斯诺克论文格式

Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a large baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A regulation (full-size) table is 12 ft × 6 ft ( m x m). It is played using a cue, one white ball (the cue ball), 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and 6 balls of different colours (worth 2–7 points each).[1] A player (or team) wins a frame (individual game) of snooker by scoring more points than the opponent(s), using the cue ball to pot the red and coloured balls. A match consists of a previously agreed-upon number of frames. Snooker is particularly popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries,[2] and in China,[3] with the top professional players attaining multi-million pound career earnings from the game.[4]The history and origins of the game of snooker are generally regarded as being in the latter half of the 19th century.[5] Billiards had been a popular activity amongst British Army officers stationed in India, and variations on the more traditional billiard games were devised. One variation, devised in the officers' mess in Jabalpur during 1874 [6] or 1875,[5] was to add coloured balls in addition to the reds and black which were used for pyramid pool and life pool.[7] The word "snooker" also has military origins, being a slang term for first year cadets or inexperienced personnel.[5] One version of events states that Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain of the Devonshire regiment was playing this new game when his opponent failed to pot a ball and Chamberlain called him a "snooker".[7] It thus became attached to the billiards game now bearing its name as inexperienced players were labelled as snookers.[8]The game grew in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th, and by 1927 the first World Snooker Championship[5] had been organised by Joe Davis who, as a professional English billiards and snooker player, helped move the game from a pastime activity into a more professional sphere.[9] Joe Davis won every world championship until 1946 when he retired. The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those who played. Things saw some improvement when in 1969 the BBC commissioned the snooker tournament Pot Black to demonstrate the potential of colour television, with the green table and multi-coloured balls being ideal for showing off the advantages of colour broadcasting.[10] The TV series became a ratings success and was for a time the second most popular show on BBC Two.[11] Interest in the game increased and the 1978 World Championship was the first to be fully televised.[12] [2] The game quickly became a mainstream sport[13] in the UK, Ireland and much of the Commonwealth and has enjoyed much success in the last 30 years, with most of the ranking tournaments being televised. In recent years the loss of tobacco sponsorship has led to a decrease in the number of professional tournaments, however new sponsors have been sourced[14] and the popularity of the game in the Far East and China, with talent such as James Wattana and Ding Junhui, ensures that the future of the game looks secure.[15][16]The object of the game is to score more points than the opponent by potting balls in a predefined order. At the start of a frame the balls are positioned as shown and the players take it in turns to hit a shot, their aim being to pot one of the red balls and score a point. If they do pot a red ball then the red remains in the pocket and they are allowed another shot - this time the aim being to pot one of the colours (points value, 2 points for the yellow, 3 for the green, 4 for the brown, 5 for the blue, 6 for the pink and 7 for the black). If successful, then they gain the value of the colour potted. It is returned to its correct position on the table and they must try to pot another red again. This process continues until they fail to pot the desired ball, at which point their opponent comes back to the table to play the next shot. The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the 6 colours are left on the table; at that point the aim is then to pot the colours in the above order. When a colour is potted in this phase of a frame, it remains off the table. When the final ball is potted, the game is over and the player with the most points wins.