关于旅游论文的英文文献综述

活动名称：探寻瑶族发源地—灌阳千家峒（级别2：美景+艰难+技巧）活动时间：五月二日到五月五日（四天）活动目的地：千家峒原始森林活动内容：观赏自然美景、摄影、野外露营、登山、挑战自我千家峒的传说：传说瑶族的始祖盘瓠是一只龙犬，帮助皇帝打败了对手，娶了三公主为妻，来到这里过起了世外桃源的生活。他们生下6男6女，皇上赐姓为：盘沈郑黄李邓周冯赵胡雷蒲。数百年后,这里发展到几千户人家、数万亩良田，生活富足。元朝年代，有人偶然路过这里，当作美事传说，不料竟招来灭顶之灾――官府进山收税。热情好客的瑶民家家轮流做东，款待官员，三年过去了，收税的还没走遍千家峒。官府以为他们被抗税瑶民杀了，进军围剿，血流成河……幸存者不得不逃离家园。临走时，千家峒的族人拿出一只牛角，锯成12节，每姓一节，发誓500年后，要让12节牛角重新接拢，返回千家峒团聚。然而，岁月流逝，历史变迁，千家峒的具体位置已被人淡忘。700年过去了，无数瑶民仍在寻找千家峒……1998年，据武汉大学宫哲兵教授及国家有关部门考证，这块位于都庞山脉广西灌阳县东部、湖南道县西部、江永县西北部的神秘土地就是瑶族同胞的发源地――千家峒。海拔2009米，从地形图上看，掩隐在茫茫原始森林中的千家峒是一个高山环抱的小小盆地；通往千家峒的山路，像高空摄影中的万里长城，绵延曲折，绕了半个灌阳县境。千家峒是一个神秘而又神圣的地方，古迹斑斑，田园犹在。放眼望去，夹在原始森林中的上万亩只长青草不长树木的土地，犹如正在耕种的田园，阡陌纵横，芳草青青，踏进这里，顿时有一种到家的感觉。第一天早上九点在桂林汽车站集中，乘车去灌阳，午餐，采购上山油盐柴米酱醋茶--4天晚餐需要的食品。到达千家峒自然保护区，开始徒步登山，傍晚到达原始森林边缘的最后一户人家，扎营，埋锅造饭，饮山泉吃野餐，艰难行程前的最后Fb。第二天早餐后，赏“牛鼻子出水”瀑布，黄泥江瀑布，开始艰难行程。傍晚扎营黑山漕，晚餐，品尝山村野味--腊肉土鸡野菜第三天早餐，整理装备，全力登顶，穿原始森林，渡道江河，攀古怪冲，抵达千家峒。赏高山草甸，观石山猴群，吃原汁原味都庞岭顶峰韭菜岭的野生韭菜！做一回真正与世隔绝的原始人：）第四天早餐，开始下撤，傍晚回到灌阳县城，腐败一顿以弥补多日的艰苦生活，乘车返回桂林。全程预计AA费用：200元左右/人（四天，多退少补）包含如下：交通费、向导费、森林保护费、山中四天野外晚餐及烧烤食品（如队员需要另请山民挑行装，费用由队员自负，约45元/天）俱乐部收取费用：公共器材费：5元/人/天活动组织费：非会员30元/人/天 会员10元/人/天领队工资： 非会员15元/人/天 会员5元/人/天说明：公共器材费及活动组织费、领队工资为俱乐部收取的经营成本费用。领队的AA费用由全体队员共同分担，原则上8个队员配一个领队个人自带物品：45升以上背包、野外食品8餐、登山鞋及备用鞋、睡袋、保暖衣物、防潮垫、帐篷，防雨服装、手电（建议使用头灯）、水壶（1升以上）、哨子、小刀、替换内外衣袜、个人常用药品、防晒用品、个人卫生用具、娱乐用品、防水袋、蛇药、个人餐具个人如需防潮垫及帐篷、睡袋，可向俱乐部租用，具体价格见装备出租价格单。俱乐部提供：防水天盖、营灯、备用炉具、垃圾袋、医药用品、烧烤用具考虑到山中实际情况，若全部吃自带干粮太过艰苦，准备每日晚餐时埋锅做饭，佐以腊肉土鸡野菜为食，充分补充体能，以便第二天能挑战新的艰苦环境，所以请大家携带好个人餐具。四天时间每日以坡度较大的狭窄山路为主，所以大家可以根据自己体力情况尽量携带轻便实用的物品。众所周知户外探险活动潜藏有不可预见的意外情况发生，请准备参加活动的人员充分了解这一危险性，在决定参加活动前参照自身情况综合考虑清楚。本俱乐部组织的户外活动只是一种自愿性质的AA制活动，并不能保证参加人员不会因突发情况意外受伤，建议个人向保险公司购买相应保险，当发生意外时，保险公司将按不同情况的理赔标准给予赔付，本俱乐部不另外承担赔付责任，但本俱乐部将尽一切努力进行救护与援助。每位队员必须与俱乐部签订自愿参加协议书，才能参加活动。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料，供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

