近日见诸媒体的所谓“外交部翻译年薪50万”并非事实。外交部译者是公务员身份,享受公务员待遇。虽然市场上口译员尤其是同声传译的身价颇为吸引眼球,但是大部分翻译工作者依然默默工作。 有数据显示,目前全国有职业翻译4万多人,相关从业人员超过50万,专业翻译公司3000多家。市场上以各种形式从事翻译工作的人很多,但受过专业训练的翻译人才很少,高水平的翻译大约只占总数的5%甚至更少,能够胜任国际会议口译任务的专业人员就更少了,且主要集中在北京、上海等大城市。中国翻译市场空间很大,所以翻译人才的整体素质亟待提高“翻译人才缺,缺的绝不仅仅是同声传译。”某外国语大学高级翻译学院教授表示。同声传译被认为是翻译职业金字塔顶端的“金领”,而他认为,不仅是同声传译,国内经过专业训练的翻译人才可以说是全线告急。“会议口译、商务口译、专业笔译等都面临人才紧缺的问题。”专业翻译主要分为口译、笔译两大方向。如果进一步细分,国内市场需求量较大、人才紧缺的专业翻译人才主要有以下五个方向:会议口译:会议口译在各种口译中处于高端,包含交替传译和同声传译两种口译技能。虽然叫做“会议口译”,但除了应用于国际会议之外,也广泛应用于外交外事、会晤谈判、商务活动、新闻传媒、培训授课、电视广播、国际仲裁等领域。如今,每年在上海举行的国际会议超过200场,对外交流应接不暇,在会议旺季,会议口译供不应求,小语种的会议口译人才更是凤毛麟角。法庭口译:国际诉讼、仲裁事务日益增多,对法庭口译人才的需求也日益凸显。法庭口译译员的工作环境比较特殊,对法律知识也有较高要求。目前国内这一领域的高级口译人才几乎是空白商务口译:比会议口译的要求稍低一些,企业在国际贸易、谈判等过程中需要大量商务口译人才。联络陪同口译:企业、政府机构都有大量的外事接待事务,联络陪同口译的任务就是在接待、旅游等事务中担任口译工作。文书翻译:与口译相比,这类笔译人才的需求量更大。企业、出版社、北京翻译公司等机构都需要具备专业素养的文本翻译人才,这一领域的人才缺口更大。有信息显示,翻译职位空缺在不断增加,各个语种翻译人才持续保持较低的竞争指数,特别是一些小语种翻译职位更是不错的求职方向。从人才市场上的信息来看,现在的翻译职位空缺只有很小一部分是针对英语人才的,绝大部分职位招聘的是日语、韩语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语、葡萄牙语等小语种人才。由于这方面的人才相对稀缺,企业在招聘标准上也低出不少,如东软集团有限公司招聘的葡萄牙语翻译只希望有一年以上葡萄牙语翻译工作经验,而中信集团公司招聘负责商务谈判及日常翻译工作的西班牙语翻译,已经打出“应届毕业生也可”的条件。据介绍,除了以往的“听说读写流利,外语良好,口语能沟通”等条件之外,现在的翻译岗位需要的不只是外语优秀的人才,语言加非外语专业能力的复合型人才逐渐吃香。复合型外语人才不仅外语优秀,还掌握法律、经济、贸易、技术等多学科知识,已经成为职场上的“抢手货”。懂得西班牙语、阿拉伯语、韩国语、葡萄牙语等小语种的翻译人才,目前正在成为各大公司热捧的对象。据业内人士透露,与同等学历的英语类人才相比,小语种人才薪情更高一等。实行外国文学翻译出版准入制有利有弊,但我们可以看到,利大于弊,只要管理措施到位,对市场更广泛开放的影响并不大。那么,应如何实行外国文学翻译出版准入制?我认为有以下五方面需要注意. 首先,翻译出版准入制目前只限在问题较突出的外国文学出版这个领域实行,其他门类的翻译暂不列入。其次,严禁把翻译出版权变成商品私下买卖。要制定科学的、透明的出版准入审核制,以及终止准入的退出制。建立准入年限、准入条件、准入审计、准入反响的评估体系,不搞准入终身制。第三,获得准入,绝非摇钱树,而是一种责任,一种承诺。获得翻译出版权的出版社,必须从翻译选题论证、翻译出版流程的完善、翻译质量的监管、特别是翻译出版专业人才的培训等方面加强建设,形成无愧于准入的新生产力,尽快扭转外国文学出版太滥的局面。第四,提倡实行翻译实名制。加强译者翻译资质的透明度,杜绝以笔名出现的抄袭劣译。第五,实行翻译质量问责制。责编及特约编辑均要实名上书;任何翻译包括节译,均须标明原文版本;鼓励评论和举报,对侵权及劣质的翻译书,要实行召回制,并按《保护消费者权益法》加倍赔偿。(李景端系中国版协外国文学出版研究会秘书长)unitranslation Posted at 每日记事 | Publish time: 01:51PM Jan 30, 2008 | Comments[0] 我国翻译迈入产业化时代 拥有数百亿元大市场(转载)我国翻译迈入产业化时代 拥有数百亿元大市场 图:在2005年芬兰举行的第十七届世界翻译大会上,中国以多数票获得第十届翻译大会的主办权。