[1]Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent fouls (see Snooker rules for full definitions). A foul can occur for numerous reasons, such as hitting one of the colours first when the player was attempting to hit a red, potting the cue ball, potting a colour when it was not "on" (. the player was not attempting to pot it). The points gained from a foul by the players opponent can vary but will always be at least 4 points, and can be 5, 6 or 7 points if the colour ball of that value is fouled.[1]One game, from the balls in their starting position until the last ball is potted, is called a frame. A match generally consists of a predefined number of frames and the player who wins the most frames wins the match overall. Most matches tend to consist of a relatively small number of frames, although longer matches exist to test all aspects of a player's game. The final of the World Championship, for example, is 35 frames in length (first to 18), and is played over two days.[17]Other terminology used in snooker includes a player's "break", which refers to the total number of consecutive points a player has amassed (excluding fouls) when at one visit to the table. A player attaining a break of 15, for example, could have reached it by potting a red then a black, then a red then a pink - the player then missed the next red and so the break ended at 15 points. The traditional maximum break in snooker is to pot all reds with blacks then all colours without missing a pot, which would yield 147 points, often simply known as a "147" or a "maximum".[18] See also: Highest snooker used for snooker include chalk for the tip of the cue, rests (often needed due to the length of a full-size table), a triangle to rack the reds, and a scoreboard. The principal drawback of snooker on a full-size table is the size of the room (22 ft x 16 ft) required to hold the large table with adequate room for cueing on all sides.[19] This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played. While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private surroundings or in public snooker halls. The game can also be played on smaller tables using fewer red balls. The variants in table size are: 10' x 5', 9' x ', 8' x 4', 6' x 3' (the smallest for realistic play) and 4' x 2'. Smaller tables can come in a variety of styles, such as fold away or dining-table World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA, also known as World Snooker), founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,[20] is the governing body for the professional game. Its subsidiary, World Snooker, based in Bristol, England, organises the professional tour. Over the years the board of the WPBSA has changed many times, which some argue is an indication of in-fighting within the sport.[21] [22] [23] The amateur game is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF).[24]Professional snooker players can play on the World Snooker ranking circuit. Ranking points, earned by players through their performances over the previous two seasons, determine the current world ranking.[25] A player's ranking determines what level of qualification they require for ranking tournaments. The elite of professional snooker is generally regarded at the "Top 16" ranking players,[26] who are not required to pre-qualify for any of the tournaments.[27]The most important event in professional snooker is the World Championship,[28] held annually since 1927 (except during the Second World War and between 1958 and 1963). The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield (England) since 1977, and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005.[14] Because since 2005 tobacco companies are not allowed to sponsor sporting events in the United Kingdom, the World Snooker Championship had to find a new sponsor. It was announced in January 2006 that the 2006–2010 world championships would be sponsored by online casino [29]. The status of winning the World Championship is great, and it is the most highly valued prize in professional snooker,[30] both in terms of financial reward (£200,000 for the winner)[31] as well as prestige. The World Championship is televised extensively in the UK by the BBC[32] and gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport[33] and in the Far group of tournaments that come next in importance are the ranking tournaments. Players in these tournaments score world ranking points. A high ranking ensures qualification for next year's tournaments, invitations to invitational tournaments and an advantageous draw in tournaments.