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2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京： 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

这是关于旅游的好处的。。。Many people ponder what they should do for a vacation and I realized a lot of people don’t seem to share my views about traveling. I believe it’s very important to see the world and different cultures. It lets us open our minds to new things and we get to experience life in exiting different ways. Traveling gives us the opportunity to disconnect from our regular life. You get to forget your problems/issues for a few weeks, it can also help you figure things out that you would not have understood without the distance traveling can give you. We all have crazy schedules, work and a family to take care of, going away alone or with some friends can give you distance and perhaps even make you realize how important these people are for you. Like the saying says: we never know what we have until we lose it. Another great benefit is the relaxation you get to do. It’s nice to live life to its fullest and enjoy a stress free time with yourself. Going on vacation lets us recharge our “batteries” by disconnecting us from our regular life. When we come back we feel invigorated and we are happy to be back in our day to day routine. It’s a very good stress remover that has a lot more to give than most people are willing to increases our knowledge and widens our perspective. To view new customs, different ways of living is fantastic for the mind. It gives us a new perspective about life and especially our life, it can help us change some of our habits or even create new ones. When I travel I usually make it a point to try new food, some cultures don’t have fries in their diet and they are all skinny, others use spices to give taste and not oils or fats. Discovering different values and ways to get by in life is really interesting. You also need to visit exotic new places and discover what this wonderful world has to experiences increase our resourcefulness by living situations you would never encounter at home, this is great experience for you when you come back to your routine. I have noticed that people who traveled a lot in life were ready to embrace change and have a natural ability of overcoming problems that others would frown upon. When traveling with friends or family it creates memories for a lifetime. These memories will create a bond that nothing can erase no matter what happens with the friendship/relationship. It can also give a new perspective on the relationship and cement the bond forever. It also gives nice stories to tell people afterwards, you can create photo albums about your trips and when you feel nostalgic you can take an hour of your life and experience the trips again by looking at your pictures. It’s never been this cheap to travel. With soaring oil prices the cheap travel era might be coming to an end. However there are still many budget airlines fighting for your dollar right now. With the internet and all the new technology, you can plan your trip exactly the way you want it. You can choose your budget, the duration of the trip and what you want to do. I suggest to read travel blogs and see what others are experiencing, you can save yourself a few hurdles by reading about their you have some time off I suggest to take that trip and experience what life has to offer. Don’t wait or tell yourself there will be a better time to go. Take the risk, the opportunity and buy your plane ticket right now and leave. When you come back you won’t be sorry that you left, on the contrary you will be thinking of your next trip the second you come back from the airport.

怪不得没有人给你评，你要英文的，懂的人很少，你要么先写汉语的然后在翻译过去就得了。