图为第18届世界翻译大会徽标翻译公司近3000家,去年产值突破200亿元长期以来,翻译在我国一直以公益型事业性显现,而今这一状态开始根本性的变革!最近,我国翻译界首次以产业为主题,召集国际翻译家联盟、大型跨国翻译企业负责人、国内翻译产业权威人士、中国政府职能部门负责人等在上海进行专题讨论,就如何解决近年来中国翻译市场的混乱、无序化竞争,以及翻译产业化过程中面临的突出瓶颈,如何增强翻译产业的核心竞争力等问题,探索中国翻译产业国际化发展的创新之路。“论坛”宣告:翻译产业是社会经济的组成部分。1 中国“入世”催生翻译大市场去年中国翻译市场年产值达200亿元中国“入世”以来,愈来愈多的外资企业涌入中国,与之相关联的国外资料、网站、软件需要和本地进行对接,从而催生巨大翻译市场。但首次公布的翻译产业的发展规模还是令人吃惊。2003年中国翻译市场年产值为人民币110亿元,而到2005年,年产值就已经突破了人民币200亿元;从事翻译服务的企事业单位和人员也在迅速增加,我国由各种经济成分组成的翻译公司近3000家,实际从事翻译工作的企业可以用万来计算;在岗的翻译专业技术人员约6万人,另有约数十万人以不同的形式从事翻译工作。仅以北京为例,1998年以前,北京市以翻译公司、翻译中心或翻译社的名义注册的企业不过109家,而截至2002年底已经达到800家以上。服务的种类和方式日益繁多,包括人工翻译、机械翻译、翻译软件以及网站点的地方化等等。来自中国翻译协会的数字则显示,目前全球翻译产业年产值已经超过130亿美元,其中亚太地区占30%;到2007年底,世界人工翻译市场将达115亿美元,将网页上的外国语言,翻译成为本国语言的翻译业务将达到17亿美元的市场规模。面对利润如此丰厚的翻译市场,如何更好地把握商机,开拓市场是当前翻译行业内各相关企业关注的焦点。 图:全国目前有各种经济成分组成的翻译公司约3000家2 我国图书进出口贸易严重逆差———进口14本书,出口1本书中国的翻译队伍中,大部分人擅长将外国的书籍翻译成中文,却不善于将中国的优秀作品翻译成外语,这成为传播中国文化的重要瓶颈。这其中除了本身的外语水平,还因为对外国文化氛围、风土人情、文化背景知之甚少,而在国外的翻译队伍中,懂中文,能翻译中国作品的又少之又少。数字显示,多年来我国图书进出口版权贸易大约是14∶1的逆差,进口14本书籍,仅出口一本书,而且出口的图书主要是到一些亚洲国家。在欧美的逆差则达100∶1以上,2004年,从美国引进图书版权4068种,输出14种;从英国引进2030种,输出16种;从日本引进694种,输出22种。2005年,对美版权贸易是4000∶24。中国对外文化传播处于严重赤字和入超。全国政协委员赵启正说,“作为一个拥有5000多年文明史的文化发源地,只出口电视机,不出口电视机播放的内容,也就是不出口中国的思想观念,就成了一个‘硬件加工厂’。”“文化不是化石,化石可以凭借其古老而价值不衰。文化是活的生命,只有发展才有持久的生命力,只有传播才有影响力。只有有影响力,国之强大才有持续的力量。”为了改变上述文化逆差,鼓励有志于中译外的人士加入到这个行业,我国翻译协会正在研究讨论建立一个基金,同时加快完善翻译人才的教育培养体系。 图:从1952年-2006年仅儿童文学的翻译作品有1000多种,而出口的却屈指可数3 中国第四次翻译高潮到来但内地翻译能力薄弱制约了经济发展我国翻译历史源远流长,曾经出现过三次翻译高潮———东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译、明末清初的科技翻译以及鸦片战争至“五四”的西学翻译。如今,随着全球经济网络化、一体化发展的到来,我国出现第四次翻译高潮,无论是规模、范围、质量以及贡献方面,都为前三次无法比。然而,与巨大的翻译需求不协调的是内地翻译市场消化能力的不足。在我国内地,翻译人员多是兼职,许多企业还是只有一部电话、一台电脑的“夫妻店”。数百亿元的市场,消化能力仅在10亿至15亿元,翻译能力的薄弱对国家和社会而言就是成为了中国经济发展的瓶颈。由于无法消化来自国际上的巨大信息流,大量信息难入国门,中国因此失去了众多的商业机会。而译者的不够专业,大量外文资料在翻译中产生偏差、错误,以致进入国内市场的世界500强企业这样的国内翻译市场大客户,宁愿多出四五倍的高价,将需要翻译的材料交给港澳台地区,甚至国外的翻译机构。一些翻译企业急功近利,盲目压价,无序、恶性竞争严重,翻译作品质量良莠不齐。如将“保税仓库”译为“保护税收的仓库”、将“数控发电机”译成“数字化发电机”……“许多翻译作品不仅不能达到高水平,就连错译、滥译、乱译、甚至抄袭剽窃之作也非鲜见”。