[26] Third in line are the invitational tournaments, to which most of the highest ranked players are invited. The most important tournament in this category is The Masters,[34] which to most players is the second or third most sought-after prize.[35]In an attempt to answer criticisms that televised matches can be slow or get bogged down in lengthy safety exchanges and that long matches causes problems for advertisers,[36] an alternative series of timed tournaments has been organised by Matchroom Sport Chairman Barry Hearn. The shot-timed Betfred Premier League was established, with the top eight players in the world invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on Sky Sports. Players have twenty-five seconds to take each shot, with a small number of time-outs per player. While some success has been achieved with this format it generally does not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking are also other tournaments that have less importance, do not earn world ranking points and are not televised. These can change on a year-to-year basis depending on calendars and sponsors. Currently the Pontin’s International Open Series[37] is organised as one of these additional tournament series by World the professional era that began with Joe Davis in the 1930s and continues up until the present day, a relatively small number of players have succeeded at the top level.[38] The most notable are those who have had the ability to win ranking tournaments consistently and perform at the highest level. In the modern era the financial rewards for reaching these high levels are significant, with career earnings in the multi-million pound territory for the top professionals.[4] Reaching and maintaining a place amongst the snooker elite is a tough task, with the standards of the game being such that it requires many years of dedication and effort as well as natural ability.[39]Certain players have tended to dominate the game through the decades. Ray Reardon is generally regarded as the principal player through the 1970s, Steve Davis through the 1980s and Stephen Hendry through the 1990s, winning 6, 6 and 7 World Championships respectively. In the 2000s no one player has dominated; however, at the beginning of the 2000s, Mark Williams and Ronnie O'Sullivan won 4 of the first 5 world championships, but have so far been unable to continue winning towards the end of the decade.[40]

前段时间和一位老外打台球，讲到要打翻袋的时候，比划了半天也说不清楚。当时心想不如就整理一下常用的台球英文，选一些简单的，看一眼就能记住的那种。照中国台球现在这个发展趋势，以后会有很多老外来中国发展，到时候给他们写一篇台球中文术语，炸清！ 说明一下，本文内容以八球（中式、美式）为主，斯诺克应该有很多专用的术语，不收集了。现在让我们开始吧，术语以英文首字母为顺序。Ball in Hand ：自由球，可以在任何位置摆母球。Free Ball应该是指斯诺克的自由球，规则不同。 Bank ：球台的岸边，也称Cushion，我觉得常说的一颗星、两颗星，就是Cushion的音译。翻袋的英文来了，Bank Shot。 Break Shot ：开球，耳边响起了裁判的声音：Ding Junhui to break。 Bridge ：手架，俗称马。以前我竟然直接翻译成Horse，要是碰到后斯诺，不好架杆，我就说：啊呀，没有Horse哇！ Chalk ：巧粉，也称巧克，怎么不说是奥利奥呢？巧粉有用，有一次用了蹩脚的，颜色很鲜艳，但完全无卵用，低杆都成了跳球。我觉得随着台球器材的进步，以后都是碳纤维杆，杆头有涂层，终生免巧粉。在过渡阶段，可以在杆尾设置一个按钮，按一下，杆头挤出一点点液体… Combination ：接力，用目标球去撞另一个球进袋。如撞击目标球后母球再去撞另一颗球称为Carom（开伦）。这可是高级技术，用来进球和控球，听说在这方面我好像有两下子。 Cue Ball ：母球，通常是白球；Object Ball：目标球。 Call Shot ：指袋，报袋。按照中式八球新的规则，最后打黑球也不用报袋了，有本事你尽管来。 Draw Shot ：低杆；Follow Shot 高杆。低杆是所有台球爱好者的心结，我个人觉得要点是后手低、出杆稳、打点准、有延杆，当然，还有巧粉。 English ：弧线球，也称Side Spin。如不能直接打到目标球，我们可以用扎杆（竖起杆尾击打母球的侧边，或称Masse Shot，Prick Stroke）使母球走弧线绕过障碍球。 Fluke ：运气球，在我们那儿俗称“黄货”。Fluke是台球的欢乐因子，有时甚至直接决定比赛的输赢，大力出奇迹。 Kick Shot ：勾球，母球先碰库再撞击目标球。当有障碍球，被做住的时候，除了上面的English, 首选的是勾球解球。我们什么时候能意识到纵向长距离解球比横向更容易的时候，勾球就上了个台阶。我们常说的K球的英文应该是Kiss，这个待高手确认。 Jump Shot ：跳球，用跳球杆击打母球顶部，而不是底部去挑球。这个物理原理好像是击打瞬间母球有形变，恢复时就会跳起。我觉得吧，规则要限制一下跳球，否则人家一根条球杆从头打到尾，什么防守、走位都不要了，把台球打成兵乓球。 Rest ：架杆，或称Mechanical Bridge。一直以为个子高的人可以少用架杆，其实是上身长（腿短没关系），肚子小的人才少用。 Solid Ball ：全色球，Stripe Ball：花色球。一般北方称小球（1-7号球）、大球（9-15号）。有位朋友第一次打球，他选了全色球后，直接就打黑球。没错，黑八也是全色的。 Scratch ：自落，母球摔袋。记得又有一位朋友，每杆球都用低杆。我忍不住问起，他说是因为害怕白球落袋，想想倒是真的有点用的。好了，这不是正式的论文，我们就到这里吧。什么，想约我台球？嗯，我最近比较忙，不过我有个朋友打得还行（下图）。这样吧，你先和他打两局吧，赢了再找我。

英式斯诺克共有22个球，球的直径为，每个球的质量为145g;球的体积 V=4/3**（）^3= 球的平均密度为 145/ 桌面的摩擦因数 库边内沿尺寸为 X ，允许误差 5mm 库边包括木边和橡胶边的宽度为 ，允许误差 1cm。附： 标准球台 ..a、面积：库边内部尺寸为 3569mm x 1778mm，允许误差±13mm ..b、高度：地面到库边顶端高度为 851mm 至 876mm ..c、袋口：规则里只规定了袋口的位置，且说明袋口形状需要符合WPBSA标准。因为有弧度，很难用文字描述出来。实际操作时，有一个专门的袋口测量仪，把那个东西放在袋口里边看合不合得上。 ..d、点位，台面的划线就不写出来了，规则里有。其它摩擦系数、库边弹性、光照强度、温度、湿度等也有相关的规范，但相对不那么严谨，比赛前用专门的仪器进行测量。 球 ..尺寸：直径，允许误差± ..重量：规则里只规定了同一副球之间的最大允许误差是3g 3、球杆 只规定长度不得少于914mm，以其形状需要符合常规。