一、直接引用
直接引用是引用原话,必须用引号,并且除了标明作者和出版年以外,还要标明具体页码,p.与数字之间有空格,如下所示:
Darwin used the metaphor of tree “to express the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological” (Gould, 1989, p. 14).
如果在正文中提到你要引用的作者,而且是直接引用,则需紧随其姓氏后用括号标明出版年,然后在引用的引号后用括号标明具体页码,如下所示:
Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to explain the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).
二、间接引用
间接引用是用不同的表达方式阐释原文含义, 使之更加简洁、明了。常用的方法有删除次要信息;使用同义词、反义词等;采用注释性说明;改换说法,如改变陈述角度或顺序等。是将整篇文献概括为几句话,甚至一两句话。
1、引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况:
一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现。不引用原话,就不用引号,如果在正文中没有提到要引用的作者,则需在引用结束时用括号标明作者和出版年,如:
As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).
另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,只需标明出版年,要紧随其姓氏后用括号标明。如:
Gould (1989) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.
如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:(Zhang, 2005)
2、引用多位作者写作的同一文献
如果你要引用有两个作者的著作,要标明两个作者的姓氏。在括号中出现,可以用&符号。在正文中出现,则必须用and。
Sexual-selection theory has been used to explore patterns of insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983)….
Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate….
如果你要引用有3-5个作者的著作,第一次引用时,列出所有的姓氏,以后引用时,只列出第一位作者的姓氏,后面就不用都列了,用et al.(拉丁文 “and others”)表示就可以了。
Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straume, Chory, Chua & Kay, 1995). …They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995).
如果你要引用有5个以上作者的著作,不论是在第一次还是随后的引用,都只列出第一位作者的姓氏,后面的就不用列了,用et al. 表示就可以了。
Scientists have constructed a deletion map of the human Y chromosome (Vollrath et al. , 1992). … Their studies resolved a region of the chromosome into ordered intervals (Vollrath et at. , 1992).
3、引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:
Well-established SLA researchers (., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).
引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:
(. Wang, 2003) (. Wang, 2003, p. 213)
4、引用团体作者
引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:
Retired officers retain access to all of the university’s educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987).
5、引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:
(Sleep Medicine, 2001)或者(“Mad Cow,” 2001)
按照APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
6、引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:
Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization.
Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no
overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).
7、引用同一作者的多篇文献
按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:
(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:
(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)
8、同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:
Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options,
poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).
9、引用非直接文献
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献 primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。
扩展资料:
直接引用注意事项
1、双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语,如下所示:
正确:
Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Thompson, 1981, p. 129).
错误:
Researchers claim that the ‘question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase’ (Thompson, 1981, p. 129).
2、引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。
3、引文出处使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。
4、短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内(见下例)。
规范:
Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain, 1988, p. 33).
不规范:
Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain, 1988, p. 33)
Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain, 1988, p. 33).”
5、直接引用中的标点符号:
直接放在论文之中的引用部分要括入双引号,双引号放在分号之前,如下所示:
Oscar Wilde wrote that “unselfish people are colorless”; however, most would agree with William Gladstone that “selfishness is the greatest curse of human race” (Slade, 2000, p. 69).
感叹号和问号的位置分两种情况:如果标点符号属于引文,放在引号之前;如果标点符号属于所写论文,则放在引号之后。例如引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号应放在引号之外。
正确:Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems”?
错误:Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems?”
6、正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。
7、三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation), 引语段的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内,如下所示:
…constantly as a source of consolation, Wordsworth (1798) projected his hunger for a peace of mind into the river image
Thou wanderer through the woods,
How often has my spirit turned to thee! (p. 156)
In the Romantic poet’s mind, the Wye, an indicator of the nurturing nature as opposed to the bustling worldly life, also embodies his nostalgia for the remote past as “These water…
参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献