中国翻译协会会长刘习良认为,尽管翻译市场的繁荣给中国翻译产业带来了前所未有的机遇,同时也带来了巨大的挑战。4 我国高校首设本科翻译专业今年批准广东外语外贸大学等三所高校中国翻译协会会长刘习良说,大学外语系一般被视为培养翻译人才的摇篮。然而外语和翻译毕竟分属两个学科,做好翻译必须熟知中外两门语言的语言规律,特别要研究两种语言规律之间的对应关系。外语仅是翻译的基础,还要经过翻译专业的培训才能胜任翻译工作,特别像同声翻译、重要的笔译,一般要大学毕业,然后再培训4年才能做到,在国际上是这样。在我国,专业的同声传译人才,仅1000人左右,大多集中在广州、上海、北京等地。一个合格的翻译,要有广博的知识,因为需要翻译的领域是很宽的,很少能集中在某一个领域。上海日报总编辑张先生说,文化传统的差异性造成理解容易表述难,比如“八荣八耻”、“211”工程等,这就不是简单的文字上的翻译了。一个来自国家教育部的消息:今年,国家教育部正式批准广东外语外贸大学、复旦大学和河北师范大学三所高校设立了本科翻译专业,从今年起招收翻译专业本科生。这是我国高校首次开设本科翻译专业。5 计算机翻译软件出现智能化突破“翻译工厂”实行连锁运作翻译大市场的出现,也促使了计算机翻译软件的突破。据行家表示,新翻译软件已在过去单词对应翻译基础上有大幅突破,智能化程度较高。一些软件出品人精心打造的集记忆、交互、分析于一体的“翻译工厂”纷纷“出炉”,大大提高了翻译效率。与翻译软件同时推出的“翻译工厂”是采用“翻译连锁”模式运作的大型本土化服务机构。依托翻译协会的高级人才,将IT技术与项目管理、翻译工具有机结合,为客户提供个性化和本土化翻译服务。当一个客户产生翻译需求时,可以在网上直接下单,通过翻译工厂进行分派,最终给客户一个高质量的服务。同时,在两个软件中还附有增值卡,客户通过增值卡享受翻译工厂提供的诸如简历翻译、护照翻译等服务。2003年11月,我国翻译领域的第一份关于翻译市场经营服务规范的重要文件出台,该标准明确了客户应向翻译服务方提供的必要支持,对翻译方在翻译质量、翻译期限、翻译保密、附加服务等方面做出了详尽而具体的规定。(文/图羊城晚报记者阮巍) 接中国翻译产业上海宣言2006年5月28日至29日,首届中国国际翻译产业论坛在上海举行。参加论坛的代表一致认为,翻译产业是社会经济的组成部分;服务于中国的现代化建设,提升翻译产业的核心竞争力,实现翻译产业的可持续发展,是翻译产业工作者的历史使命;加强行业自律和管理,恪守职业道德,诚实守信,规范经营,坚持专业化、现代化的企业文化理念,造就高素质翻译专业人才队伍,是实现翻译产业发展的必由之路。中国的广大翻译工作者将精诚团结,不断开拓进取,努力推动中国翻译产业的健康有序发展。(据浙江翻译网)unitranslation Posted at 每日记事 | Publish time: 01:50PM Jan 30, 2008 | Comments[0] 英文翻译市场一瞥 (转载)英文翻译市场一瞥 天津与北京咫尺之隔,价格可能还不到北京的一半,即便如此,天津的客户还是宁愿找北京的翻译来做;而天津的高人,也宁可来北京工作。国外的翻译费用美元支付,和人民币几乎是一比一,也就是说,你如果千字60元人民币,他就是60美元。不过,现在国外也了解中国的行情了,不会给你这么多,大概也就是30-50美元千字吧- 仍然比国内高得多。前些年,国际上freelance translators 提出的年收入目标或标准,是8万美元,相当于美国一个普通工程师吧,I guess.北京的翻译费从90年代起,逐年下降,一个原因是翻译公司/代理(不管是黑道的,白道的)如雨后春笋,虽然真正专业的没有几个,但是,数量早就过千,不知道现在有没有过万,呵呵。当然,另一方面,学英文的人越来越多,这也是“买方市场”的一个原因。人民文学出版社第一次找的翻译,才给50元/千字,而且最后还要扣去近20%的税!第一本书后,第2、3本,也不过涨到80。与此同时,客户拖欠、克扣翻译费,甚至完全赖帐的现象,也让翻译工作者极为作难;稍有不满,即炒你的鱿鱼。考虑到这样的市场环境,对近年来英文翻译质量严重下降,骂声一片的状况,还需要一些冷静的思考。那么,翻译的速度和收入水平又如何呢?据说,翻译界的小快手们,每天可以翻译1万字或更多。照这样计算,他们的日均收入就要过千,而年收入则相当于北京的一个CEO了:) 不过,那挣的是个辛苦钱哪。这样起早贪黑拼命地干下去,几年的时间,人的身体就完蛋了,肩、背、臂、手腕、手指,特别是眼睛,都成了重病号。为了自己的健康,每天翻译的字数,最好控制在3千到5千之间(中文字数),每周工作5天,which 给你一个收入水平 that 可以在北京维持一个三口之家,粗茶淡饭。unitranslation Posted at 每日记事 | Publish time: 01:49PM Jan 30, 2008 | Comments[0] Saturday Jan 26, 2008 做好翻译工作是我国与国际接轨的基础和捷径(转载)做好翻译工作是我国与国际接轨的基础和捷径很多情况下,个人形象至关重要。衣着合适、剪发恰到好处、须毛刮得干干净净及举止得体,这些都是成功的基本要素。译者无需受此束缚,除非会见客户或做上班族。但译者却必须十分注意自己的言行,口齿流利、胸有成竹、彬彬有礼、充满自信、强烈的专业感,这些无疑对建立和维护客户关系极为重要。
In recent years, with the construction of new urban areas and the acceleration of urban redevelopment, a large number of houses completed and put into use. These houses in the use of functional and quality will increase over the previous few years, the urban construction and raising the level of the people live and make a contribution. However, the construction quality of the product not only by the construction, design, construction, property management and other factors, but also by the quality of personnel, material quality, geological conditions, climate, time, and many other complex the all-round quality of the five factors affecting the project that people, materials, machinery (Machine), methods and environmental analysis of five areas discussed, while the whole process of construction of the Project at all stages of the design phase, bidding phase, construction phase (construction preparation phase of quality control, quality control of the construction process) and completion of a sub-item on each and every process in the construction process management methods of quality control, quality inspection requirements, precautions, preventive measures such as quality problems to conduct a comprehensive discussed, and proposed methods of quality control management and control points, the quality of the entire construction project to achieve the established : engineering; quality; projects; construction; acceptance; quality standards; technical measures; help me translated into English. Thank you!
173 浏览 2 回答
204 浏览 5 回答
251 浏览 4 回答
100 浏览 5 回答
327 浏览 4 回答
87 浏览 4 回答
138 浏览 2 回答
213 浏览 4 回答
177 浏览 2 回答
118 浏览 3 回答
312 浏览 4 回答
253 浏览 4 回答
248 浏览 3 回答
131 浏览 4 回答
279 浏览 4 回答